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. 2023 Jun 6;11(6):1512. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11061512

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma isolates against F. culmorum on PDA medium after 7 days of confrontation (28 °C). (a) Antagonism was highlighted after direct confrontations of mycelia or indirect confrontations with volatile and diffusible Trichoderma’s metabolites. (b) Photographic examples of antagonistic activities with T. afroharzianum (Tahz01). Data correspond to the mean of six biological repetitions. Letters in the same column describe levels of statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05); values are means ± SE (n = 6). Scale bars in photographs represent 1 cm. Antagonism activity of each Trichoderma isolate is presented in Figures S5 and S6 in Supplementary Materials.