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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2023 Jul;37(7):862–867. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202303103

食蟹猴自体腘绳肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带模型制备研究

Establishment of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model in cynomolgus monkey with autogenous hamstring tendon transplantation

Xiaojun LU 1, Yang YU 1, Bing XIE 2, Guoliang WANG 1, Tengyun YANG 1, Bohan XIONG 1, Jinrui LIU 1, Yanlin LI 1,*
PMCID: PMC10352513  PMID: 37460184

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the feasibility of establishing an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model using hamstring tendon autograft in cynomolgus monkeys.

Methods

Twelve healthy adult male cynomolgus monkeys, weighing 8-13 kg, were randomly divided into two groups (n=6). In the experimental group, the ACL reconstruction model of the right lower limb was prepared by using a single bundle of hamstring tendon, and the ACL of the right lower limb was only cut off in the control group. The survival of animals in the two groups was observed after operation. Before operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation, the knee range of motion, thigh circumference, and calf circumference of the two groups were measured; the anterior tibial translation D-value (ATTD) was measured by Ligs joint ligament digital body examination instrument under the loads of 13-20 N, respectively. At the same time, the experimental group underwent MRI examination to observe the graft morphology and the signal/ noise quotient (SNQ) was caculated.

Results

All animals survived to the end of the experiment. In the experimental group, the knee range of motion, thigh circumference, and calf circumference decreased first and then gradually increased after operation; the above indexes were significantly lower at 3 and 6 months after operation than before operation (P<0.05), and no significant difference was found between pre-operation and 12 months after operation (P>0.05). In the control group, there was no significant change in knee range of motion after operation, showing no significant difference between pre- and post-operation (P>0.05), but the thigh circumference and calf circumference gradually significantly decreased with time (P<0.05), and the difference was significant when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). At 6 and 12 months after operation, the thigh circumference and calf circumference were significantly larger in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05). At 3 and 6 months after operation, the knee range of motion was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05). Under the loading condition of 13-20 N, the ATTD in the experimental group increased first and then decreased after operation; and the ATTD significantly increased at 3, 6 months after operation when compared with the value before operation (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between the pre-operation and 12 months after operation (P>0.05). There was no significant change in ATTD in the control group at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation (P>0.05), and which were significantly higher than those before operation (P<0.05). At each time point after operation, the ATTD was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group under the same load (P<0.05). The MRI examination of the experimental group showed that the ACL boundary gradually became clear after reconstruction and was covered by the synovial membrane. The SNQ at each time point after operation was significantly higher than that before operation, but gradually decreased with time, and the differences between time points were significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The ACL reconstruction model in cynomolgus monkey with autogenous hamstring tendon transplantation was successfully established.

Keywords: Animal model, cynomolgus monkey, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, autologous tendon transplantation, hamstring tendon


前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)是维持膝关节稳定的重要结构之一,ACL损伤是临床常见的运动损伤[1]。ACL损伤动物模型是研究该损伤发生机制、预防、治疗和康复的基础[2-3],但目前尚无可以完全复制人类ACL损伤的动物模型。动物实验常用的大鼠其膝关节小,建立ACL损伤模型难度较大,造模术后护理也困难,感染甚至死亡风险高;羊、猪膝关节与大鼠相比更接近于人类,但为四肢站立,膝关节应力与人不同[4-5]。与之相比,灵长类动物膝关节解剖结构与人类有着高度相似性,其中食蟹猴已作为重要动物模型广泛应用于膝关节相关疾病研究[6-8]。临床ACL损伤治疗常用术式为关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱移植重建,我们既往研究发现食蟹猴腘绳肌腱符合ACL重建移植物的要求[9],故本次研究进一步探讨构建食蟹猴自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL模型的可行性。报告如下。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 实验动物及方法

健康成年雄性食蟹猴12只,体质量8~13 kg,饲养于中国科学院昆明灵长类动物研究所。将食蟹猴随机分为实验组和对照组,每组6只。其中,实验组动物右下肢膝关节行自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL,对照组仅切断右下肢膝关节ACL。

两组动物经肌肉注射戊巴比妥(15 mg/kg)麻醉后,无菌条件下作膝内侧髌骨旁切口,逐层分离打开关节腔,将髌骨向外脱出暴露ACL。使用眼科剪分别于股骨止点和胫骨止点剪断 ACL[10],去除离体 ACL 组织,前抽屉试验均为阳性,明确ACL损伤模型制备成功。

然后,实验组按照临床单束腘绳肌腱重建ACL术式,制备右下肢膝关节自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL动物模型。具体步骤:① 股骨隧道制备:使用直径1.5 mm克氏针钻入ACL股骨止点中心区域并穿破对侧骨皮质,将直径4.5 mm空心钻头沿克氏针打入扩大隧道。② 胫骨隧道制备:使用ACL胫骨定位器于胫骨平台由外向内钻入直径1.5 mm克氏针,再使用直径4.5 mm空心钻头扩大隧道[11]。③ 自体肌腱移植物制备:沿胫骨结节内侧作一小斜切口,暴露腘绳肌腱并利用眼科剪完整取出;将其折叠成4股,使用3-0不可吸收外科缝线(北京德益达美医疗科技有限公司)编织肌腱束两端,最终修整为直径4.5 mm移植物。④ 重建ACL:采用过腱器将移植物放入股骨隧道和胫骨隧道,屈膝30° 位采用可调节带袢钛板(北京德益达美医疗科技有限公司)固定 ACL于股骨和胫骨[12]。生理盐水冲洗关节腔,复位髌骨,逐层缝合关节腔和皮肤。见图1。

图 1.

Schematic diagram of animal model preparation

动物模型制备示意图

a. 股骨隧道制备;b. 胫骨隧道制备;c. 取自体腘绳肌腱;d. 移植物放入骨道,股骨端和胫骨端用可调节带袢钛板固定

a. Preparation of femoral tunnel; b. Preparation of tibial tunnel; c. Harvesting of autogenous hamstring tendon graft; d. The graft tendon was placed in the bone tunnel, and the tendon ends of the femur and tibia were fixed with adjustable loop titanium plates

图 1

术后动物分笼饲养,自由活动,未进行肢体固定。为防止关节感染,每天每只动物肌肉注射青霉素40万U,连续3 d。

1.2. 观测指标

1.2.1. 一般情况

观察两组动物术后存活、切口愈合情况,以及感染等并发症发生情况。

1.2.2. 膝关节活动度及肌肉观测

术前及术后3、6、12个月,两组动物同上法麻醉后保持仰卧位,测量膝关节活动度,观察有无关节僵硬发生。在髌骨上方5 cm处用皮尺测量大腿围,选择小腿最粗处测量小腿围[13]。测量由1名未参与手术的运动医学科医师完成,测量3次,取均值。

1.2.3. 膝关节前向松弛度测量

术前及术后3、6、12个月,两组动物取侧卧位、屈膝30°,使用Ligs关节韧带数字体查仪(上海逸动医学科技有限公司)测量13~20 N载荷条件下双膝胫骨前移距离差值(anterior tibial translation D-value,ATTD),评估膝关节前向松弛情况[14]。见图2。测量由1名未参与手术的运动医学科医师完成,测量3次,取均值。

图 2.

图 2

Schematic diagram of anterior tibial translation measured by Ligs joint ligament digital body examination instrument

Ligs关节韧带数字体查仪测量胫骨前移距离示意图

1.2.4. MRI观测移植物成熟度

实验组术前以及术后3、6、12个月,采用3.0-T MRI扫描仪(上海联影医疗科技有限公司)对膝关节进行扫描。T2WI重复时间为2 223.2 ms,回波时间为95 ms。观察ACL大体形态,是否平直、边界清晰度及滑膜覆盖情况。取T2WI序列斜矢状面图像,取ACL显示最佳的单个切面影像进行分析[15],选择感兴趣区域(range of interesting,ROI)测量ACL信号强度,ROI直径等于移植物宽度。同时,按照直径为3 mm的圆形ROI测量后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)信号和背景信号,背景ROI放置在内侧关节线内侧约1 cm和远端2 cm。根据图像像素记录平均信号强度和标准差,以图像像素为绝对信号强度。按照以下公式计算信噪比(signal/noise quotient,SNQ)[16]:SNQ=(ACL信号强度−PCL信号强度)/背景信号强度。理论上SNQ越小,ACL重建移植物成熟度更高、愈合更好。SNQ测量由2名影像科医师共同完成。

1.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS24.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经正态性检验均服从正态分布,以均数±标准差表示,两组多时间点比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点间比较采用 Bonferroni 法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般情况

术后两组动物均存活至实验完成,切口愈合良好,无感染发生。

2.2. 膝关节活动度及肌肉观测

实验组术后3、6、12个月膝关节活动度、大腿围、小腿围均呈先降低再增加趋势;术后3、6个月低于术前(P<0.05),但术后12个月与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组术后膝关节活动度无明显变化,手术前后比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);但术后各时间点大腿围、小腿围均逐渐减小(P<0.05),且与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

术前两组大腿围、小腿围以及膝关节活动度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6、12个月实验组大腿围、小腿围均大于对照组,3、6个月膝关节活动度均小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余时间点两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图3。

图 3.

图 3

Comparison of the knee range of motion, thigh circumference, and calf circumference between the two groups

两组膝关节活动度及大腿围、小腿围比较

2.3. 膝关节前向松弛度测量

在13~20 N载荷条件下,实验组术后3、6、12个月ATTD均呈先增高再降低趋势。术后3、6个月高于术前且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后12个月与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而对照组术后3、6、12个月无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但均高于术前(P<0.05)。

在相同载荷下,术前两组ATTD差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后各时间点实验组ATTD均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图4。

图 4.

图 4

ATTD measurements under different loadings in the two groups

两组不同载荷条件下ATTD比较

2.4. MRI观测移植物成熟度

实验组MRI检查示:术前ACL平直,边界清楚,韧带整体有滑膜覆盖。术后3个月时重建韧带较平直,边界模糊,滑膜覆盖较少;6个月时边界仍较模糊,滑膜覆盖部分组织;12个月时重建韧带平直,边界清楚,完全被滑膜覆盖。见图5。

图 5.

Pre-and post-operative MRI of experimental group

实验组手术前后MRI

箭头示ACL 从左至右依次为术前及术后3、6、12个月

Arrows indicated the ACL From left to right for images before operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation, respectively

图 5

实验组术前及术后3、6、12个月SNQ分别为0.055±0.005、0.180±0.012、0.145±0.012、0.074±0.007。术后各时间点SNQ均高于术前,但随时间延长SNQ逐渐降低,各时间点间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

3. 讨论

目前ACL重建研究中使用的实验动物有多种,但是大多无法完全模拟人膝关节。既往Zhang等[13]通过关节镜技术成功建立食蟹猴ACL损伤模型,本次研究在此基础上进一步重建ACL,通过制备骨隧道时使用解剖点定位技术、以自体腘绳肌腱作为移植物,并采用带袢钛板固定技术,最大程度模拟临床实际外科手术。与既往研究使用骨-髌腱-骨作为移植肌腱[17]相比,本研究采用自体腘绳肌腱作为移植物,除模拟临床术式外,在动物模型制备方面具有以下优势:① 食蟹猴对取腱操作耐受性良好,术后无明显取材区并发症发生;② 食蟹猴腘绳肌腱易于识别,取材技术简单方便,无新增切口。

食蟹猴腘绳肌腱符合ACL重建移植物的要求[9],本次研究也成功采用自体肌腱完成ACL重建手术。术后观察结果显示12个月时实验组动物膝关节活动度、大腿围和小腿围与术前差异无统计学意义,提示自体腘绳肌腱成功重建ACL,食蟹猴重返运动,大、小腿肌肉量与术前无明显差异。既往临床常用KT-1000检测重建术后膝关节稳定性,刘佳等[18]研究结果显示Ligs关节韧带数字体查仪与KT-1000检测不同载荷下膝关节稳定性结果无明显差异。本次研究选择Ligs关节韧带数字体查仪对术后动物胫骨前移距离进行测量,结果提示重建韧带后12个月膝关节稳定性恢复至术前水平。王云鹭等[19]采用MRI评估ACL重建术后移植物愈合情况,发现术后12个月重建韧带SNQ已与术前相近。本研究MRI检测也得到相似结果,提示12个月时食蟹猴模型重建ACL已成熟。

综上述,本研究采用食蟹猴成功建立了自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL动物模型,并有良好的临床效果和影像学结果,为ACL相关研究提供了一种新的实验动物模型。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经昆明医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(IACUC-PE-2021-12-003),动物实验按照国际实验动物护理评估和认证协会(AAALAC)指南进行;实验动物使用许可证号:SYXK(滇)K2017-0008

作者贡献声明 卢晓君、余洋:研究设计及实施;王国梁、熊波涵:研究实施;杨腾云、谢冰、刘津瑞:数据收集整理、统计分析及文章撰写;李彦林:实验指导、文章写作指导

Funding Statement

云南省骨关节疾病临床医学中心项目(ZX2019-03-04);云南省领军人才项目(L-201601);云南省重大科技专项计划项目(202102AA100015)

Project of Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Bone and Joint Diseases (ZX2019-03-04); Leading Talents Project of Yunnan Province (L-201601); Major Science and Technology Special Program of Yunnan Province (202102AA100015)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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