Correction: Collateral impacts of pandemic COVID-19 drive the nosocomial spread of antibiotic resistance: A modelling study

There is an error in the shading of Table 1. Please see the correct Table 1 below. The publisher apologizes for the error.

Table 1. Responses to COVID-19 included in the transmission model.

See Methods for description of how COVID-19 response parameters are implemented in model equations. Rows describing policy responses are shaded blue, and rows describing caseload responses are shaded grey. Symptomatic refers to COVID-19 symptoms among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19; Coronavirus Disease 2019; HCW, healthcare worker; IPC, infection prevention and control; PPE, personal protective equipment; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

COVID-19 response		Evidence	Model implementation	Category/Cause	Interpretation
					τ = 0	τ = 1
τas	Abandoned stewardship	Reduction in antibiotic stewardship activities [17]	Increased proportion of patients exposed to antibiotics (A)	Antibiotics/Caseload	No change in antibiotic use	Large increase in antibiotic use during COVID-19 surges
τcp	COVID-19 prescribing	COVID-19 patients receive high rates of antibiotic prescription [18]	Increased proportion of symptomatic COVID-19 patients exposed to antibiotics (AI)	Antibiotics/Policy	No excess antibiotic prescribing among symptomatic patients	All symptomatic patients receive antibiotics
τcd	Care disorganization	Compromised ability of HCWs to adhere to IPC best practices (e.g., due to increased workload, PPE shortages) [14]	Increased daily rate of at-risk patient–HCW contact (κpat→hcw)	Contact/Caseload	No change in contact behaviour	Large increase in at-risk patient–HCW contact during COVID-19 surges
τpl	Patient lockdown	Social interactions among patients limited or forbidden [19]	Decreased daily rate of patient–patient contact (κpat→pat)	Contact/Policy	No change in contact behaviour	Elimination of all patient–patient contact
τum	Universal masking	HCWs and patients wear face masks to prevent transmission [20]	Decreased SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility per contact (πV)	IPC/Policy	No change in SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility	SARS-CoV-2 rendered nontransmissible (perfect mask effectiveness)
τhh	Hand hygiene	Increase in HCW handwashing performance [21]	Increased hand hygiene compliance (H)	IPC/Policy	No change in hand hygiene compliance	Perfect hand hygiene compliance
τcs	COVID-19 stays	COVID-19 patients remain in healthcare facility until recovered [22]	Decreased discharge rate for symptomatic COVID-19 patients (μI)	Disease/Caseload	No impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on patient length of stay	All patients remain in hospital while symptomatic
τss	Staff sick leave	HCWs with COVID-19 stay home from work [23]	A proportion of symptomatic HCWs removed from population for 7 days (until recovered)	Disease/Caseload	No symptomatic staff go on sick leave	All symptomatic staff go on sick leave after being infectious for 1 day
τra	Reduced admission	Decreased number of hospital admissions during COVID-19 surges [24]	Decreased patient admission rate (μ)	Admission/Caseload	No change in patient admissions	Large reduction in patient admissions during COVID-19 surges
τsc	Sicker casemix	Elective admissions delayed or cancelled during COVID-19 surges, restricting admissions to more critically ill patients [10]	Increased rate of antibiotic-resistant bacterial carriage among patient admissions ($f_{C^R}$)	Admission/Caseload	No change in the probability of colonization upon admission	Large increase in the probability of colonization with resistant bacteria upon admission during COVID-19 surges