Abstract
据统计踝关节炎患者约占全世界成年人口的1%,是严重的全球疾病负担。然而与髋、膝关节炎相比,临床对于踝关节炎的认识及治疗仍处于起步阶段。对于终末期踝关节炎,既往认为踝关节融合术是治疗“金标准”,但融合术后患者关节活动度丧失,步态改变、日常活动受限、邻近关节加速退变。因此,如何在缓解疼痛的同时保留踝关节活动度是治疗关键。目前,踝关节炎手术方式主要包括关节镜下关节清理术、关节周围截骨术、骨软骨移植术、踝关节牵张成形术,以及踝关节融合术、全踝关节置换术等。术者应基于患者症状、体征、影像学表现、需求、经济情况等因素综合考虑,选择个性化治疗方案。但目前尚无相关指南给出明确治疗建议,因此有必要对踝关节炎的诊治进行广泛而深入的探讨。
Keywords: 踝关节炎, 保踝手术, 踝关节置换术
Abstract
Ankle arthritis affects approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide and represents a serious global disease burden. However, compared with hip arthritis and knee arthritis, the clinical understanding and treatment of ankle arthritis are still in their infancy. For end-stage ankle arthritis, ankle arthrodesis was considered as the “gold standard” in the past. However, ankle arthrodesis will result in loss of joint mobility, altered gait, limited daily activities, and accelerated degeneration of adjacent joints. Therefore, how to preserve the range of motion of the ankle joint while relieving pain is the key to the treatment of ankle arthritis. Currently, the surgical treatment of ankle arthritis includes arthroscopic debridement, periarticular osteotomies, osteochondral transplantation, ankle distraction arthroplasty, ankle arthrodesis, and total ankle arthroplasty. The choice of treatment should be individualized and based on various factors such as the patient’s symptoms, signs, imaging performance, complaints, and financial situation. However, there are no guidelines that give clear treatment recommendations. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct extensive and in-depth discussions on the diagnosis and treatment of ankle arthritis.
Keywords: Ankle arthritis, ankle preservation, total ankle arthroplasty
踝关节炎是一种以软骨退变、软骨下骨硬化、关节周围骨赘形成、关节结构畸形为特征的慢性退行性疾病,临床表现主要为踝关节反复疼痛、肿胀及功能受限[1-5]。据统计,踝关节炎患者约占全世界成年人口的1%,占全部骨关节炎患者的2%~4% [1]。已有研究证实,终末期踝关节炎对患者生活质量的影响不亚于晚期肾衰竭、充血性心力衰竭以及终末期髋关节炎等疾病[6-8]。
与髋、膝关节炎不同,踝关节炎原发性较少,仅占患者总数的7%~9%,且主要为老年人;而大部分(75%~80%)是由关节内骨折和/或韧带损伤等创伤所致,此类以年轻人为主;其余则继发于类风湿性关节炎、血友病等疾病[1, 9-13]。踝关节炎根据胫距力线可以分为内翻型、中立型、外翻型,以内翻型为主[9]。Takakura基于踝关节负重位X线片提出将内翻型踝关节炎分为4期[14],Ⅰ期:关节间隙基本正常,早期软骨下骨硬化及骨赘形成;Ⅱ期:内侧关节间隙出现狭窄;Ⅲ期:内侧关节间隙消失,软骨下骨接触;Ⅳ期,全关节间隙消失,踝关节完全骨性接触。之后,Tanaka在此基础上进一步将Ⅲ期分为了Ⅲa期与Ⅲb期[15],其中,Ⅲa期为内侧关节间隙消失、软骨下骨直接接触,Ⅲb期为软骨下骨接触从内侧延伸至距骨穹窿顶。
目前,踝关节炎保守治疗效果有限,主要采用手术治疗。手术方式主要是两类:① 保踝手术,如关节清理术、踝上截骨术、踝关节牵张成形术等;② 牺牲踝关节手术,包括踝关节融合术与踝关节置换术[2-4, 10, 16-17]。近年来,随着学界对于踝关节解剖结构、生物力学以及踝关节炎发病机制认识的不断深入,在手术治疗领域,特别是保踝手术治疗以及踝关节置换术方面取得了大量进展[3-4, 10, 18-26]。因此,本期专题重点关注“踝关节炎的治疗:保踝与置换”,邀约国内部分足踝外科中心专家团队进行经验交流。现就踝关节炎术前评估及手术方式进行简要回顾总结,重点介绍保踝手术与踝关节置换术研究进展。
1. 术前评估
充分正确的术前评估是选择合理手术方案的先决条件。对于踝关节炎患者的术前评估不应局限于踝关节本身,还需要检查患者在赤脚状态下的站立、行走、活动状态,以及整个双下肢(包括足、后足、踝关节、膝关节、髋关节)在负重状态下的力线排列,例如有无第1跖列跖屈、高弓足、后足内翻、胫骨旋转、膝关节内外翻、双下肢不等长等[27-28]。局部触诊与踝关节稳定性试验有助于评估内外侧副韧带复合体的松弛与挛缩程度[28]。Coleman木块试验则有助于发现第1跖列对后足内翻的影响,并判断内翻的柔韧与僵硬程度[29]。术者应在踝关节跖屈、背伸、内翻、外翻等主要运动平面,充分评估各关节与肌肉情况,包括关节活动范围、肌肉力量、跟腱及腓肠肌有无挛缩等[30]。Silfverskiold试验有助于确定踝关节背伸受限是单纯腓肠肌挛缩导致,还是腓肠肌与比目鱼肌同时挛缩导致[30]。最后,对于所有患者,特别是有外伤或手术史者,还应仔细评估其皮肤软组织与神经血管的功能状态。
拍摄负重状态下的踝关节正位、踝穴位、侧位、跟骨长轴位/Saltzman位以及双下肢全长X线片,是术前影像学评估的重要一环。Haraguchi[31]建议在拍摄负重位双下肢全长X线片时,注意采用髌骨而非足踝部作为参照物来控制下肢旋转,调整髌骨位于股骨内外侧髁中心。MRI能为踝关节软骨、韧带、肌腱、肌肉等软组织的评估提供有用信息。CT,特别是CT三维重建,有助于直观地评估关节周围骨质状况以及畸形情况,亦可用于准确测量软骨下骨囊性病灶大小[27]。近年来,负重CT(weight-bearing CT,WBCT)在足踝部疾病术前评估方面显示出巨大应用前景[32],但其成本高,现阶段难以在基层医院普及。Kang等[33]的研究发现在普通CT检查时采用轴向负荷装置进行辅助,能有效模拟患者负重状态,成为WBCT平替方案。国内复旦大学、昆明医科大学附属医院、首都医科大学、四川大学华西医院等研究团队亦对WBCT的平替方案进行了研究并已有相应专利公开[34-37]。这些辅助CT检查的轴向负荷装置有助于评估踝关节在接近负重状态下的空间结构和生物力学改变。
此外,在术前评估与手术决策时,术者还应充分考虑患者的依从性、心理状态、工作性质以及年龄等。一般来说,对于高龄终末期踝关节炎患者,可以选择牺牲踝关节的手术,而对于年轻、有活动要求、关节周围骨量条件良好、不对称性踝关节炎患者,则首选保踝手术[4, 19-20]。
2. 保踝手术
2.1. 关节镜下关节清理及微骨折术
关节镜下关节清理及微骨折术主要用于治疗早期踝关节炎,特别是存在前踝撞击综合征和/或关节内游离体以及骨软骨病变较小(<15 mm)者,能在一定程度上缓解临床症状并改善功能[3,10]。此外,关节镜下手术不仅能清理关节异常增生、骨赘,还能同时对可能存在的局限性骨软骨病灶进行微骨折修复处理,亦可作为诊断性手段,为下一步选择保留或牺牲关节手术提供依据[3,38]。
2.2. 骨软骨移植术
自体/同种异体骨软骨移植术被视作唯一能实现透明软骨替代的手术方式,术中采用新鲜、健康骨软骨移植物替换退变损伤的关节面,常用于治疗膝关节及踝关节骨软骨损伤[39]。Jeng等[40]报道了29例同种异体全踝关节骨软骨移植疗效,术后平均随访2年,成功率仅31%。另一项纳入84例(88踝)同种异体全踝关节骨软骨移植的研究,患者术后平均随访5.3年(2~11年),临床失败率为29%,同种异体骨软骨移植存活率在5年内为76%、10年内为44%[41]。但需要注意的是,同种异体骨软骨移植时,移植物与宿主骨软骨缺损匹配度要求较高且供体有限,而自体骨软骨移植时,如切取较大又可能产生供区损伤[42-44]。因此,目前多采用自体骨软骨移植术联合其他手术方式处理踝关节炎伴随的局限性骨软骨缺损。近年一项研究报道了自体骨软骨移植、踝上截骨联合关节牵张成形术治疗Pilon骨折后早期踝关节炎的近期疗效,14例患者术后平均随访18个月,临床及影像学结果均较术前明显改善[45]。
2.3. 关节牵张成形术
1978年Judet首次报道采用关节牵张成形术治疗髋关节炎,1995年van Valburg等首次将其用于治疗创伤性踝关节炎[46]。该术式是通过外固定支架牵张,卸载关节异常应力,从而促进关节液间歇性流动,关节内静水压变化实现关节软骨自我修复目的[17]。该手术能在保留关节的同时缓解患者疼痛症状并改善关节功能,适用于关节力线正常、骨量良好、疼痛明显、不愿意接受踝关节融合或置换手术的年轻患者,也可作为其他保踝手术的辅助手术。Cleary等[47]报道采用Ilizarov外固定支架治疗幼年特发性踝关节炎的儿童和青年患者,移除外固定支架后6、12个月,患者疼痛评分分别改善了56%和29%。2019年一项研究纳入258例接受关节牵张成形术治疗的踝关节炎患者,最终144例获随访,平均随访时间4.57年,结果显示仅有16.7% (24/144)患者治疗失败[48]。然而,也有研究指出关节牵张成形术可能不是踝关节炎的有效治疗方式。最近一项系统综述提出,虽然很多研究报道患者报告结局量表(PROM)评分显著改善,但这些改善程度低于或仅略高于最小临床重要差异,患者最终转为关节融合或全踝关节置换术的比例很高[49]。
2.4. 关节周围截骨术
关节周围截骨术被认为是一种有效的保踝手术方式,通过截骨纠正踝关节力线,将机械负荷轴从关节退变严重区域转移至关节退变程度轻的区域,以缓解患者疼痛症状并改善关节功能,同时延缓关节进一步退变,以推迟关节融合与置换手术时间。一般来说,踝关节炎畸形旋转中心(center of rotation of angulation,CORA)位于踝关节水平以上时,可以采用踝上截骨术(supramalleolar osteotomy,SMOT)联合软组织手术处理;CORA位于踝关节水平以下时,可以考虑采用跟骨截骨、第1跖骨截骨/内侧楔骨截骨等处理;若CORA位于关节内、存在关节不匹配,则可能需要联合腓骨截骨术、关节内截骨术等[21]。此外,踝关节炎通常并非单个平面畸形,可能涉及多个平面及邻近多个关节畸形,因此需要充分术前评估并选择恰当的手术方案[16]。
SMOT为关节周围截骨术的代表性手术方式,由Takakura及其同事于1995年首次系统报道[14],随后逐渐广泛用于治疗早中期不对称性踝关节炎。Lim等[50]对29例单纯SMOT治疗(未进行微骨折处理)的内翻型踝关节炎患者在术后1年以后进行关节镜下二次观察,发现89.7%(26例)内侧关节间隙出现软骨样组织再生征象,为关节周围截骨术治疗踝关节炎的有效性提供了进一步研究证据。
尽管有大量研究证实了SMOT临床疗效,但目前对于截骨矫正程度仍存在争议。有研究认为SMOT术后恢复至正常胫骨远端关节面正位角(tibial anterior surface angle,TAS)有利于后续手术实施[25]。也有研究认为对于内翻型踝关节炎,通过轻度过矫将应力中心落于踝关节外侧更有助于改善患者症状,SMOT主要手术目的应该是外移应力中心而非畸形矫正本身[51]。在本期专题中,同济大学附属同济医院杨云峰教授团队的研究建立了内翻型踝关节炎与不同程度TAS矫正模型,通过有限元分析评估了不同TAS对踝关节周围应力分布重排的影响,为临床SMOT术中TAS矫正程度的选择提供了重要生物力学数据参考。
一般认为,SMOT主要适用于Takakura-Tanaka分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲa期的年轻患者。Tanaka等[15]认为对于Ⅲb期患者采用SMOT治疗效果欠佳,难以改善至Ⅰ、Ⅱ期。但最近有研究提出了不同观点,例如上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院徐向阳教授团队对21例Ⅲb期患者采用SMOT联合辅助手术治疗,术后平均随访87.7个月,发现踝关节力线纠正有助于改善其临床功能与影像学分期[23]。而另一项队列研究对比了28例接受SMOT与30例接受踝关节融合术的Ⅲb期患者,术后接近50个月的随访结果表明, SMOT与踝关节融合术均能显著改善患者疼痛、功能、后足力线以及生活质量,但踝关节融合术在疼痛缓解、后足力线改善、再手术率方面更具优势[52]。因此,SMOT治疗Ⅲb期患者存在一定失败率,部分患者仍需进一步接受牺牲关节的手术,这也提示尽管有大部分患者可能因此受益,但充分的术前沟通必不可少[53]。在本期专题中,西安交通大学附属红会医院赵宏谋教授团队总结了SMOT治疗82例内翻型踝关节炎临床结果,分析了临床与影像学失败的危险因素,为临床选择合适患者提供了重要依据。
随着技术的进步,微创化已经成为骨科手术重要理念和发展趋势。此前SMOT手术使用的内固定钢板较大,植入后可能对局部软组织产生较多干扰,存在一定的血管神经损伤及术后切口并发症风险。此外,部分患者术后出现内固定相关软组织激惹/疼痛等症状。在本期专题中,北京积水潭医院武勇教授团队报道了自行研制的新型微创接骨板治疗内翻型踝关节炎的早期疗效,该钢板长度短、体积小,并允许植入3D打印金属垫块代替自体/同种异体骨移植,为微创SMOT的开展提供了良好的内固定选择。
如前所述,除SMOT以外,合理选择其他矫正手术也可以通过畸形矫正实现踝关节应力负荷的重新分布,进而治疗存在足踝部畸形的不对称性踝关节炎[54-55]。最新研究表明,通过距下关节融合术纠正平足畸形,可以有效治疗平足畸形中距骨跖屈引发的后侧踝关节炎(矢状面不对称性踝关节炎),临床应用10例患者并术后平均随访2.4年,影像学与临床结果均获改善[55]。在本期专题中,复旦大学附属华山医院王旭教授团队报道跟骨外移截骨联合外侧韧带修复治疗Takakura Ⅱ期内翻型踝关节炎,早期疗效满意,为早中期不对称性踝关节炎的手术治疗提供了新思路。
3. 牺牲踝关节的手术
3.1. 踝关节融合术
踝关节融合术自1879年被首次提出以来,至今仍被许多研究者视作治疗终末期踝关节炎的“金标准”,也被认为是治疗全踝关节置换失败、Charcot神经关节病、存在踝关节感染病史等患者的挽救性手术方式[2-3, 56]。目前普遍认可的踝关节最佳固定位置为中立位、外翻5°~8°、外旋5°~10°、距骨向后偏移约5 mm[57]。踝关节融合术疗效确切,能有效恢复患者无痛、稳定的跖行足,但患者关节活动度丧失,由生物力学改变引发的邻近关节退变值得注意[2, 18, 52, 58]。经过百年发展,临床对踝关节融合术的手术入路(前方入路、外侧经腓骨入路、前内联合前外侧入路以及近年来兴起的关节镜下融合等)以及固定选择(侧方钢板、交叉螺钉、前方钢板、外固定、Hybird固定等)等进行了较深入研究[2, 9, 18, 58-63],国内外足踝外科医师亦积累了丰富的临床手术经验。
3.2. 全踝关节置换术
20世纪70年代,全踝关节置换术首次作为踝关节融合术的替代方案[64]。但由于早期临床对于踝关节解剖特点与生物力学认识不足、假体设计存在缺陷,全踝关节置换术后骨溶解、部件松动、假体失败等发生率较高[24, 65-66]。随着临床对踝关节解剖及生物力学研究的不断深入,以及手术技术、假体设计的改进,全踝关节置换术后假体存活率逐渐提高,近年中期随访结果显示可达80%~98%[24, 67-70]。研究证实全踝关节置换术后患者疼痛缓解效果与踝关节融合术相当,但踝关节功能更为出色[61, 71-73]。步态分析结果证实,相比踝关节融合术,全踝关节置换术能保留踝关节活动范围,术后患者步态更接近正常,因而更符合踝关节正常生物力学[26]。
在假体选择上,目前活动界面假体及固定界面假体均已广泛应用于踝关节置换。我国开展全踝关节置换术较晚,可供使用的假体类型相对较少,既往较多使用的STAR假体属于活动界面假体,而新一代INBONE与Infinity假体则属于固定界面假体。一项研究对171例接受活动界面假体(Salto假体)置换患者和131例接受固定界面假体(Salto Talaris假体)置换患者进行疗效比较,所有手术由2名医师完成,3年随访再手术率无明显差异,但活动界面假体组件翻修率比固定界面假体高3倍[74]。北京积水潭医院武勇教授团队报道了国内64例INBONETM Ⅱ全踝关节置换术的早期疗效,平均随访37.9个月,患者疼痛缓解和功能改善明显,假体生存率达100%,患者满意度为90.6%[22]。
在患者选择上,目前认为全踝关节置换术绝对禁忌证包括踝关节急慢性感染、Charcot神经关节病、神经肌肉障碍、软组织条件差、严重血管疾病、依从性差、高体力活动要求等[5, 17]。考虑到该术式花费、假体生存率、术后翻修等因素,通常认为对于术后需要长期从事重体力劳动患者,踝关节融合术可能是一种更好选择,但对于已有一侧接受踝关节融合术或双侧均为终末期踝关节炎患者,至少一侧行全踝关节置换术能更好地保留患者关节功能。近期一项研究报道了12例采用单侧全踝关节置换术联合对侧踝关节融合术治疗的双侧终末期踝关节炎患者,结果显示该联合术式能有效缓解疼痛,改善功能,并减少费用支出,为双侧终末期踝关节炎手术治疗选择提供了参考[75]。既往研究认为,术前踝关节内翻畸形10°~15° 可能导致全踝关节手术失败,踝关节内翻>15° 是手术相对禁忌证 [76-77]。但最新研究表明,冠状面畸形>10° 可能不是禁忌证。Johnson等[78]的研究发现冠状面畸形>10° 的患者同样可以从全踝关节置换术中受益,尽管整体结果不如术前无冠状面畸形(<10°)患者,但两组患者术后简明健康量表(SF-36评分)和肌肉骨骼功能评估差异无统计学意义。在本期专题中,四川大学华西医院足踝外科与肢体矫形中心报道了应用INBONETM Ⅱ 全踝关节置换术治疗内翻型踝关节炎的早期疗效,在内翻>15° 与<15° 两组患者中均获得了满意的临床及影像学结果,为术前存在冠状面畸形患者能否选择全踝关节置换术提供了参考。
4. 展望
踝关节炎病因多样,成年人群各年龄段均可能受累,且常合并多种复杂畸形。相比髋、膝关节炎而言,国内外对踝关节炎的研究较晚,手术方案虽然种类繁多,但手术方式、管理流程等均有待提高和完善。术者需要结合患者年龄、需求、病史、体征、影像学检查、骨关节炎分期等因素进行综合评估,以选择合适的个体化治疗方案。近年来,随着手术技术的发展,保踝手术与踝关节置换术已展现出令人欣喜的临床预后,已成为越来越多术者与患者的选择,但还需要更多高质量前瞻性随机对照研究进一步明确这些手术方式的适应证和远期疗效。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
作者贡献声明 李亚星:起草文章;张晖:文章整体构思并进行批评性审阅修正
Biography

张晖,教授,博士生导师,四川省卫生健康委员会学术技术带头人,四川大学华西医院骨科副主任、足踝外科与肢体矫形中心负责人、四川大学华西医院上锦医院骨科主任,担任中华医学会青年委员会足踝学组副组长、中国医疗保健国际交流促进会足踝学组副组长、白求恩基金会足踝外科专业委员会副主委、中国中西医结合协会骨伤科分会足踝学组副主委、四川省医学会足踝学组组长等。致力于足踝外科、骨感染与缺损治疗、下肢矫形与重建等研究。主持国家自然科学基金2项,出版著作10余部,发表论文50余篇,申请并获得专利11项
References
- 1.Barg A, Pagenstert GI, Hügle T, et al Ankle osteoarthritis: etiology, diagnostics, and classification. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013;18(3):411–426. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.06.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Hayes BJ, Gonzalez T, Smith JT, et al Ankle arthritis: you can’t always replace it. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(2):e29–e38. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00354. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bloch B, Srinivasan S, Mangwani J Current concepts in the management of ankle osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015;54(5):932–939. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2014.12.042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Valderrabano V Joint-preserving surgery of ankle osteoarthritis. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013;18(3):xiii–xiv. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.06.013. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.06.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.DiDomenico LA, Anania MC Total ankle replacements: an overview. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2011;28(4):727–744. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2011.08.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Glazebrook M, Daniels T, Younger A, et al Comparison of health-related quality of life between patients with end-stage ankle and hip arthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2008;90(3):499–505. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.01299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Angthong C. Health-related quality of life and functional outcomes in ankle arthritis patients based on treating with and without total ankle replacement surgery. J Med Assoc Thai, 2015, 98 Suppl 2: S131-S137.
- 8.Saltzman CL, Zimmerman MB, O’Rourke M, et al Impact of comorbidities on the measurement of health in patients with ankle osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006;88(11):2366–2372. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Valderrabano V, Horisberger M, Russell I, et al Etiology of ankle osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(7):1800–1806. doi: 10.1007/s11999-008-0543-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Herrera-Pérez M, Valderrabano V, Godoy-Santos AL, et al Ankle osteoarthritis: comprehensive review and treatment algorithm proposal. EFORT Open Rev. 2022;7(7):448–459. doi: 10.1530/EOR-21-0117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Horisberger M, Valderrabano V, Hintermann B Posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis after ankle-related fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(1):60–67. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31818915d9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Saltzman CL, Salamon ML, Blanchard GM, et al Epidemiology of ankle arthritis: report of a consecutive series of 639 patients from a tertiary orthopaedic center. Iowa Orthop J. 2005;25:44–46. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Herrera-Pérez M, González-Martín D, Vallejo-Márquez M, et al Ankle Osteoarthritis Aetiology. J Clin Med. 2021;10(19):4489. doi: 10.3390/jcm10194489. doi: 10.3390/jcm10194489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Takakura Y, Tanaka Y, Kumai T, Tamai S Low tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the ankle. Results of a new operation in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1995;77(1):50–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Hayashi K, et al Low tibial osteotomy for varus-type osteoarthritis of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2006;88(7):909–913. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.88B7.17325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Hintermann B, Knupp M, Barg A Supramalleolar osteotomies for the treatment of ankle arthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(7):424–432. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-12-00124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.DiDomenico LA, Gatalyak N. End-stage ankle arthritis: arthrodiastasis, supramalleolar osteotomy, or arthrodesis? Clin Podiatr Med Surg, 2012, 29(3): 391-412.
- 18.Goldberg AJ, Chowdhury K, Bordea E, et al Total ankle replacement versus ankle arthrodesis for patients aged 50-85 years with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis: the TARVA RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2023;27(5):1–80. doi: 10.3310/PTYJ1146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Li X, Xu X Joint Preservation for posttraumatic ankle arthritis after tibial plafond fracture. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(1):73–90. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.11.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Alajlan A, Santini S, Alsayel F, et al Joint-preserving surgery in varus ankle osteoarthritis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(8):2194. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082194. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Hintermann B, Ruiz R Joint preservation strategies for managing varus ankle deformities. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(1):37–56. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.11.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Wu Y, Yang H, Guo X, et al Total ankle replacement with INBONE-Ⅱ prosthesis: A short-to- medium-term follow-up study in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022;135(12):1459–1465. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Xu Y, Xu XY. Medial open-wedge supramalleolar osteotomy for patients with takakura 3b ankle osteoarthritis: a mid- to long-term study. Biomed Res Int, 2019, 2019: 7630868. doi: 10.1155/2019/7630868.
- 24.Cody EA, Scott DJ, Easley ME. Total ankle arthroplasty: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev, 2018, 6(8): e8. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.17.00182.
- 25.Krähenbühl N, Zwicky L, Bolliger L, et al Mid- to long-term results of supramalleolar osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(2):124–132. doi: 10.1177/1071100716673416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Singer S, Klejman S, Pinsker E, et al Ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis: gait analysis compared with normal controls. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2013;95(24):e191(1–10).191-191. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00465. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Apostle KL, Sangeorzan BJ Anatomy of the varus foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.11.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Ahn TK, Yi Y, Cho JH, et al A cohort study of patients undergoing distal tibial osteotomy without fibular osteotomy for medial ankle arthritis with mortise widening. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2015;97(5):381–388. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.M.01360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Kim JB, Yi Y, Kim JY, et al Weight-bearing computed tomography findings in varus ankle osteoarthritis: abnormal internal rotation of the talus in the axial plane. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(8):1071–1080. doi: 10.1007/s00256-017-2655-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Becker AS, Myerson MS The indications and technique of supramalleolar osteotomy. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009;14(3):549–561. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2009.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Haraguchi N Analysis of whole limb alignment in ankle arthritis. Foot Ankle Clin. 2022;27(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.11.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Lintz F, Beaudet P, Richardi G, et al Weight-bearing CT in foot and ankle pathology. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2021;107(1S):102772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2020.102772. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2020.102772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Kang C, Lee GS, Kang DH, et al. The value of axial loading 3D CT as a substitute for full weightbearing 3D CT. Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics, 2018, 3(3): 2473011418S0027. doi: 10.1177/2473011418S00279.
- 34.李亚星, 胡晓兵, 张晖, 等. 一种卧位负重CT模拟装置及方法: CN111685789B[P]. 2023-01-31.
- 35.张志鹏, 魏超群. 一种CT检查下肢负重牵引器: CN213155962U[P]. 2021-05-11.
- 36.邱小锋, 陈文明, 陈立, 等. 一种用于足部模拟负重CT时的足底压力采集装置: CN212037526U[P]. 2020-12-01.
- 37.何飞, 钟宗雨, 张鹏. 一种CT扫描模拟负重装置: CN209048159U[P]. 2019-07-02.
- 38.Osti L, Del Buono A, Maffulli N Arthroscopic debridement of the ankle for mild to moderate osteoarthritis: a midterm follow-up study in former professional soccer players. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:37. doi: 10.1186/s13018-016-0368-z. doi: 10.1186/s13018-016-0368-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Assenmacher AT, Pareek A, Reardon PJ, et al Long-term outcomes after osteochondral allograft: a systematic review at long-term follow-up of 12. 3 years. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(10):2160–2168. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.04.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Jeng CL, Kadakia A, White KL, et al Fresh osteochondral total ankle allograft transplantation for the treatment of ankle arthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(6):554–560. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0554. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Bugbee WD, Khanna G, Cavallo M, et al Bipolar fresh osteochondral allografting of the tibiotalar joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2013;95(5):426–432. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Shimozono Y, Hurley ET, Nguyen JT, et al Allograft compared with autograft in osteochondral transplantation for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2018;100(21):1838–1844. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.01508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Ng A, Bernhard A, Bernhard K Advances in ankle cartilage repair. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2017;34(4):471–487. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2017.05.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Ng A, Bernhard K Osteochondral autograft and allograft transplantation in the talus. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2017;34(4):461–469. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2017.05.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 45.Liu X, An J, Zhang H, et al Autologous osteochondral graft for early posttraumatic arthritis of tibiotalar joints after comminuted pilon fractures in young patients. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41(1):69–78. doi: 10.1177/1071100719875728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.van Valburg AA, van Roermund PM, Marijnissen AC, et al Joint distraction in treatment of osteoarthritis: a two-year follow-up of the ankle. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999;7(5):474–479. doi: 10.1053/joca.1998.0242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Cleary G, Pain C, McCann L, et al Short-term outcome of surgical arthrodiastasis of the ankle with Ilizarov frame in a cohort of children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2019;3(2):rkz031. doi: 10.1093/rap/rkz031. doi: 10.1093/rap/rkz031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.Greenfield S, Matta KM, McCoy TH, et al Ankle distraction arthroplasty for ankle osteoarthritis: a survival analysis. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2019;14(2):65–71. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10080-1429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Arshad Z, Aslam A, Abu-Zeinah K, et al Distraction arthroplasty in the management of osteoarthritis of the ankle: A systematic review. Foot Ankle Surg. 2022;28(8):1150–1162. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.07.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Lim JW, Eom JS, Kang SJ, et al The effect of supramalleolar osteotomy without marrow stimulation for medial ankle osteoarthritis: second-look arthroscopic evaluation of 29 ankles. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2021;103(19):1844–1851. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Haraguchi N, Ota K, Tsunoda N, et al Weight-bearing-line analysis in supramalleolar osteotomy for varus-type osteoarthritis of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2015;97(4):333–339. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.M.01327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 52.Yang XQ, Zhang Y, Wang Q, et al Supramalleolar osteotomy vs arthrodesis for the treatment of Takakura 3B ankle osteoarthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2022;43(9):1185–1193. doi: 10.1177/10711007221099183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 53.杨鑫权, 张言, 王琼, 等 踝上截骨治疗Takakura3B期踝关节炎的临床疗效分析. 足踝外科电子杂志. 2022;9(1):8–12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-7793.2022.01.004. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 54.Lee HS, Wapner KL, Park SS, et al Ligament reconstruction and calcaneal osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(6):475–480. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 55.Kim J, Kim JB, Lee WC Clinical and radiographic results of ankle joint preservation surgery in posterior ankle arthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(10):1260–1269. doi: 10.1177/10711007211011182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 56.Thomas R, Daniels TR, Parker K Gait analysis and functional outcomes following ankle arthrodesis for isolated ankle arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006;88(3):526–535. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.E.00521. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 57.Buck P, Morrey BF, Chao EY The optimum position of arthrodesis of the ankle. A gait study of the knee and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1987;69(7):1052–1062. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 58.AlSayel F, Valderrabano V Arthrodesis of a varus ankle. Foot Ankle Clin. 2019;24(2):265–280. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2019.02.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 59.Lorente A, Pelaz L, Palacios P, et al Arthroscopic vs. open-ankle arthrodesis on fusion rate in ankle osteoarthritis patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(10):3574. doi:10.3390/jcm12103574. doi: 10.3390/jcm12103574. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 60.Lee MS, Figas SM, Grossman JP Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2023;40(3):459–470. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2023.02.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 61.Arthur RY, Mihas AK, Harris J, et al. Comparison of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis for ankle arthropathy in patients with bleeding disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot Ankle Int, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/10711007231171123.
- 62.Wang R, Wu J, Akhtyamov I, et al A network meta-analysis of the efficacy of arthrodesis with various fixation methods in the treatment of advanced ankle osteoarthritis. Injury. 2023;54(7):110794. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.05.025. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.05.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 63.Izzo A, Sgadari A, Coviello A, et al. Does the number of screws influence the union rate in ankle arthrodesis? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Foot Ankle Spec, 2023. doi: 10.1177/19386400231171508.
- 64.Calderale PM, Garro A, Barbiero R, et al Biomechanical design of the total ankle prosthesis. Eng Med. 1983;12(2):69–80. doi: 10.1243/EMED_JOUR_1983_012_020_02. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 65.Cracchiolo A 3rd, Deorio JK Design features of current total ankle replacements: implants and instrumentation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(9):530–540. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200809000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 66.Henne TD, Anderson JG Total ankle arthroplasty: a historical perspective. Foot Ankle Clin. 2002;7(4):695–702. doi: 10.1016/S1083-7515(02)00061-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 67.Jennison T, King A, Hutton C, et al A prospective cohort study comparing functional outcomes of primary and revision ankle replacements. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(10):1254–1259. doi: 10.1177/10711007211010188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 68.Rajan L, Kim J, Cronin S, et al Retrospective comparison of midterm survivorship, radiographic, and clinical outcomes of the INBONE Ⅱ and salto talaris total ankle arthroplasty systems. Foot Ankle Int. 2022;43(11):1419–1423. doi: 10.1177/10711007221114136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 69.Day J, Kim J, O’Malley MJ, et al Radiographic and clinical outcomes of the salto talaris total ankle arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2020;41(12):1519–1528. doi: 10.1177/1071100720947030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 70.Rushing CJ, Mckenna BJ, Zulauf EA, et al Intermediate-term outcomes of a third-generation, 2-component total ankle prosthesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(7):935–943. doi: 10.1177/1071100720986114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 71.Haddad SL, Coetzee JC, Estok R, et al Intermediate and long-term outcomes of total ankle arthroplasty and ankle arthrodesis. A systematic review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2007;89(9):1899–1905. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200709000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 72.Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang M, et al A comparative study of modern total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis for ankle osteoarthritis at different follow-up times: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2023;47(6):1493–1510. doi: 10.1007/s00264-023-05753-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 73.Saltzman CL, Mann RA, Ahrens JE, et al Prospective controlled trial of STAR total ankle replacement versus ankle fusion: initial results. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(7):579–596. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 74.Assal M, Kutaish H, Acker A, et al Three-year rates of reoperation and revision following mobile versus fixed-bearing total ankle arthroplasty: a cohort of 302 patients with 2 implants of similar design. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2021;103(22):2080–2088. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.02172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 75.Chen J, Wu S, Li Y, et al Simultaneous total ankle replacement and contralateral ankle arthrodesis for bilateral ankle osteoarthritis: a retrospective study focused on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(8):1808–1816. doi: 10.1111/os.13390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 76.Sung KS, Ahn J, Lee KH, et al Short-term results of total ankle arthroplasty for end-stage ankle arthritis with severe varus deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(3):225–231. doi: 10.1177/1071100713517102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 77.Doets HC, van der Plaat LW, Klein JP Medial malleolar osteotomy for the correction of varus deformity during total ankle arthroplasty: results in 15 ankles. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(2):171–177. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2008.0171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 78.Johnson MD, Shofer JB, Hansen ST, et al The Impact of Coronal Plane Deformity on Ankle Arthrodesis and Arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Int. 2021;42(10):1294–1302. doi: 10.1177/10711007211015185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
