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. 2023 Jul 6;61:102083. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102083

Table 3.

Risk of bias (ROBINS-I) of the included observational studies.

Author/year Bias due to confounding Bias in the selection of participants into the study Bias in classification of interventions Bias due to deviations from the intended interventions Bias due to missing data Bias in measurement of outcomes Bias in selection of the reported results Overall bias
Carr 200764 NI Low Low Serious Low Serious Low Serious
Malow 202128 Serious Low Low NI Serious Serious Low Serious
vanGeijlswijk 201127 Serious Low Low NI Serious Serious Low Serious
Zwart 201765 Serious Low Low Serious NI Serious Low Serious

NI: No information.