Table 4.
Epigenetic Modifications and Function.
| Modification | Function | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
| DNA Methylation | ||
| CpG Islands, CpG Shores | Inversely associated with transcription | [490,492,521,538,539] |
| Gene Bodies | Positively associated with transcription | [495,529,540] |
| Intergenic | Positively associated with transcription | [541] |
| Enhancers | Inversely associated with transcription | [495,529,540] |
| Histone Modifications | ||
| H3K4me1 | Active enhancers and promoters; Poised enhancers and promoters when in conjunction with H3K4me3 + H3K27me3 |
[529,532,540] |
| H3K4me2 | Active promoters when in conjunction with H3K4me3; Poised marker when alone |
[535,542,543,544] [545,546,547] |
| H3K4me3 | Active promoters and transcription | [535,548,549,550] |
| H3K9ac | Active promoters | [529,532,548] |
| H3K9me1 | Active promoters | [529] |
| H3K9me2 | Silenced promoters and transcription | [551,552] |
| H3K9me3 | Silenced promoters and transcription | [553,554] |
| H3K27ac | Active enhancers and promoters | [506,555] |
| H3K27me1 | Active transcription | [556,557,558] |
| H3K27me2 | Active transcription | [558] |
| H3K27me3 | Silenced promoters and transcription | [559,560] |
| H3K36me3 | Active gene bodies | [529,532] |
| H3K79me2 | Active transcriptional elongation | [561] |
| H3R2me2 | Counter-correlates with H3K4me3 at promoters; Enriched in gene bodies |
[562] |
| H3R8me2 | Silenced promoters | [563] |
| H3R17me2 | Active transcription | [564] |
| H3R42me2 | Active transcription | [565] |
| H4K20me1 | Active enhancers and promoters | [566] |
| Variant Histones | ||
| H2A.X | DNA repair site | [567] |
| H2A.Z | Active promoters and DNA repair sites | [568,569] |
| H3.3 | Active transcription | [570] |
| Non-coding RNA | ||
| miRNA | Repression of gene expression | [571,572,573,574] |
| lncRNA | Gene expression regulation | [575,576,577] |