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. 2023 Jun 30;11(7):1718. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11071718

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of L. lactis subsp. lactis CAB701 treatment on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The multiplicity of infection (MOI, bacterial cell number/macrophage cell number) was 100. (a) Western blot reveals the expression of MAPK pathway proteins in macrophages treated with L. lactis subsp. lactis CAB701. Graphs depict the relative ratios of (b) p-JNK/JNK, (c) p-p38/p38, and (d) p-ERK/ERK in the treated macrophages. Western blots are representative of three independent experiments. Macrophages treated with 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were used as the positive control sample. Different letters among groups represent significant differences at p < 0.05.