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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2018 Feb 25;47(1):10–18. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2018.02.02

半胱氨酰白三烯受体对小鼠小胶质细胞吞噬功能的调节作用

Effects of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors on phagocytosis of mouse microglial cells

Xiaorong WANG 1,2, Yunbi LU 2, Weiping ZHANG 2, Erqing WEI 2, Sanhua FANG 2,3,*
PMCID: PMC10393721  PMID: 30146806

Abstract

Objective

To determine the effects of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT 1R and CysLT 2R) on phagocytosis of mouse BV2 microglial cells.

Methods

BV2 cells were stimulated with microglial activators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CysLT receptor agonists LTD 4. The phagocytosis of BV2 cells was observed by immunofluorescence analysis and flow cytometry. The intracellular distributions of CysLT 1R and CysLT 2R in BV2 cells were examined with immunofluorescence staining.

Results

Both LPS and LTD 4 could significantly enhance the phagocytosis of BV2 cells, and such effect could be inhibited by CysLT 1R selective antagonist Montelukast and CysLT 2R selective antagonist HAMI 3379. The activation of BV2 cells induced by LTD 4 or LPS resulted in changes in intracellular distributions of CysLT 1R and CysLT 2R. CysLT 1R and CysLT 2R was co-localization with a similar distribution.

Conclusion

CysLT 1R and CysLT 2R regulate the phagocytosis of mouse BV2 microglial cells with a synergistic effect.

Keywords: Cysteine/metabolism; Receptors, leukotriene/metabolism; Phagocytosis/drug effects; Microglia/drug effects; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology; Cells, cultured


小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内调节固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的免疫活性细胞 [ 1] 。研究表明,在神经退行性疾病如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症等的发生和发展过程中均伴有小胶质细胞的激活 [ 2- 3]

半胱氨酰白三烯(cysteinyl leukotrienes,CysLT)是由花生四烯酸经5-脂氧酶催化而生成的一类活性很强的炎症介质 [ 4] ,包括LTC 4、LTD 4和LTE 4,其不仅参与过敏性鼻炎、支气管哮喘、肿瘤等的病理过程 [ 5- 7] ,还在脑缺血、脑外伤等中枢神经系统疾病的发病过程中起重要作用 [ 6, 8] 。CysLT主要通过CysLT受体起作用,而其受体主要包括CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R两种亚型 [ 9]

小胶质细胞参与脑内炎症反应的重要特征之一是发生吞噬 [ 10] ,因此吞噬可作为小胶质细胞激活的重要指标。根据已有报道,CysLT 2R介导脑内炎症反应,在大鼠原代小胶质细胞激活中具有调节作用;同时,CysLT 1R也有部分调节作用 [ 11] 。为了进一步研究CysLT受体对小胶质细胞激活的调节作用,本研究用小胶质细胞经典激活剂脂多糖激活小鼠小胶质细胞株(BV2细胞)或CysLT受体激动剂LTD 4处理BV2细胞,并以CysLT 1R选择性拮抗剂孟鲁司特(Montelukast)和CysLT 2R选择性拮抗剂HAMI 3379为药理工具,探讨两种亚型的受体及其拮抗剂的作用,明确CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R是否参与经典激活剂诱导BV2细胞的吞噬功能增强,以及是否直接增强小胶质细胞的吞噬作用。

胰蛋白酶、DMEM高糖培养基为美国Gibco公司产品;FBS为杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司产品;脂多糖为美国Sigma公司产品;LTD 4和HAMI 3379为美国Cayman Chemical公司产品;孟鲁司特为美国Merk公司产品;荧光微球(F8819,直径1 μm,Molecular Probes)为美国Inventrogen公司产品;兔抗鼠CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R多克隆抗体由本实验室自行制备 [ 12] ;兔抗鼠小胶质细胞Iba1为日本Wako公司产品;FITC标记的山羊抗兔IgG、Cy3标记的山羊抗兔IgG、FITC标记的驴抗羊IgG、Cy3标记的驴抗兔IgG为美国Chemicon公司产品。普通倒置显微镜(Nikon Eclipse TS100)及其匹配的数码相机(Nikon Coolpix 4500)为日本Nikon公司产品;正置双光子共聚焦显微镜(BX61W1-FV1000)、荧光显微镜(Olympus BX51)及其匹配的数码相机(Olympus DP70)为日本Olympus公司产品;流式细胞仪(Cytomics FC 500)为美国Beckman Coulter公司产品。

BV2细胞购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心。用含10%灭活FBS的高糖DMEM培养(全培养液)2~3 d传代,相近代数的细胞用于实验。

细胞以2.5×10 4/孔密度接种到培养板,贴壁24 h后分别进行如下处理:①以脂多糖(3.0~3000.0 ng/mL)或LTD 4(0.1~100.0 nmol/L)作用于BV2细胞24 h后,设阴性对照组(溶剂处理),观察细胞吞噬功能变化;②以0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379分别作用于BV2细胞24 h,设阴性对照组(溶剂处理),观察细胞吞噬功能变化;③以0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379分别作用于经脂多糖(300.0 ng/mL)诱导的BV2细胞,设阴性对照组(溶剂处理)、脂多糖组、脂多糖+孟鲁司特组和脂多糖+HAMI 3379组,观察细胞吞噬功能变化;④以0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379分别作用于经LTD 4(100.0 nmol/L)诱导的BV2细胞,设阴性对照组(溶剂处理)、LTD 4组、LTD 4+孟鲁司特组和LTD 4+HAMI 3379组,观察细胞吞噬功能变化;⑤以脂多糖(300.0 ng/mL)或LTD 4(100.0 nmol/L)处理细胞,设阴性对照组(溶剂处理),于处理后1、3、6、10和24 h时观察CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R在BV2细胞中的分布。上述实验中拮抗剂均在激动剂或激活剂作用前30 min加入。

细胞以2.5×10 4/孔密度接种于24孔板(内置盖玻片)中,贴壁培养24 h,然后给予药物处理,药物作用一定时间后加荧光珠子,每孔加入0.4 μL珠子(用完全培养液稀释至300 μL的体积),37 ℃培养孵箱中孵育1 h。PBS清洗三次后用多聚甲醛固定15 min,5%羊血清200 μL/孔室温封闭2 h。加入兔抗鼠小胶质细胞Iba1,湿盒4 ℃过夜。次日PBS洗三次后滴加抗兔IgG-FITC荧光二抗,置湿盒,避光,室温作用2 h。PBS清洗后用50%碳酸甘油缓冲液(内含1:1000比例的4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)封片,荧光显微镜下观察拍照,每张玻片在20倍视野下观察小胶质细胞的吞噬情况, 计算吞噬指数。珠子在细胞膜内为吞噬阳性细胞,吞噬率(%)=(阳性细胞数/细胞总数)×100%,吞噬指数为相对于阴性对照组吞噬率的倍数。用吞噬指数代表吞噬功能。

将细胞以1.5×10 6/孔密度种植于六孔板,贴壁培养24 h,然后给予药物处理,药物作用一定时间后加荧光珠子,每孔加入1.67 μL(用完全培养液稀释至1 mL的体积),37 ℃培养孵箱中孵育1 h。1 h后细胞用PBS清洗三次,多聚甲醛固定15 min,每孔300 μL;PBS洗三次,300 μL/孔,2 min/次。1 h后每个孔用1 mL含1%牛血清白蛋白的PBS清洗三次,每次2 min;孔内的细胞加入0.25% trypsin-EDTA 1 mL消化1 min后10% FBS-DMEM 1 mL终止消化,1118× g离心5 min收集细胞沉淀块。细胞沉淀块用0.5 mL PBS重悬后,转移至流式管中,用流式细胞仪检测。吞噬率(%)=吞噬荧光微球的细胞数/吞噬细胞总数×100%,吞噬指数计算方法同上。

将BV2细胞接种在多聚赖氨酸包被的玻片上,用300.0 ng/mL脂多糖或100.0 nmol/L LTD 4处理后,用0.01 mol/L PBS洗三次,每次5 min,用-20 ℃的冰甲醇固定5 min,0.01 mol/L PBS清洗后加入驴血清室温孵育2 h,封闭内源性IgG。加一抗工作液(自制兔源CysLT 1R和商品化羊源CysLT 2R多抗,1:500),4 ℃冰箱中过夜。0.01 mol/L PBS洗三次,每次5 min,Cy3标记的驴抗兔和FITC标记的驴抗羊二抗(1:200稀释),室温避光孵育2 h。0.01 mol/L PBS洗三次,每次5 min,碳酸甘油缓冲液(含1:1000 4′, 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)封片。一周内荧光显微镜观察CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R的分布,摄像后保存。阴性对照不加一抗,以正常驴血清代替,其余操作同上。

采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析。计量数据均为正态分布,用均数±标准差( x ± s)表示,行单因素方差分析或非配对 t检验, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

以3.0、30.0、300.0、3000.0 ng/mL的脂多糖作用于BV2细胞24 h后,免疫荧光计数结果显示BV2细胞的吞噬率分别为(21.3±1.9)%、(24.5±3.1)%、(31.6±2.4)%、(26.9±2.7)%( 图 1);流式细胞仪检测结果显示BV2细胞的吞噬率分别为(24.2±2.9)%、(30.0±1.2)%、(39.1±3.1)%、(35.3±4.3)%。两种方法检测结果均提示300.0 ng/mL的脂多糖对BV2细胞吞噬功能的增强作用最显著,因此采用300.0 ng/mL的脂多糖作为后续实验中的刺激条件。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-1.jpg

以浓度为0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0 nmol/L的LTD 4作用于BV2细胞24 h后,免疫荧光计数结果显示BV2细胞的吞噬率分别为(21.9±1.7)%、(23.3±2.3)%、(24.9±1.9)%、(28.0±1.9)%( 图 1);流式细胞仪检测结果显示BV2细胞的吞噬率分别为(25.0±3.3)%、(25.9±2.3)%、(27.2±3.6)%、(30.8±3.3)%。两种方法检测结果均提示浓度为100.0 ng/mL的LTD 4对BV2细胞吞噬功能的增强作用最显著,因此采用100.0 nmol/L的LTD 4作为后续实验中的刺激条件。

以浓度为0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379分别作用于BV2细胞24 h后发现,两种拮抗剂对BV2细胞的吞噬功能无明显影响( 图 2)。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-2.jpg

以0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379分别作用于经脂多糖(300.0 ng/mL)或LTD 4(100.0 nmol/L)诱导的BV2细胞,免疫荧光计数法和流式细胞检测结果均显示,孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379可以抑制脂多糖或LTD 4诱导的BV2细胞吞噬功能增强( 图 34)。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-3.jpg

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-4.jpg

脂多糖(300.0 ng/mL)处理3 h时,CysLT 1R分布开始变化;脂多糖处理6、10、24 h时,CysLT 1R分布发生明显变化。脂多糖处理前,CysLT 1R主要表达在细胞质或者细胞膜中;脂多糖处理后,CysLT 1R向细胞核移动,并在10 h时达到高峰期。CysLT 2R分布的变化较CysLT 1R迟缓一些,但空间分布变化大致相同( 图 5)。用LTD 4(100.0 nmol/L)处理细胞,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R的时间和空间分布变化与脂多糖处理时的结果基本一致( 图 6)。结果提示,脂多糖和LTD 4诱导BV2细胞后,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R在空间分布上可能发生向核移动,且两者呈共表达。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-5.jpg

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-47-1-10-6.jpg

CysLT受体有三种激动剂,分别是LTC 4、LED 4和LTE 4,对CysLT 1R的激动强度顺序为LTD 4 > LTC 4 > LTE 4而对CysLT 2R的激动强度顺序为LTC 4=LTD 4 > > LTE 4 [ 14] 。CysLT 1R对LTD 4的亲和力是CysLT 2R的10倍,当LTD 4浓度为1.0~10.0 nmol/L时CysLT 1R被激活,而当LTD 4浓度为100.0~1000.0 nmol/L时CysLT 2R被激活 [ 14] 。本文资料显示,小胶质细胞经典激活剂脂多糖和CysLT受体非选择性激动剂LTD 4均可浓度依赖性地诱导BV2细胞激活,表现为细胞吞噬活性增强。孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379是CysLT受体的竞争性拮抗剂 [ 15- 16] ,我们分别用浓度为0.01~1.00 μmol/L的孟鲁司特和HAMI 3379阻断CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R,结果发现,脂多糖和LTD 4引起的BV2细胞吞噬增强均可被抑制,因此我们推测CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R不仅参与经典激活剂(脂多糖)诱导BV2细胞的吞噬功能增强,而且可以直接增强小胶质细胞的吞噬功能,且CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R可能存在相互作用。

BV2细胞同时表达CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R。在正常培养条件下,两种受体表达均较弱,集中分布于细胞膜和细胞质中。在不同培养条件下,小胶质细胞可能会呈现不同的细胞形态,而这些细胞形态与其功能相适应 [ 17- 18] 。为研究小胶质细胞激活是否会影响CysLT受体的分布,以及CysLT受体在小胶质细胞激活中的作用,我们对BV2细胞直接给予脂多糖(300.0 ng/mL)或LTD 4(100.0 nmol/L)刺激。结果发现,在静息状态的BV2细胞中,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R集中分布于细胞膜和细胞质中;而在脂多糖或LTD 4的刺激下,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R均发生内移,且两者内移的轨迹和时间基本一致。同时还发现,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R存在共定位现象,提示这两种受体在BV2细胞上可能存在二聚化现象。有研究发现,肥大细胞和肠上皮癌细胞上有CysLT 1R-CysLT 2R异二聚体存在,CysLT 2R可负调控CysLT 1R介导的肥大细胞增殖效应 [ 19] ,且CysLT 2R可以抑制肠上皮癌细胞的CysLT 1R核位移和促增殖效应 [ 20] 。但是,本研究中CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R在激动剂的诱导下是否存在相互作用,即以单聚体或二聚体内移,需要通过荧光能量共振转移(FRET)或邻位连接技术(PLA)等方法才能明确。

有研究发现,在CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R转染的BV2细胞中,CysLT 1R起主要调节作用 [ 21] ;而在大鼠原代小胶质细胞中,起主要调节作用的是CysLT 2R [ 11] 。本文资料显示,CysLT 1R和CysLT 2R均参与小胶质细胞激活的调节,但CysLT 1R拮抗剂孟鲁司特抑制激动剂诱导吞噬的作用较CysLT 2R拮抗剂HAMI 3379更显著,提示在小鼠来源的BV2细胞中,CysLT 1R起主要调节作用,但该结论还需在不同实验条件下进一步研究证实。

Funding Statement

浙江省自然科学基金(LY17H090009);浙江省公益技术应用研究(分析测试)计划项目(2016F82G2010036)

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