Table 3.

Association between single census-tract level socioeconomic indicators and gastroschisis among women with at least one geocoded address during the periconceptional period, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 – 2011

	Gastroschisis Cases n = 1,269	Crude ORs (95% CIs)	Adjusted ORs (95% CIs)a
Crowdingb,c
T1	341	Ref	Ref
T2	417	1.2 (1.1 – 1.4)	1.1 (0.92 – 1.3)
T3	511	1.5 (1.3 – 1.7)	1.1 (0.89 – 1.3)
Low educationb,c
T1	288	Ref	Ref
T2	422	1.5 (1.3 – 1.7)	1.1 (0.90 – 1.3)
T3	559	1.9 (1.7 – 2.3)	1.1 (0.92 – 1.3)
Unemploymentb,c
T1	301	Ref	Ref
T2	417	1.5 (1.3 – 1.7)	1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)
T3	551	1.9 (1.6 – 2.2)	1.3 (1.1 – 1.6)
Males in management and professional occupationb,c
T1	526	Ref	Ref
T2	452	0.86 (0.75 – 0.98)	1.1 (0.94 – 1.3)
T3	291	0.55 (0.47 – 0.65)	0.87 (0.72 – 1.0)
Female-headed households w/ dependentsb,c
T1	288	Ref	Ref
T2	458	1.6 (1.4 – 1.9)	1.3 (1.1 – 1.5)
T3	523	1.8 (1.6 – 2.1)	1.27 (1.06 – 1.52)
Povertyb,c
T1	264	Ref	Ref
T2	455	1.7 (1.5 – 2.0)	1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)
T3	550	2.1 (1.8 – 2.4)	1.2 (0.98 – 1.4)
Households earning < $30,000b,c
T1	281	Ref	Ref
T2	449	1.6 (1.4 – 1.9)	1.1 (0.95 – 1.3)
T3	539	1.9 (1.7 – 2.2)	1.1 (0.91 – 1.3)
Public Assistance Incomeb,c
T1	339	Ref	Ref
T2	376	1.1 (0.95 – 1.3)	0.91 (0.78 – 1.1)
T3	554	1.6 (1.4 – 1.9)	1.1 (0.96 – 1.3)
High educationc
T1	575	Ref	Ref
T2	444	0.77 (0.67 – 0.88)	0.95 (0.83 – 1.1)
T3	250	0.44 (0.37 – 0.51)	0.76 (0.64 – 0.92)
Affordable housing w/ mortgagec
T1	358	Ref	Ref
T2	412	1.2 (0.99 – 1.3)	1.1 (0.94 – 1.3)
T3	499	1.4 (1.2 – 1.6)	1.2 (0.98 – 1.4)
Affordable housing w/out mortgagec
T1	415	Ref	Ref
T2	445	1.1 (0.93 – 1.2)	1.0 (0.88 – 1.2)
T3	409	0.99 (0.85 – 1.1)	0.91 (0.78 – 1.1)
Manual occupationc
T1	276	Ref	Ref
T2	443	1.6 (1.4 – 1.9)	1.2 (0.98 – 1.4)
T3	550	2.0 (1.7 – 2.3)	1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)
Workers classc
T1	446	Ref	Ref
T2	404	0.91 (0.78 – 1.1)	0.98 (0.85 – 1.1)
T3	419	0.94 (0.81 – 1.1)	0.91 (0.79 – 1.1)
Renters affordable housingc
T1	363	Ref	Ref
T2	427	1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)	1.1 (0.94 – 1.3)
T3	479	1.3 (1.1 – 1.5)	1.1 (0.91 – 1.3)
Renter occupancyc
T1	340	Ref	Ref
T2	416	1.2 (1.1 – 1.4)	1.0 (0.86 – 1.2)
T3	513	1.5 (1.3 – 1.8)	1.1 (0.97 – 1.3)
Wealthc
T1	437	Ref	Ref
T2	477	1.1 (0.95 – 1.3)	1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)
T3	355	0.81 (0.70 – 0.94)	1.1 (0.95 – 1.4)
Household median incomec
T1	503	Ref	Ref
T2	492	0.98 (0.86 – 1.1)	1.1 (0.97 – 1.3)
T3	274	0.55 (0.47 – 0.64)	0.88 (0.72 – 1.1)

NDI: Neighborhood Deprivation Index; nSEPI: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Position Index; T1: Tertile 1; T2: Tertile 2; T3: Tertile 3; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval

High tertile scores reflect a high proportion of residents that meet census indicator definition. Low tertile scores reflect a low proportion of residents that meet census indicator definition.

Separate models were run for each census indicator.

^aAdjusted for maternal race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, Other), infant birth year (1997 – 2004, 2005 – 2009, 2010 – 2011), household income (<$10,000 $10,000 – $50,000, >$50,000), maternal education (0–11, 12 and > 12 years), and duration of residence

^bCensus indicator used to create the NDI

^cCensus indicator used to create the nSEPI