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. 2023 Jul 24;11:151. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01599-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Impact of the removal of cross-reacting anti-E. coli antibodies on B. afzelii infection. a The levels of IgG specific to B. afzelii proteins were measured by semi-quantitative ELISA in pre-adsorbed sera of B. afzelii-infected mice immunized with E. coli, non-pre-adsorbed E. coli + B. afzelii or PBS + B. afzelii sera. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (*** p < 0.001; 4 technical replicates per sample). b,c The load of spirochetes of B. afzelii were measured in unfed nymphs microinjected with pre-adsorbed E. coli + B. afzelii sera combined with B. afzelii spirochetes and compared to nymphs that received B. afzelii spirochetes alone or combined with the non-pre-adsorbed E. coli + B. afzelii, PBS + B. afzelii sera. After microinjection, ticks were incubated for b 2 h or c 6 h. n = 6 nymphs/condition. Kruskal–Wallis test