Skip to main content
PMC home page
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases logoLink to Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
. 1991 Nov;50(Suppl 4):866–871. doi: 10.1136/ard.50.suppl_4.866

The endothelium: its role in scleroderma.

J D Pearson 1
PMCID: PMC1033322  PMID: 1750799

Full text

PDF
866

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aronson F. R., Libby P., Brandon E. P., Janicka M. W., Mier J. W. IL-2 rapidly induces natural killer cell adhesion to human endothelial cells. A potential mechanism for endothelial injury. J Immunol. 1988 Jul 1;141(1):158–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bevilacqua M. P., Pober J. S., Majeau G. R., Cotran R. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1984 Aug 1;160(2):618–623. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.2.618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bevilacqua M. P., Pober J. S., Majeau G. R., Fiers W., Cotran R. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(12):4533–4537. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4533. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bevilacqua M. P., Pober J. S., Wheeler M. E., Cotran R. S., Gimbrone M. A., Jr Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines. J Clin Invest. 1985 Nov;76(5):2003–2011. doi: 10.1172/JCI112200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Blake D. R., Winyard P., Scott D. G., Brailsford S., Blann A., Lunec J. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity in inflammatory vascular diseases--the possible role of oxidised lipoproteins. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 Mar;44(3):176–182. doi: 10.1136/ard.44.3.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Campbell P. M., LeRoy E. C. Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a vascular hypothesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1975 May;4(4):351–368. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(75)90017-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Carpentier P. H., Maricq H. R. Microvasculature in systemic sclerosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990 Feb;16(1):75–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Claman H. N. On scleroderma. Mast cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. JAMA. 1989 Sep 1;262(9):1206–1209. doi: 10.1001/jama.262.9.1206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen S., Johnson A. R., Hurd E. Cytotoxicity of sera from patients with scleroderma. Effects on human endothelial cells and fibroblasts in culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Feb;26(2):170–178. doi: 10.1002/art.1780260208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Davies P. F., Olesen S. P., Clapham D. E., Morrel E. M., Schoen F. J. Endothelial communication. State of the art lecture. Hypertension. 1988 Jun;11(6 Pt 2):563–572. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.11.6.563.a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Dobrina A., Schwartz B. R., Carlos T. M., Ochs H. D., Beatty P. G., Harlan J. M. CD11/CD18-independent neutrophil adherence to inducible endothelial-leucocyte adhesion molecules (E-LAM) in vitro. Immunology. 1989 Aug;67(4):502–508. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Drenk F., Deicher H. R. Pathophysiological effects of endothelial cytotoxic activity derived from sera of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1988 Mar;15(3):468–474. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dustin M. L., Springer T. A. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) interaction with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is one of at least three mechanisms for lymphocyte adhesion to cultured endothelial cells. J Cell Biol. 1988 Jul;107(1):321–331. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.1.321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fahey P. J., Utell M. J., Condemi J. J., Green R., Hyde R. W. Raynaud's phenomenon of the lung. Am J Med. 1984 Feb;76(2):263–269. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90783-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fleischmajer R., Perlish J. S., Reeves J. R. Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin. Arthritis Rheum. 1977 May;20(4):975–984. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Folkman J. How is blood vessel growth regulated in normal and neoplastic tissue? G.H.A. Clowes memorial Award lecture. Cancer Res. 1986 Feb;46(2):467–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fukuto J. M., Wood K. S., Byrns R. E., Ignarro L. J. NG-amino-L-arginine: a new potent antagonist of L-arginine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Apr 30;168(2):458–465. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)92343-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Furchgott R. F. The role of endothelium in the responses of vascular smooth muscle to drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1984;24:175–197. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.001135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Furchgott R. F., Zawadzki J. V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980 Nov 27;288(5789):373–376. doi: 10.1038/288373a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Förstermann U., Dudel C., Frölich J. C. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is likely to modulate the tone of resistance arteries in rabbit hindlimb in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987 Dec;243(3):1055–1061. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gardiner S. M., Compton A. M., Bennett T., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension. 1990 May;15(5):486–492. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.15.5.486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Geng J. G., Bevilacqua M. P., Moore K. L., McIntyre T. M., Prescott S. M., Kim J. M., Bliss G. A., Zimmerman G. A., McEver R. P. Rapid neutrophil adhesion to activated endothelium mediated by GMP-140. Nature. 1990 Feb 22;343(6260):757–760. doi: 10.1038/343757a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gordon J. L., Pottinger B. E., Woo P., Rosenbaum J., Black C. M. Plasma von Willebrand factor in connective tissue disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1987 Jun;46(6):491–492. doi: 10.1136/ard.46.6.491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Griffith T. M., Edwards D. H. Basal EDRF activity helps to keep the geometrical configuration of arterial bifurcations close to the Murray optimum. J Theor Biol. 1990 Oct 21;146(4):545–573. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80378-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Griffith T. M., Edwards D. H., Davies R. L., Harrison T. J., Evans K. T. EDRF coordinates the behaviour of vascular resistance vessels. Nature. 1987 Oct 1;329(6138):442–445. doi: 10.1038/329442a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Handin R. I., Wagner D. D. Molecular and cellular biology of von Willebrand factor. Prog Hemost Thromb. 1989;9:233–259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Harlan J. M. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Blood. 1985 Mar;65(3):513–525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hashemi S., Smith C. D., Izaguirre C. A. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies: detection and characterization using a cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Lab Clin Med. 1987 Apr;109(4):434–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hughes C. C., Savage C. O., Pober J. S. Endothelial cells augment T cell interleukin 2 production by a contact-dependent mechanism involving CD2/LFA-3 interaction. J Exp Med. 1990 May 1;171(5):1453–1467. doi: 10.1084/jem.171.5.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ignarro L. J. Biological actions and properties of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formed and released from artery and vein. Circ Res. 1989 Jul;65(1):1–21. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jirik F. R., Podor T. J., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., Loskutoff D. J., Carson D. A., Lotz M. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory mediators augment IL-6 secretion by human endothelial cells. J Immunol. 1989 Jan 1;142(1):144–147. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kahaleh M. B., LeRoy E. C. Interleukin-2 in scleroderma: correlation of serum level with extent of skin involvement and disease duration. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Mar 15;110(6):446–450. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-6-446. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kahaleh M. B., Leroy E. C. Endothelial injury in scleroderma. A protease mechanism. J Lab Clin Med. 1983 Apr;101(4):553–560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kahaleh M. B., Osborn I., LeRoy E. C. Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in scleroderma and in Raynaud's phenomenon. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Apr;94(4 Pt 1):482–484. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-94-4-482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kahaleh M. B., Sherer G. K., LeRoy E. C. Endothelial injury in scleroderma. J Exp Med. 1979 Jun 1;149(6):1326–1335. doi: 10.1084/jem.149.6.1326. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kazandjian S., Fiessinger J. N., Camilleri J. P., Dadoune J. P., Housset E. Endothelial cell renewal in skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS): an in vitro autoradiographic study. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(5):425–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kelm M., Schrader J. Control of coronary vascular tone by nitric oxide. Circ Res. 1990 Jun;66(6):1561–1575. doi: 10.1161/01.res.66.6.1561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lackie J. M., de Bono D. Interactions of neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) and endothelium in vitro. Microvasc Res. 1977 Jan;13(1):107–112. doi: 10.1016/0026-2862(77)90119-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Leung D. Y., Geha R. S., Newburger J. W., Burns J. C., Fiers W., Lapierre L. A., Pober J. S. Two monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, render cultured vascular endothelial cells susceptible to lysis by antibodies circulating during Kawasaki syndrome. J Exp Med. 1986 Dec 1;164(6):1958–1972. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.6.1958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Longstaff J., Gush R., Williams E. H., Jayson M. I. Effects of ketanserin on peripheral blood flow, haemorheology, and platelet function in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1985;7 (Suppl 7):S99–101. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198500077-00028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ludmer P. L., Selwyn A. P., Shook T. L., Wayne R. R., Mudge G. H., Alexander R. W., Ganz P. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1986 Oct 23;315(17):1046–1051. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198610233151702. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Lüscher T. F., Richard V., Tschudi M., Yang Z. H., Boulanger C. Endothelial control of vascular tone in large and small coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Mar 1;15(3):519–527. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90619-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Majno G., Shea S. M., Leventhal M. Endothelial contraction induced by histamine-type mediators: an electron microscopic study. J Cell Biol. 1969 Sep;42(3):647–672. doi: 10.1083/jcb.42.3.647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Marks R. M., Czerniecki M., Andrews B. S., Penny R. The effects of scleroderma serum on human microvascular endothelial cells. Induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Dec;31(12):1524–1534. doi: 10.1002/art.1780311209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Martin M. F., Tooke J. E. Effects of prostaglandin E1 on microvascular haemodynamics in progressive systemic sclerosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Dec 11;285(6356):1688–1690. doi: 10.1136/bmj.285.6356.1688. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Martin W., Villani G. M., Jothianandan D., Furchgott R. F. Blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceryl trinitrate-induced relaxation of rabbit aorta by certain ferrous hemoproteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 Jun;233(3):679–685. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Martin W., Villani G. M., Jothianandan D., Furchgott R. F. Selective blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceryl trinitrate-induced relaxation by hemoglobin and by methylene blue in the rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 Mar;232(3):708–716. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Meyer O., Haïm T., Dryll A., Lansaman J., Ryckewaert A. Vascular endothelial cell injury in progressive systemic sclerosis and other connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1983 Jan-Mar;1(1):29–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Michel C. C. Capillary permeability and how it may change. J Physiol. 1988 Oct;404:1–29. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Moncada S. Eighth Gaddum Memorial Lecture. University of London Institute of Education, December 1980. Biological importance of prostacyclin. Br J Pharmacol. 1982 May;76(1):3–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09186.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nawroth P. P., Stern D. M. Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med. 1986 Mar 1;163(3):740–745. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.3.740. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Osborn L., Hession C., Tizard R., Vassallo C., Luhowskyj S., Chi-Rosso G., Lobb R. Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell. 1989 Dec 22;59(6):1203–1211. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90775-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Palmer R. M., Ashton D. S., Moncada S. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature. 1988 Jun 16;333(6174):664–666. doi: 10.1038/333664a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Palmer R. M., Ferrige A. G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987 Jun 11;327(6122):524–526. doi: 10.1038/327524a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Penning C. A., Cunningham J., French M. A., Harrison G., Rowell N. R., Hughes P. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of human vascular endothelium in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Sep;57(3):548–556. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Petty R. G., Pearson J. D. Endothelium--the axis of vascular health and disease. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1989 Apr;23(2):92–102. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Pober J. S., Collins T., Gimbrone M. A., Jr, Cotran R. S., Gitlin J. D., Fiers W., Clayberger C., Krensky A. M., Burakoff S. J., Reiss C. S. Lymphocytes recognize human vascular endothelial and dermal fibroblast Ia antigens induced by recombinant immune interferon. Nature. 1983 Oct 20;305(5936):726–729. doi: 10.1038/305726a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pober J. S., Cotran R. S. Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiol Rev. 1990 Apr;70(2):427–451. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Radomski M. W., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. The role of nitric oxide and cGMP in platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Nov 13;148(3):1482–1489. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(87)80299-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Rees D. D., Palmer R. M., Moncada S. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3375–3378. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Renkin E. M. Capillary transport of macromolecules: pores and other endothelial pathways. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 Feb;58(2):315–325. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Rivers R. J., Loeb A. L., Izzo N. J., Jr, Peach M. J., Duling B. R. Microcirculatory responses to exogenous endothelial cell-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol. 1990 Feb;258(2 Pt 2):H606–H609. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1990.258.2.H606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rosenbaum J., Pottinger B. E., Woo P., Black C. M., Loizou S., Byron M. A., Pearson J. D. Measurement and characterisation of circulating anti-endothelial cell IgG in connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988 Jun;72(3):450–456. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rubanyi G. M., Romero J. C., Vanhoutte P. M. Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Am J Physiol. 1986 Jun;250(6 Pt 2):H1145–H1149. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1986.250.6.H1145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Schleef R. R., Bevilacqua M. P., Sawdey M., Gimbrone M. A., Jr, Loskutoff D. J. Cytokine activation of vascular endothelium. Effects on tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5797–5803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Staub N. C., Schultz E. L., Albertine K. H. Leucocytes and pulmonary microvascular injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;384:332–343. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21382.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Streeter P. R., Rouse B. T., Butcher E. C. Immunohistologic and functional characterization of a vascular addressin involved in lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes. J Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;107(5):1853–1862. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.5.1853. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Summers G. D., Weiss J. B., Jayson M. I. Failure of sera from patients with scleroderma to exhibit cytotoxicity towards human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Rheumatol Int. 1984;5(1):9–13. doi: 10.1007/BF00541359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Thornhill M. H., Kyan-Aung U., Haskard D. O. IL-4 increases human endothelial cell adhesiveness for T cells but not for neutrophils. J Immunol. 1990 Apr 15;144(8):3060–3065. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Toothill V. J., Van Mourik J. A., Niewenhuis H. K., Metzelaar M. J., Pearson J. D. Characterization of the enhanced adhesion of neutrophil leukocytes to thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells. J Immunol. 1990 Jul 1;145(1):283–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Umehara H., Kumagai S., Ishida H., Suginoshita T., Maeda M., Imura H. Enhanced production of interleukin-2 in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Hyperactivity of CD4-positive T cells? Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Mar;31(3):401–407. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Wagner C. R., Vetto R. M., Burger D. R. The mechanism of antigen presentation by endothelial cells. Immunobiology. 1984 Dec;168(3-5):453–469. doi: 10.1016/S0171-2985(84)80130-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wedmore C. V., Williams T. J. Control of vascular permeability by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in inflammation. Nature. 1981 Feb 19;289(5799):646–650. doi: 10.1038/289646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Williams T. J., Peck M. J. Role of prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation in inflammation. Nature. 1977 Dec 8;270(5637):530–532. doi: 10.1038/270530a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Yamane K., Kashiwagi H., Suzuki N., Miyauchi T., Yanagisawa M., Goto K., Masaki T. Elevated plasma levels of endothelin-1 in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Feb;34(2):243–244. doi: 10.1002/art.1780340220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Tomobe Y., Kobayashi M., Mitsui Y., Yazaki Y., Goto K., Masaki T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988 Mar 31;332(6163):411–415. doi: 10.1038/332411a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Yu C. L., Haskard D. O., Cavender D., Johnson A. R., Ziff M. Human gamma interferon increases the binding of T lymphocytes to endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985 Dec;62(3):554–560. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Zamora M. R., O'Brien R. F., Rutherford R. B., Weil J. V. Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 1990 Nov 10;336(8724):1144–1147. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92766-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. van Hinsbergh V. W. Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activators by endothelial cells. Haemostasis. 1988;18(4-6):307–327. doi: 10.1159/000215814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES