Table 1.

Population and direct genetic effects of externalizing PGI in the E-Risk and MCS cohorts.

Effect	E-Risk
		All Youths			Preschool (<5 years)			Child (5–10 years)			Adolescent (11–17 years)
	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI
Pop.	0.169	0.034***	[0.104, 0.236]	–	–	–	0.162	0.033***	[0.098, 0.228]	0.144	0.035***	[0.077, 0.213]
Direct	0.127	0.067	[−0.006, 0.258]	–	–	–	0.135	0.068	[0.001, 0.266]	0.077	0.069	[−0.06, 0.213]
Ratio		0.752			–			0.833			0.535
STDDIFF		−0.943			–			−0.581			−1.501
N		862			–			862			862
Effect	Millennium Cohort Study
		All Youths			Preschool (<5 years)			Child (5–10 years)			Adolescent (11–17 years)
	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI	β	SE	95% CI
Pop.	0.203	0.018***	[0.167, 0.238]	0.121	0.021***	[0.079, 0.162]	0.206	0.018***	[0.172, 0.241]	0.151	0.018***	[0.114, 0.186]
Direct	0.193	0.026***	[0.141, 0.245]	0.08	0.030**	[0.022, 0.14]	0.226	0.027***	[0.173, 0.28]	0.131	0.027***	[0.078, 0.183]
Ratio		0.950			0.667			1.094			0.859
STDDIFF		−0.531			−1.906			1.093			−1.052
N		2,824			2,690			2,822			2,813

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001.

P-values are FDR-adjusted. Pop.=population genetic effect of the externalizing PGI on externalizing behavior. Direct=within-family coefficient as estimated by a full-sibling (E-Risk) and parent-child trio (MCS) designs. Ratio=direct genetic effect divided by the population effect. STD_DIFF =standardized difference.