Abstract
Introduction
Psoriasis localized at the scalp, face, nails, genitalia, palms, and soles can exacerbate the disease burden. Real-world studies comparing the effectiveness of treatments for these special areas are limited.
Methods
Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO) is an international, prospective, non-interventional, study comparing the effectiveness of anti-interleukin (IL)-17A biologics (ixekizumab and secukinumab) compared to other approved biologics and the pairwise comparative effectiveness of ixekizumab relative to five other individual biologics for patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. To determine special area involvement, physicians answered binary questions at baseline and week 12. The proportion of patients who achieved special area clearance at week 12 was assessed. Missing outcome data were imputed as non-response. Comparative treatment analyses were conducted using frequentist model averaging.
Results
Of the 1,978 patients included, 83.4% had at least one special area involved at baseline with the scalp (66.7%) as the most frequently affected part, followed by nails (37.9%), face/neck (36.9%), genitalia (25.6%), and palms and/or soles (22.2%). Patients with scalp, nail, or genital, but not palmoplantar or face/neck psoriasis, had significantly higher odds of achieving clearance at week 12 in the anti-IL-17A cohort compared to the other biologics cohort. Patients with scalp psoriasis had a 10–20% higher response rate and significantly greater odds (1.8–2.3) of achieving clearance at week 12 with ixekizumab compared to included biologics.
Conclusion
Biologics demonstrate a high level of clearance of special areas at week 12 in a real-world setting. Patients with scalp, nail, or genital involvement have significantly higher odds of clearance at week 12 with anti-IL-17A biologics compared to other biologics.
Keywords: scalp, face, palmoplantar, nails, genitalia, treatment, biologics, psoriasis
Introduction
Psoriasis (PsO) is a common, chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that can affect all parts of the body, yet the involvement of some special areas of the body is associated with a disproportionate impact on daily functioning and quality of life (1–4). Reduction in a patient's quality of life is likely due to the associated symptoms, treatment challenges, or the visibility of psoriasis lesions in these special areas, including the scalp, face, nails, genitals, and palms and soles (5–8). However, large real-world studies that evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different treatments for PsO localized in these special areas are still limited (2, 3, 9).
The Psoriasis Study of Health Outcomes (PSoHO) is a large, international, prospective, non-interventional study that compares the effectiveness of biologics for patients with moderate-to-severe PsO (10, 11). In this study, we investigate the prevalence of special area involvement in a real-world setting and the comparative effectiveness of approved biologics for the treatment of patients with special area involvement of the scalp, genitalia, nails, face and/or neck, or palms and/or soles. We evaluate the comparative effectiveness of anti-interleukin (IL)-17A biologics compared to other approved biologics for the clearance of PsO in these special areas and provide pairwise comparative effectiveness of ixekizumab (IXE) compared to five other individual biologics (10–12).
Methods
Details of the PSoHO study and enrolled patients have been published previously (10, 11). Briefly, the PsoHO study enrolled 1,981 adult patients from 23 countries with a confirmed diagnosis (at least 6 months before baseline) of moderate-to-severe PsO who initiated or switched biologic treatment during routine medical care (10). At baseline and week 12, physicians answered binary questions to determine special area involvement of the scalp, genitalia, nails, face, and/or neck and palms and/or soles. Prescribed biologics were grouped into the anti-IL-17A antibodies cohort [IXE and secukinumab (SEC)] and a second cohort of other biologics [brodalumab, adalimumab (ADA), certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, ustekinumab (UST), guselkumab (GUS), risankizumab (RIS), and tildrakizumab]. Only treatment groups with more than 100 patients are shown (IXE, SEC, GUS, RIS, ADA, and UST).
Descriptive statistics and comparative effectiveness analyses using frequentist model averaging (FMA) are reported as previously published (10). Pairwise comparisons of baseline demographics between the anti-IL-17A and other biologic cohorts and IXE compared to other individual biologics were performed using Fisher's exact test or chi-square for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) or exact P-value from the median test (Monte Carlo estimate) for continuous variables. For each special area, analyses were completed for patients with special area involvement at baseline and a valid result at week 12. Adjusted comparative analyses between cohorts or treatments determined the odds ratios (ORs) of patients with involvement of a specific special area at baseline who achieved complete clearance at week 12. Models were adjusted for the covariates previously described (10). Statistical significance is indicated when the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) do not cross the null hypotheses (OR = 1). Unadjusted response rates for this outcome are also reported with missing data imputed as non-response. The impact of any potential unmeasured confounding was assessed using the E-value (13).
All patients were required to give informed consent for participation in the study. The study was registered at the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCEPP) (14) and was conducted according to Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results
Of the 1,978 patients with special area data at baseline, 83.4% (n = 1,650) had at least one special area involved, with the scalp (66.7%) the most frequently affected, followed by nails (37.9%), face and/or neck (36.9%), genitalia (25.6%), and palms and/or soles (22.2%) (Table 1). Of these 1,650 patients, 66% had more than one special area involved and 5.0% had involvement in all five special areas (Figure 1).
Table 1.
Demographics and disease characteristics of patients with psoriasis at baseline.
| Overall (n = 1,981) | Anti-IL-17A (n = 773) | Other biologics (n = 1,208) | IXE (n = 532) | SEC (n = 241) | GUS (n = 303) | RIS (n = 259) | ADA (n = 284) | UST (n = 127) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 45.3 (13.6) | 46.8 (13.7)* | 44.4 (13.5) | 47.4 (14.1) | 45.4 (12.8) | 44.2 (13.2)† | 44.1 (13.7)‡ | 45.1 (13.0)‡ | 46.4 (14.5) |
| Male, n (%) | 1,143 (57.7) | 442 (57.2) | 701 (58.0) | 313 (58.8) | 129 (53.5) | 179 (59.1) | 161 (62.2) | 163 (57.4) | 77 (60.6) |
| Weight (kg) | 85.0 (21.1) | 85.6 (20.8) | 84.6 (21.2) | 86.3 (20.4) | 83.9 (21.6) | 84.0 (21.2) | 83.8 (22.6) | 86.7 (21.3) | 82.9 (17.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (6.7) | 29.2 (6.6) | 28.9 (6.7) | 29.4 (6.6) | 28.9 (6.5) | 29.0 (6.7) | 28.6 (6.9) | 29.3 (6.6) | 28.0 (5.6)‡ |
| White race, n (%) | 1,441 (72.7) | 576 (74.5) | 865 (71.6) | 394 (74.1) | 182 (75.5) | 162 (53.5)† | 169 (65.3)‡ | 248 (87.3)† | 99 (78.0) |
| Disease duration, median years (Q1, Q3) | 14.0 (6.8, 23.8) | 14.3 (6.4, 24.2) | 13.8 (7.1, 23.6) | 13.9 (6.7, 25.3) | 14.9 (6.0, 21.8) | 14.9 (7.8, 24.4) | 13.7 (8.2, 23.5) | 14.2 (6.3, 25.0) | 12.1 (6.3, 23.7) |
| PASI | 14.5 (8.6) | 14.6 (8.5) | 14.5 (8.6) | 14.4 (8.5) | 15.0 (8.7) | 14.6 (9.3) | 15.4 (9.8) | 13.3 (7.1) | 14.4 (7.9) |
| Percentage of BSA | 21.3 (17.7) | 21.1 (17.5) | 21.5 (17.9) | 20.6 (17.2) | 22.3 (18.1) | 21.7 (18.5) | 20.6 (18.9) | 20.6 (16.6) | 22.6 (17.7) |
| DLQIa | 12.6 (7.8) | 12.9 (7.9) | 12.4 (7.8) | 12.6 (7.9) | 13.5 (7.7) | 12.3 (8.1) | 11.8 (7.3) | 12.9 (7.6) | 12.3 (8.0) |
| sPGA, n (%) | |||||||||
| Moderate | 988 (50.7) | 387 (50.7) | 601 (50.8) | 267 (50.6) | 120 (50.8) | 143 (47.7) | 102 (40.8)‡ | 170 (60.5)‡ | 68 (54.8) |
| Severe | 610 (31.3) | 242 (31.7) | 368 (31.1) | 176 (33.3) | 66 (28.0) | 101 (33.7) | 93 (37.2) | 69 (24.6)‡ | 37 (29.8) |
| Very severe | 76 (3.9) | 34 (4.5) | 42 (3.5) | 16 (3.0) | 18 (7.6)‡ | 14 (4.7) | 15 (6.0) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.6) |
| Number of patients with baseline data for special area involvement b | 1,978 | 773 | 1,205 | 532 | 241 | 302 | 258 | 284 | 126 |
| ≥1 special area involvement, n (%)c | 1,650 (83.4) | 638 (82.5) | 1,012 (84.0) | 441 (82.9) | 197 (81.7) | 256 (84.8) | 210 (81.4) | 230 (81.0) | 107 (84.9) |
| Scalp, n (%) | 1,319 (66.7) | 494 (63.9)** | 825 (68.5) | 347 (65.2) | 147 (61.0%) | 207 (68.5) | 172 (66.7) | 187 (65.8) | 82 (65.1) |
| Genitalia, n (%) | 506 (25.6) | 205 (26.5) | 301 (25.0) | 154 (28.9) | 51 (21.2)‡ | 82 (27.2) | 47 (18.2)‡ | 73 (25.7) | 31 (24.6) |
| Nails, n (%) | 750 (37.9) | 305 (39.5) | 445 (36.9) | 221 (41.5) | 84 (34.9) | 115 (38.1) | 88 (34.1) | 105 (37.0) | 45 (35.7) |
| Face and/or neck, n (%) | 729 (36.9) | 261 (33.8)** | 468 (38.8) | 188 (35.3) | 73 (30.3) | 141 (46.7)‡ | 102 (39.5) | 84 (29.6) | 41 (32.5) |
| Palms and/or soles, n (%) | 440 (22.2) | 174 (22.5) | 266 (22.1) | 131 (24.6) | 43 (17.8)‡ | 65 (21.5) | 58 (22.5) | 52 (18.3)‡ | 19 (15.1)‡ |
All results are presented as the mean (standard deviation) of all available data for that measure unless otherwise stated. The anti-IL-17A cohort includes IXE- and SEC-treated patients. In cases of n (%) not matching the total in the group, the remainder is attributable to missing data for patients. Pairwise comparisons performed using Fisher's exact test or chi-square for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) or exact P-value from the median test (Monte Carlo estimate) for continuous variables. ADA, Adalimumab; BMI, body mass index; BSA, Body Surface Area; DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; GUS, Guselkumab; IXE, Ixekizumab; PASI, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; PSSD, Psoriasis Symptoms and Signs Diary; sPGA, Static Physician Global Assessment; Q, Quartile; RIS, Risankizumab; SEC, Secukinumab; UST, Ustekinumab.
aDLQI was measured on a 0–30 scale.
bInformation about special area involvement missing for three patients. Special area involvement was recorded as a yes/no question (investigator assessed).
cAt least one special area of the scalp, genitalia, face and/or neck, palm and/or soles, or nails involved. Green shading signifies significant differences (P-value < 0.05) between anti-IL-17A biologics vs. other biologics.
*P < 0.001 vs. the other biologics cohort.
**P < 0.05 vs. the other biologics cohort. Yellow shading signifies a significant difference (P-value < 0.05) compared to IXE (shaded in yellow).
†P ≤ 0.001 vs. IXE.
‡P < 0.05 vs. IXE.
Figure 1.
Proportion of patients with involvement of one or more special areas of psoriasis. Special areas are the scalp, genitalia, face and/or neck, nails, and palms and/or soles.
Compared to the other biologics cohort, the anti-IL-17A cohort had higher unadjusted response rates and at least 50% greater odds of achieving clearance of scalp (OR 1.5; CIs 1.2, 1.9), genital (OR 1.6; CIs 1.1, 2.5), or nail (OR 1.9; CIs 1.4, 2.4) psoriasis at week 12 (Figure 2). No significant differences between cohorts were determined for patients with either face and/or neck or palmoplantar involvement, although slightly higher unadjusted response rates for clearance of these areas were achieved in the anti-IL-17A cohort compared to the other biologics cohort. In patients who received the EMA-approved on-label dosing, treatment results for special area clearance were comparable to those of the entire patient cohort (Supplementary Figure S1).
Figure 2.
Unadjusted response rates and comparative adjusted odds ratios for the anti-IL-17A cohort compared to the other biologics cohort for patients with scalp, genital, nail, face and/or neck or palmoplantar involvement at baseline and with complete clearance of these special areas at week 12. Comparative results are statistically significant if 95% CIs of the odds ratios do not cover 1. Missing data imputed as non-response. CI, confidence interval; IL, interleukin.
For patients with scalp involvement, the E-value for scalp clearance for the comparison of the anti-IL-17A cohort with the other biologics cohort was 1.75 [FMA OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (1.2, 1.9)], and the E-value for the lower confidence limit of the point estimate was 1.42. This E-value analysis indicated no substantial confounding (a risk ratio association of >1.75 for both the treatment selection and outcomes would be required to impact the observed treatment estimate).
At week 12, IXE-treated patients had a higher unadjusted response rate (74%) for scalp psoriasis clearance compared to patients treated with all other studied biologics (54–65%) (Figure 3A) (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, patients treated with IXE had 1.8–2.3 higher odds of achieving scalp psoriasis clearance at week 12 than patients treated with any of the other comparator biologics. For patients with genital involvement, treatment with SEC, IXE, and RIS resulted in unadjusted response rates of over 80% (Figure 3B). Significantly, IXE also had 2.6 times higher odds of genital psoriasis resolution at week 12 compared with UST. The greatest variability in unadjusted response rates for biologics was shown for the resolution of nail involvement (40–67%) with the highest response rate shown with IXE (Figure 3C). IXE-treated patients also had significantly higher odds of nail clearance at week 12 than GUS and ADA. No statistically significant differences in comparative effectiveness were observed between IXE and other treatments for the clearance of face and/or neck or palmoplantar involvement (Figures 3D, E). All biological treatments resulted in a high proportion of patients with clearance of face and/or neck involvement (73–84%) at week 12, but lower unadjusted response rates were reported for patients with palmoplantar (65–79%) involvement. In patients who received the EMA-approved on-label dosing (1,764/1,978; 89.2%), treatment results for special area clearance were comparable with those of the entire patient cohort (Supplementary Table 2), with the exception that ixekizumab-treated patients had significantly higher odds of nail clearance than risankizumab-treated patients (OR 2.0; CIs 1.1, 3.3; Supplementary Figure S2C).
Figure 3.
Unadjusted response rates and comparative adjusted odds ratios of ixekizumab versus individual treatments for patients with baseline involvement and clearance at week 12 of (A) scalp psoriasis (B) genital psoriasis (C) nail psoriasis (D) face and/or neck psoriasis (E) palmoplantar psoriasis. Comparative results are statistically significant if 95% CIs of the odds ratios do not cover 1. +Denotes that the lower CI is < 1.0: The lower CI for the ixekizumab compared to guselkumab odds ratio for genital clearance is 0.952. The lower CI for the ixekizumab compared to risankizumab odds ratio for nail clearance is 0.977. Missing outcome data imputed as non-response. CI, confidence interval.
Discussion
In this real-world study population of 1,978 patients with moderate-to-severe PsO, the involvement of one or more special areas was prevalent. This aligns with other studies showing that PsO in one special area can increase the likelihood of involvement of other special areas, as well as for more severe disease (3, 5, 9, 15). In PSoHO, anti-IL-17A biologics show significantly greater effectiveness for scalp, genital, or nail psoriasis clearance compared with other included biologics in real-world clinical practice. The anti-IL-17A cohort also shows numerically higher response rates for clearance of all special areas at week 12 compared with the other biologics cohort. Since lack of effectiveness for special areas is one of the main reasons that patients report non-compliance with topical treatments (16), knowing the comparative effectiveness of biologics in clearing various special areas can help to inform treatment decisions. The data presented here confirm the effectiveness of anti-IL-17A biologics (10, 11, 17, 18) and extend this result to PsO in special areas of the body that are regarded as burdensome and sometimes difficult to treat.
The PSoHO study shows that approximately two-thirds of patients with special area involvement have more than one special area involved. This aligns with other studies showing that PsO in one of these special areas can be a risk factor with an increased likelihood of having the involvement of other special areas, as well as for more severe disease (3, 5, 9, 15). Scalp psoriasis was the most common special area for patients in PSoHO (66.7%), which reflects other real-world studies that record a prevalence ranging from 38 to 65% (3, 5, 9, 19). Patients with scalp involvement report greater disease and itch severity compared with those without scalp involvement (3, 7). Topical treatments are often the first option for treatment, even though the presence of hair makes the scalp less accessible, even for foams and solutions (2, 19). However, data from this study highlight the effectiveness of anti-IL-17A biologics, and, in particular, IXE at week 12 for the treatment of scalp psoriasis. Higher response rates and significantly higher odds of scalp clearance at week 12 were achieved with anti-IL-17A biologics compared with the other biologics. With more than 74% of patients achieving scalp psoriasis clearance, IXE-treated patients had a higher unadjusted response rate compared to SEC (62%), GUS (61%), RIS (65%), ADA (58%), and UST (54%) and significantly greater odds (1.8–2.3) of achieving scalp psoriasis clearance at week 12. These results confirm primary PSoHO data (10) and extend them to patients with scalp psoriasis.
More than a quarter of patients in the PSoHO study reported the presence of genital psoriasis, which is within the range of previous reports (20). Approximately 29–63% of patients with PsO are impacted by genital psoriasis at some point during the course of their disease (16, 20–22). However, genital psoriasis remains significantly underdiagnosed, with one study reporting 60% of patients with PsO were never examined in the genital area by their dermatologist (23). Furthermore, the burden of genital psoriasis is profound and has a significant impact on sexual health resulting in greater stigmatization and lower self-esteem than visible special areas (20, 24, 25). For the treatment of genital psoriasis, patients had significantly higher odds of clearance in the anti-IL-17A cohort compared to the other biologics cohort. This result also reflects that SEC and IXE treatment led to the highest proportion of patients with resolution of genital psoriasis at week 12. These results support other recent studies showing the rapid resolution of genital psoriasis with IXE (22, 26, 27).
The prevalence of nail psoriasis varies widely in the literature from 10 to 82% (28) but was reported for over a third of patients in PSoHO. Compared with other special areas, the management of nail psoriasis is particularly challenging (29, 30). This was reflected in the PSoHO data as treatment of nail psoriasis resulted in the greatest variability in response rates across biologics. Nevertheless, patients treated with anti-IL-17A biologics had significantly higher odds of clearance at week 12 compared with other biologics. IXE had 2–27% higher response rates than other individual biologics (40–64%), and IXE-treated patients had significantly higher odds of achieving clearance than GUS and ADA. These data mirror the IXORA-R and SPIRIT-H2H clinical trials data, whereby IXE demonstrated superior efficacy compared to GUS, as well as ADA, in the resolution of nail psoriasis at week 24 (31, 32). However, the use of binary questions gives rise to substantially higher unadjusted response rates than those expected using more formal assessments, such as the modified nail psoriasis severity index (mNAPSI) (33). Additionally, it would be premature to make a final assessment of nail psoriasis at 12 weeks, as longer periods are required for the nail plate to grow out and for treatment effectiveness to be evaluated. This is exemplified by one study, in which differences in treatment effectiveness between IXE and UST only emerge beyond 12 weeks (34). As such, it is prudent to wait for longer-term PSoHO results that will also include specific assessments of nail psoriasis, such as the mNAPSI.
Facial psoriasis was previously considered to be uncommon, yet in line with other studies (5, 35), PSoHO shows over a third of patients have psoriasis in this special area. Compared to other body areas that may be hidden more easily, people with facial psoriasis often feel stigmatized, which can result in isolation, depression, and reduced quality of life (36, 37). In PSoHO, there was a consistently high proportion of patients (>70%) who achieved clearance of facial psoriasis at week 12 irrespective of the biologics used, with the highest response rates with RIS, ADA, and IXE. Similar to other studies, 22.2% of PSoHO patients had palmoplantar involvement, which, together with nail psoriasis, is arguably the most difficult-to-treat special area (5, 38). Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis report greater physical disability, pain, fatigue, and lower quality-of-life scores than those without palmoplantar involvement (3, 39). Interestingly, no significant differences between treatments were found, though unadjusted response rates for palmoplantar psoriasis clearance were numerically the highest for UST, SEC, and IXE.
Observational studies have inherent limitations, including measured and unmeasured confounding bias compared with randomized clinical trials. However, the application of FMA can accommodate some of these uncertainties in model choice through the machine learning framework. The statistical precision of these comparative analyses was constrained by the number of representative patients with involvement of each special area and the respective covariates used. Limitations of this study include the grouping of non-anti-IL-17A biologics into a single category, the use of binary questions without corresponding scores, such as palmoplantar PASI (PPASI), psoriasis scalp severity index (PSSI) or mNAPSI, and the relatively short follow-up period of 12 weeks. Longer treatment periods may be necessary to fully assess and conclude the comparative effectiveness of the biologics included. Additionally, some special areas may also be challenging for the physician to differentiate, such as between the face and the scalp, which may result in overlap. It is also not possible to exclude the possibility that patients used topical treatments in addition to biologics and remains to be investigated.
This study contributes to our understanding of the treatment in these special areas by providing the comparative effectiveness of different biologics for achieving clearance of special areas after 12 weeks. In general, biologics demonstrate a high level of clearance of these special areas at week 12 in a real-world setting. In particular, patients with scalp, nail, or genital, but not palmoplantar or face and neck, involvement have significantly higher odds of achieving clearance of these areas at week 12 with anti-IL-17A biologics compared with other biologics.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by all of the necessary central or local IRB and/or Ethics Committee approvals have been obtained for this multi-site, international study by United BioSource LLC (UBC). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
CS and ER were involved with the conception and design of the work. CS, NH, and CM carried out the analysis of data. SP, ER, LP, RV, NT, NH, GG, CS, CM, and PB were involved with the interpretation of data for the work. NH, CS, and CM drafted the work. All authors contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript and approved the submitted version.
Funding Statement
This study and manuscript was funded by Eli Lilly and Company.
Conflict of interest
SP received consulting fees from Abbvie, Almirall, Celgene, Janssen, Leo-pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, UCB; speaker payments from Abbvie, Almirall, Celgene, Janssen, Leo-pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, UCB; support for attending meetings or travel from Abbvie, Almirall, Celgene, Janssen, Leo-pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, UCB. LP received consulting fees from AbbVie, Janssen Biotech, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb; payment or honoraria for lecturers or presentations from AbbVie, Janssen Biotech, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Bristol Myers Squibb; participated on data safety monitoring board or advisory boards of AbbVie, Janssen Biotech, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb. The institution of LP received funding for the present study. The institution of PB received funding from Pfizer. PB received consulting fees from LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Celgene, UCB Pharma, Biotest, Boehringer Ingelheim, AbbVie, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, GSK and Regeneron; received payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Celgene, UCB Pharma, Biotest, Boehringer Ingelheim, AbbVie, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, GSK and Regeneron; was a board member of the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology. RV was employed by Dermatrials Research Inc. and Venderm Consulting. RV has received grants from Abbvie, Amgen, Arcutis, Bausch, Health, Boehringer, Ingelheim, BMS, Celgene, Centocor, Dermira, Dermavant, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Innovaderm, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Mediji, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, Takeda and USB; Consulting fees from Abbvie, Actelion, Amgen, Aralez, Arcutis, Bausch-Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Celgene, Cipher, Janssen, Galderma, GSK, Kabo-Care, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck, Novartis, Palladin, Pfizer, Sandoz, SUN, UCB and Viatris-Mylan; payment or honoraria for lectures or presentations from Abbvie, Actelion, Amgen, Arcutis, Bausch-Health, BMS, Celgene, Cipher, Janssen, Galderma, GSK, LEO pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun and USB; support for attending meetings or travel from Abbvie, Arcutis, Janssen and UCB. CM is a contractor of HaaPACs GmbH and conducted statistical analysis for this project on behalf of Eli Lilly and Company. NH, NT, GG, and CS are employees and minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. ER is a former employee of Eli Lilly and Company and a minor stockholder and has also been a speaker and consultant for Eli Lilly and Company.
The authors declare that this study received funding from Eli Lilly and Company. The funder was involved in study design, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of this article and the decision to submit it for publication.
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1185523/full#supplementary-material
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Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.