Table 3.
Seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in pregnant women tested in hospitals or private clinics in Egypt
| Governorate | No. tested | No. positive (%) | Test | Additional tests | Remarks | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assiut | 97 | 26 (26.8) | DT (1:4) | None | OGHA. High Ab titres in 1 (4.8%) of 21 young women (15–20 yrs old) | Rifaat et al. (1972) |
| Cairo | 200 | 32 (16.0) | IFA5 | ELISA | OGHA. 22 of 23 IFA positives were ELISA positive | Azab et al. (1983) |
| Sharkia | 34 | 4 (11.8) | IFA1 | None | – | El-Ridi et al. (1991b) |
| Cairo | 600 | 164 (27.3) | IHA | IFA | Out of IHA positives, 58.5% were IFA positive | Azab et al. (1993) |
| Kalubiya | 150 | 64 (43.0) | IHA5 | IgM | 3 (2%) had IgM. 64 (43%) of their neonates had IgG, 1 (0.6%) had IgM. MFTR 33.3% | El-Nawawy et al. (1996) |
| Dakahlia | 20 | 2 (10.0) | ELISA-IgG19 | IgM | No IgM positives | Soliman et al. (2001) |
| Suez | 358a | 24 (6.7%) | ELISA-IgG | IgM, Mice bioassay, PCR | 46 (12.9%) had IgM. 39 were serconverted. Viable T. gondii was isolated from AF 0f 14 out 85 (46+39) positive women by mice bioassay. 17/85 had T. gondii DNA in AF samples. | Eida et al. (2009) |
| Kalubiya | 181a | 85 (47.0) | LAT5 | IgM | Of positives, 63 (34.8%) had IgM | El-Gozamy et al. (2009)b |
| Dakahlia | 101 | 51 (51.4) | ELISA14 (0.039) | None | – | Ibrahim et al. (2009) |
| Sharkia | 25 | 4 (16.0) | IHA1 | IgM | 2 (8%) had IgM | Awadallah (2010) |
| Fayoum | 59 | 27 (45.8) | ELISA-IgG3 | IgM, PCR | Normal pregnant with bad obstetric history. 18 (30.5%) had IgM, 32.2% were PCR positive | Ghoneim et al. (2010) |
| Sharkia | 100 | 30 (30.0) | IHA-IgG1 | IgM | 10 (10%) had IgM | Abd El-Ghany and Amin (2012)b |
| Menoufiya | 323 | 218 (67.5) | ELFA-IgG | IgM, IgG-avidity, PCR | No seroconversion during pregnancy had occurred. 9 (2.8%) had IgM, of them 1 had low IgG avidity. Viable T. gondii was isolated from this case by mouse bioassay. | El Deeb et al. (2012)b |
| Kalubiya | 60 | 29 (48.3) | LAT4 | PCR | 12 (40%) of seropositives were PCR positive. | Khater et al. (2013) |
| Sharkia | 100 | 71 (71.0) | IHA-IgG1 | IgM | 19 (19%) had IgM | Ahmed et al. (2014)b |
| Dakahlia | 103 | 44 (42.7) | ELISA-IgG2 | IgM | 3 (2.9%) had IgM | El-Tantawy et al. (2014) |
| Minia | 120 | 8 (6.6) | ELISA-IgG2 | IgM | 2 (1.6%) had IgM | Kamal et al. (2015) |
| Alexandria | 382 | 221 (57.9) | ELISA-IgG5 | None | – | Bassiony et al. (2016)b |
| Beni Suef | 300 | 46 (15.3) | ELISA-IgG24 | IgM | Multiparous pregnant women with a history of complication. 26 (8.6%) had IgM | Abdel Gawad et al. (2017)b |
| Cairo | 30 | 5 (16.6) | ELISA-IgM1 | Western-blot-IgM, PCR | History of abnormal pregnancy. 9 (30%) were immunoblot positive, 6 (20%) were PCR positive | Abo Hashim and Attya (2017) |
| Cairo, Kalubiya, Sharkia | 57 | 22 (38.6) | ELISA-IgG6 | IgM | 4 (7%) had IgM | Abou Elez et al. (2017)b |
| Alexandria | 101 | 13 (12.8) | ELFA-IgG | None | – | El-Shqanqery et al. (2017)b |
| Beheira | 34 | 10 (29.4) | ||||
| Gharbiya | 78 | 21 (26.9) | ||||
| Menoufiya | 376 | 124 (32.9) | ||||
| Kalubiya | 78 | 21 (26.9) | ||||
| Fayoum | 26 | 20 (76.9) | ||||
| Total | 693 | 209 (30.1) | ||||
| Kafr ElSheikh | 113 | 5 (4.4) | ELISA-IgM18 | None | – | Elmonir et al. (2017)b |
| Menoufiya, Gharbiya | 364 | 123 (33.7) | ELISA14 (0.039) | RT-PCR | 11.8% were PCR positive | Ibrahim et al. (2017)b |
| Sohag | 350 | 167 (47.7) | ELISA-IgG7 | IgM | 25 (7.1%) had IgM. 138 (39.4%) of their neonates had IgG, while 5 (1.4%) had IgM. MFTR 25% | Hussein et al. (2017) |
| Giza | 388 | 79 (20.4) | ELISA-IgG16 | IgM, IgG avidity | 43 (11.8%) had IgM, of them 28 (7.2%) had low avidity | Hassanain et al. (2018b)b |
MFTR, maternal fetal transmission rate; OGHA, obstetrics and gynaecology hospitals attendants; Ab, antibody; yrs, years.
a
Including some lymphadenopathy, fever and malaise cases, but the authors did not specify numbers of different cases.
b
Risk assessment, see Table 6.