Table 3.

The anticancer role of flavonols in ovarian cancer.

Flavonoid	Cell line	Mechanism	Result	Ref.
Kaempferol	OVCAR-3	Caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[54,55]
		p53 and p38	Induced apoptosis	[54]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[54,55,57]
		DR4 and DR5	Induced apoptosis	[57]
		VEGF	Anti-invasion activity	[59]
		JNK	Induced apoptosis	[57]
		p-MEK and p-ERK	Induced apoptosis,	[55]
	A2780/CP70	Caspase-3 and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[58]
		p53 and p21	Induced apoptosis	[58]
		DR5 and FAS	Induced apoptosis,	[56]
		Cdc25c and Cdc2	Cell arrest	[56]
		VEGF	Anti-invasion activity and antiangiogenesis	[59]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[58]
	SKOV3	DR4 and DR5	Induced apoptosis	[57]
		p38	Induced apoptosis	[57]
		JNK	Induced apoptosis	[55]
	A2780	LC3 and beclin-1	Induced autophagy	[60]
		GRP78, ATF6α IRE1α, and PERK	Induced enoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)	[60]
Myricetin	OVCAR-3	Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[112,113]
		p53 and p21	Induced apoptosis	[112]
		DR5	Induced apoptosis	[112]
		c-myc	Cell cycle arrest	[112]
		Caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	[113]
		VEGF	Anti-invasion activity, antiangiogenesis	[112,116]
		HIF-1α	Antiangiogenesis	[112,116]
		p-p70S6K	Antiangiogenesis	[112,116]
	SKOV3	MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9	Anti-invasion activity	[111]
		Caspase-3 and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[111,115]
		p-p38	Antiproliferative activity	[111]
		GRP-78	Induced Endoplasmic reticulum stress	[115]
	A2780/CP70	Bcl-2 * Bax *	Induced apoptosis	[112,114,116]
		p53 and p21	Induced apoptosis	[112]
		c-myc	Cell cycle arrest	[112]
		Caspase-3 *, caspase-7 *, caspase-9 *	Induced apoptosis	[112,114]
		pAkt	Antiproliferation activity	[112,114]
		pERK *	Induced apoptosis	[114]
		Cycline D *	Cell cycle arrest	[114]
		VEGF	Anti-invasion activity, antiangiogenesis	[116]
		HIF-1α	Antiangiogenesis	[116]
		p-p70S6K	Antiangiogenesis	[116]
Quercetin	PA-1	p-PI3k and p-Akt	Antiproliferation activity	[145]
		mTOR	Antiproliferation activity	[145]
		N-Ras and Raf-1	Antiproliferation activity	[145]
		EGFR	Antiproliferation activity	[145]
		MMP-2 and MMP-9	Anti-invasion activity	[145]
		claudin-11 and claudin-4	Antiadherent activity	[145]
	CaOV3	beclin-1	Induced autophagy	[150]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[150]
		Caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	[150]
	A2780	miR-145	Antiproliferation activity	[148]
		Caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	[148]
	SKOV-3	miR-145	Antiproliferation activity	[148]
		Caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	[148]
		Genes and antioxidant enzymes—Cu, Zn-, Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase 1, heme oxygenase 1, and catalase (SOD1, SOD2, CPX1, HO1, and CAT)	Antiproliferation activity	[151]
		Nrf2 (NFE2L2)	Antiproliferation activity	[151]
Fisetin	SKOV-3	Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[158]
		Caspase-3 and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[158]
	OVCAR-3	ZBP1, RIP3, and MLKL **	Induced necrosis	[159]
	A2780	ZBP1, RIP3, and MLKL **	Induced necrosis	[159]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[160]
		Caspase-3 and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[160]
Galangin	OVCAR-3	Caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		p-Akt, p-p70S6K, and cmyc	Antiproliferation activity	[161]
		p53 and p21	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		VEGF	Anti-invasion activity and antiangiogenesis	[161]
	A2780/CP70	Caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		Bcl-2 Bax	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		p53 and p21	Induced apoptosis	[161]
		p-Akt, p-p70S6K, and cmyc	Antiproliferation activity	[161]
Isorhamnetin	SKOV3	Ki67	Anti-invasion activity	[162]
		MMP 2 and MMP9	Anti-invasion activity	[162]
Morin	A2780	AHNAK, JAG1, and TGFB1	Antimigration	[163]
		VCAN	Antiadhesion	[163]
		ECM	Antimigration	[163]
	SKOV-3	AHNAK, FN1, and STAT3	Antimigration	[163]
		VCAN	Antiadhesion	[163]
		ECM	Antimigration	[163]

* Research conducted with Chinese bayberry leaves; ** research conducted with the z-VAD inhibitor.