Table 3.
Univariable GEE analyses identifying risk factors of average daily pain severity and opioids administered (MMEs) in the hospital
| Average pain per day while inpatient | Total MME per day while inpatient | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| B (LCI, UCI) | Std. Error | Wald Chi-square | p | B (LCI, UCI) | Std. Error | Wald Chi-square | p | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | −0.0 (−0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.034 | −0.6 (−1.2, 0.0) | 0.3 | 4.0 | 0.046 |
| Male gender | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.6) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.651 | −8.7 (−27.6, 10.2) | 9.6 | 0.8 | 0.367 |
| Caucasian | −1.0 (−2.4, 0.5) | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.197 | −30.9 (−87.6, 25.8) | 28.9 | 1.1 | 0.286 |
| College graduate | −0.9 (−1.7, −0.1) | 0.4 | 4.7 | 0.030 | −26.2 (−44.7, −7.7) | 9.4 | 7.7 | 0.006 |
| Currently smoke | 0.6 (−0.5, 1.8) | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.275 | 0.1 (−23.1, 23.4) | 11.9 | 0.0 | 0.991 |
| Average income | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.1) | 0.1 | 5.6 | 0.018 | 0.9 (−6.7, 8.5) | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.813 |
| Health literacy | 0.6 (0.1, 1.2) | 0.3 | 4.6 | 0.032 | 14.2 (−2.4, 30.9) | 8.5 | 2.8 | 0.094 |
| Insurance type | ||||||||
| Medicare | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.707 | −1.9 (−27.9, 24.2) | 13.3 | 0.0 | 0.888 |
| Medicaid | 0.2 (−0.7, 1.1) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.700 | −1.0 (−20.3, 18.2) | 9.8 | 0.0 | 0.916 |
| Other | −0.3 (−2.5, 1.8) | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.766 | 20.9 (−23.9, 65.8) | 22.9 | 0.8 | 0.360 |
| Cancer and Surgical History | ||||||||
| Cancer treatment within the last 6 weeks | −0.8 (−1.8, 0.2) | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.129 | −26.9 (−56.4, 2.6) | 15.1 | 3.2 | 0.074 |
| Time since most recent cancer surgery | −0.3 (−0.4, −0.1) | 0.1 | 8.6 | 0.003 | −3.4 (−6.8, 0.0) | 1.7 | 3.9 | 0.048 |
| Metastatic cancer | 1.3 (0.5, 2.2) | 0.4 | 9.6 | 0.002 | 26.9 (14.1, 39.6) | 6.5 | 17.0 | <.001 |
| Psychological | ||||||||
| Depression | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.0 | 18.7 | <.001 | 2.3 (0.1, 4.5) | 1.1 | 4.3 | 0.038 |
| Anxiety | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.1 | 10.6 | 0.001 | 2.8 (0.3, 5.3) | 1.3 | 4.7 | 0.030 |
| Sleep disturbance | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.1 | 6.5 | 0.011 | 1.3 (−0.9, 3.6) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.246 |
| Pain catastrophizing | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.0 | 19.6 | <.001 | 1.5 (0.1, 2.9) | 0.7 | 4.3 | 0.039 |
| Perceived stress | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.1 | 9.5 | 0.002 | 2.0 (−0.3, 4.3) | 1.2 | 2.9 | 0.087 |
| Pain | ||||||||
| Previous history of chronic pain before cancer | 1.2 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.4 | 9.4 | 0.002 | 9.7 (−9.2, 28.6) | 9.6 | 1.0 | 0.314 |
| Outpatient opioid use | 2.2 (1.4, 2.9) | 0.4 | 34.1 | <.001 | 43.3 (23.8, 62.7) | 9.9 | 19.0 | <.001 |
| Length of stay | 0.1 (−0.0, 0.1) | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.08 | 2.1 (−0.4, 4.7) | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.11 |
Note: Reference group = female, private insurance, stage I cancer, non-metastatic cancer, and no history of previous chronic pain before cancer. Measures: Higher scores indicated higher values of that symptom PROMIS depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance; Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, higher scores for health literacy indicate lower health literacy.
Abbreviations: LCI, lower confidence interval (95%); UCI, upper confidence interval (95%); MME, morphine milligram equivalents.