Table 1. Chondroitin sulfate effects on osteoarticular tissues.

GAG: glycosaminoaglycans; HA: hyalouronic acid; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; MMP: metalloproteinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; Erk: extracellular signal-regulated kinases

Stimulates	Inhibits
↑ Proteoglycans and GAG	↓ IL-1β
↑ Collagen type 2	↓ PGE2
↑ HA	↓ p38 MAPK, JNK, Erk1/2
↑ TIMP	↓ MMP
↑ Anti-angiogenic factors	↓ NF-κB translocation
↑ Osteoprotegerin	↓ RANKL
	↓ ROS