Table 3.

Subgroup analyses for the association between coffee intake and hypertension risk.

	Number of Effects	Effect Size	95% Confidence Interval	I2 (%)	p-for between Subgroup Heterogeneity
Cohorts
Region					0.924
US	6	0.92	0.87, 0.97	0.7
Europe	4	0.97	0.83, 1.13	60.5
Asia	3	0.94	0.83, 1.07	25.0
Age					0.444
<50 years	7	0.91	0.84, 0.99	23.8
>50 years	6	0.94	0.89, 1.00	28.5
Sample size					0.244
<median (n = 20,000)	7	0.89	0.81, 0.99	12.6
>median (n = 20,000)	6	0.94	0.84, 0.99	30.8
Number of cases					0.967
<3000	8	0.94	0.84, 1.06	43.0
>3000	5	0.93	0.89, 0.97	0.0
Follow-up duration					0.506
<10 years	6	0.91	0.84, 0.99	22.3
>10 years	7	0.94	0.88, 1.00	30.0
Sex					0.833
Men	1	1.07	0.67, 1.70	-
Women	4	0.93	0.88, 0.98	4.9
Both	8	0.93	0.85, 1.02	41.3
HTN stage					0.149
≥130 mmHg for SBP and/or 80 mmHg for DBP	1	1.19	0.85, 1.65	-
≥140 mmHg for SBP and/or 90 mmHg for DBP	12	0.92	0.88, 0.97	17.7
Study quality					0.056
Low	5	0.88	0.83, 0.94	0.0
High	8	0.96	0.90, 1.03	34.2
Cross-sectionals
Region					<0.0001
Europe	8	0.72	0.62, 0.84	54.6
Asia	8	0.87	0.81, 0.95	33.3
Sample size					0.078
<median (n = 8000)	8	0.78	0.66, 0.91	48.5
>median (n = 8000)	8	0.81	0.72, 0.90	70.9
Sample size					0.733
<median (n = 3000)	7	0.84	0.67, 1.04	47.3
>median (n = 3000)	9	0.78	0.70, 0.87	72.6
Sex					0.423
Men	4	0.75	0.61, 0.93	31.4
Women	2	0.88	0.75, 1.02	0.0
Both	10	0.79	0.70, 0.89	73.4
HTN stage					0.154
≥130 mmHg for SBP and/or 80 mmHg for DBP	5	0.88	0.73, 1.06	75.2
≥140 mmHg for SBP and/or 90 mmHg for DBP	11	0.76	0.68, 0.85	55.7
Study quality					0.637
Low	4	0.71	0.55, 0.91	77.0
High	12	0.82	0.73, 0.91	59.9

HTN: hypertension.