Abstract
肽类激素Kisspeptin是调控女性生殖内分泌功能的重要激素,能作用于促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)神经元,刺激GnRH分泌,从而激活下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴。在大量动物实验的基础上,越来越多的人体临床实验结果表明,外源性地给予Kisspeptin能够使健康个体甚至生殖内分泌紊乱的个体诱发生理性GnRH释放。Kisspeptin在诱导女性排卵及卵子成熟方面可能较传统药物更贴近生理过程,更具安全性和高效性,在体外受精治疗中有一定程度的优势。同时,Kisspeptin因其与滋养细胞浸润相关,可能用于预测妊娠结局。另外,Kisspeptin是启动青春期的关键激素,在人体代谢和生殖功能方面起到了信号传导作用,这为多囊卵巢综合征、高泌乳素血症等相关生殖内分泌疾病的诊治提示了新的研究思路。本文综述Kisspeptin在生殖内分泌领域的应用前景。
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the process of reproduction. Studies have shown that a family of peptides Kisspeptin can act on GnRH-related neurons, stimulating the secretion of GnRH, and activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Both animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that exogenous administration of Kisspeptin is able to induce physiological GnRH release in healthy individuals and those with endocrine-disorders, which brings great hope for treatment of reproductive endocrine diseases. The effect of Kisspeptin is similar to the physiological process in induction of ovulation and ovum maturation, leading to high security and efficiency for women receiving in vitro fertilization. Kisspeptin is involved in trophoblast invasion, so it may be useful for predicting pregnancy outcomes. In addition, Kisspeptin is the key hormone in the onset of puberty acting as a signal transducer in metabolism and reproduction, so it provides some directions for studies of polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, and other metabolic-related reproductive endocrine diseases. This article reviews the character of Kisspeptin and the prospect of its application in treatment of reproductive endocrine diseases.
Keywords: Peptide hormones/pharmacology, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone/secretion, Reproduction, Endocrine system diseases, Fertilization in vitro , Review
Kisspeptin是调控女性生殖内分泌功能的重要激素,自1996年发现并命名 [ 1] 以来即成为研究热点。研究证实,Kisspeptin与特发性性腺功能减退症(idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism,IHH)的发病相关 [ 2- 3] 。它可以通过结合促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)神经元上的受体,直接作用于GnRH神经元从而刺激GnRH释放,继而刺激垂体分泌促卵泡生成素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)和黄体生成素(luteotropic hormone,LH)进入外周血,是调控人体下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴(HPG轴)的重要激素。Kisspeptin还能介导雌二醇对于GnRH/LH分泌的反馈调节 [ 4- 5] ,在调节女性正常月经周期、诱导排卵等方面发挥关键作用。本文旨在对Kisspeptin在生殖内分泌领域,如体外受精、预测妊娠结局、生殖内分泌疾病的治疗等方面的应用前景作一综述。
动物实验结果表明,外周给予Kisspeptin可刺激LH峰形成,从而诱导排卵 [ 6] 。临床实验结果也显示,Kisspeptin-54可以用于诱导女性排卵,提高女性卵泡的成熟率,并且安全、有效。在Jayasena等 [ 7] 的研究中,53例不孕患者在接受重组卵泡刺激素促排卵和使用GnRH拮抗剂防止过早排卵后,分别皮下注射Kisspeptin-54 1.6 nmol/kg(2例)、3.2 nmol/kg(3例)、6.4 nmol/kg(24例)、12.8 nmol/kg(24例),36 h后取卵以及行卵泡浆内单精子显微注射。结果显示,所有剂量组的卵泡均成熟,且生化妊娠和临床妊娠率分别为40%(21/53) 和23%(12/53),同时发现卵子成熟的数量随Kisspeptin-54剂量的升高而增加。这一结果表明,Kisspeptin-54具有诱导卵泡成熟的作用,能够应用于体外受精,且6.4 nmol/kg和12.8 nmol/kg是较理想的剂量。但是,该研究缺乏对照,且样本量较小,因此Kisspeptin-54是否较传统药物更高效尚需进一步研究来证实。为了进一步验证Kisspeptin-54应用于体外受精的安全性和高效性,Abbara等 [ 8] 对Kisspeptin-54能否降低卵巢过度刺激综合征(ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,OHSS)高风险人群进行体外受精时并发OHSS的概率进行了统计。结果显示,60位研究对象中无一人出现轻、中或重度OHSS,提示Kisspeptin-54可以降低体外受精中OHSS的发生率,但其是否较传统激素如人绒毛膜性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)和GnRH拮抗剂在促卵泡成熟方面更具优势,目前尚难定论。至于临床治疗剂量,文献[ 8]的报道显示最高妊娠率发生在9.6 nmol/kg组别,这一剂量与文献[ 7]研究显示的满意剂量范围(6.4~12.8 nmol/kg)重叠,但由于这两项研究的样本量均较小、剂量组别均较少,结论尚难肯定。未来仍需对Kisspeptin-54应用于体外受精促卵泡成熟治疗的最佳剂量以及最小剂量做进一步的研究。关于Kisspeptin-54的不良反应,Jayasena等 [ 7] 的研究显示,之前有输卵管妊娠史的患者再发异位妊娠2例,流产2例,双胎异位妊娠1例,因此对于Kisspeptin-54是否会提高异位妊娠的发生率以及引发其他不良反应,需要进一步研究证实。
人体外周中Kisspeptin表达最多的是位于胎盘的合体滋养层细胞 [ 9] ,而滋养细胞的浸润是保证良好妊娠的基础。研究发现,孕妇血清中的Kisspeptin水平随着孕周的增加而逐步升高,直至妊娠足月 [ 10] 。与普通人群人流后滋养层细胞表达水平比较,复发性流产(基因正常)患者滋养层细胞中Kisspeptin的表达水平明显降低 [ 11] ,提示Kisspeptin可能与复发性流产存在一定的相关性。这些研究结果均表明,Kisspeptin可能参与了妊娠的维系。我们都知道,孕酮在早孕期黄体功能的维持、妊娠持续等方面具有重要作用。而在离体培养的鼠黄体细胞中加用Kisspeptin,可促进hCG诱导的黄体细胞分泌孕酮 [ 12] ;另有研究进一步指出,Kisspeptin/GPR54信号系统可通过ErK1/2丝裂原活化蛋白酶信号通路来刺激小鼠黄体细胞分泌孕酮 [ 13] 。此外,不明原因的复发性流产患者母胎界面Kisspeptin与孕激素诱导阻断因子(progestogen induction blocking factor,PIBF)的表达呈正相关,且加用孕酮可补充上调Kisspeptin及PIBF的表达,从而发挥降低自然流产率的作用 [ 14] ,提示Kisspeptin在妊娠过程中的作用机制可能与妊娠期孕酮的分泌相关。最近的一项研究提示,在转基因小鼠模型中完整的子宫Kisspeptin信号通路对于胚胎移植的成功是必要的 [ 15] 。种种证据显示,Kisspeptin可能与hCG有类似的作用,如参与维持黄体功能、刺激孕酮的分泌,从而起到维持妊娠的作用,并且可能用于预测和预防流产,但至今尚无研究表明,施加外源性Kisspeptin能提高胚胎移植的成功率、预测妊娠结局和预防流产的发生。
另外,有学者也发现妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤患者血浆Kisspeptin水平较正常水平高,在接受化疗后又显著降低 [ 16] ,由此可推测Kisspeptin与滋养细胞的浸润有关,从而引发了对于Kisspeptin与胎盘功能障碍之间关系的思考和相关实验研究。例如妊娠期高血压疾病可能导致胎盘功能障碍,诱发胎儿功能生长受限等。有研究发现,妊娠期高血压患者血清Kisspeptin水平较正常孕妇低 [ 17] ,而孕期外周血清Kisspeptin水平的减少与先兆子痫、宫内生长受限这两种疾病存在着中度相关性,因此血清Kisspeptin水平结合其他标记物也许能精确地预测妊娠结局 [ 18] 。综上所述,外周血Kisspeptin水平作为一个预测流产以及异常妊娠结局的指标是有潜在可行性的,但外周施加Kisspeptin相关类似物能否提高移植成功率以及改善妊娠结局尚待更多的实验数据支持。
多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种常见的内分泌及代谢异常所致的疾病,是引起女性排卵障碍性不孕的常见原因,临床表现有多毛、痤疮、闭经等,相当一部分患者表现为肥胖、胰岛素抵抗以及高胰岛素血症。近年来不断有研究提示Kisspeptin参与机体能量代谢调节。Sánchez-Garrido等 [ 19] 的研究显示,摄入高脂饮食的雄性小鼠出现肥胖、高血糖,并同时存在低睾酮、低LH血症及下丘脑 KiSS- 1神经元减少的现象,提示肥胖小鼠的低性腺功能可能是由于下丘脑的 KiSS- 1被抑制所致。而关于Kisspeptin与POCS之间的关系,近年来也有较多报道。Panidis等 [ 20] 的研究结果显示,PCOS患者的血浆Kisspeptin水平与体质指数、游离睾酮激素指数和胰岛素抵抗值呈负相关;Jeon等 [ 21] 研究发现,PCOS患者外周血Kisspeptin、瘦素和视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4) 水平高于健康人群,其中Kisspeptin水平与RBP4呈正相关,而与瘦素无相关性,肥胖PCOS患者的Kisspeptin水平还与游离睾酮激素指数相关;Emekci等 [ 22] 研究发现,PCOS患者血清Kisspeptin水平升高,与LH和瘦素水平呈正相关。因此,有学者推测,PCOS患者瘦素和胰岛素水平升高能反馈性地抑制 KiSS- 1基因表达,导致Kisspeptin对HPG轴的调节作用减弱,引发排卵障碍 [ 23] 。
上述研究结果提示,Kisspeptin可能是调节生殖功能和能量代谢的一个关键因子。但是,关于PCOS患者的瘦素水平、胰岛素抵抗值以及 KiSS- 1基因表达三者之间的关系,目前的研究结果并不一致。此外,PCOS的病因和病理表现复杂,模型的多样性也使得Kisspeptin在PCOS中的作用机制研究变得更加复杂,而Kisspeptin相关药物是否可以用于PCOS也需要更多的研究。
人的青春期是由各种激素分泌和调控的一个复杂过程,下丘脑合成和分泌的GnRH是启动HPG轴的一种重要神经激素,它以脉冲方式释放至垂体门脉循环,刺激垂体FSH和LH的合成和释放,激活GnRH神经元是哺乳动物青春期启动的关键。
Navarro等 [ 24] 发现,雄性和雌性小鼠下丘脑 KiSS- 1表达水平在青春期前较出生后降低而在进入青春期时则显著升高,提示 KiSS- 1基因表达与青春期的启动相关。另外,研究发现,乳房过早发育或是单侧乳房早熟的女童血浆中的Kisspeptin水平较青春期前的女童升高 [ 25] ,表明Kisspeptin水平可能与性早熟有一定相关性。熊翔宇等 [ 26] 在对特发性中枢性性早熟(idiopathic central precocious puberty,ICPP)患儿的研究中验证了青春期始动时血清Kisspeptin水平升高,而性早熟患儿在给予GnRH类似物治疗后下降,提示检测Kisspeptin水平有助于对ICPP的早期诊断,并且可以作为性早熟的疗效评估手段之一。而特发性性腺功能减退症(IHH)患者外周血Kisspeptin水平与健康者的差异也提示外周循环中Kisspeptin水平作为筛查或诊断性发育迟缓特异性指标具有一定可行性,Kisspeptin激动剂类似物或许能够用于治疗人IHH [ 27] 。但是,从目前的研究结果中,我们仍难明确血浆Kisspeptin水平与青春期紊乱疾病的确切关系,同时Kisspeptin评估青春期以及相关疾病治疗效果的敏感性和准确性还需要更多的对照研究。
高催乳素血症是引起促性腺激素分泌不足性排卵障碍的最常见原因,也是25~34岁女性不孕的原因之一。Sonigo等 [ 28] 研究证实,高催乳素血症的小鼠会出现排卵停止,同时GnRH和促性腺激素释放减少,Kisspeptin表达降低。而之后对小鼠注射Kisspeptin后GnRH分泌和卵巢周期均恢复,大部分小鼠怀孕或处于备孕状态。这一研究也验证了高催乳素血症是通过催乳素抑制 KiSS- 1基因表达来下调GnRH和促性腺激素分泌之一假设,因此理论上Kisspeptin可用于治疗高泌乳素血症引发的无排卵情况。目前,多巴胺受体激动剂是治疗高泌乳素血症的一线临床治疗药物,Kisspeptin相较于多巴胺受体激动剂是否更有优势尚无定论,需要进一步的对照试验论证。但即便如此,Kisspeptin对于高泌乳素血症患者尤其是对多巴胺受体激动剂不敏感或抵抗的患者也不失为一种潜在的替代药物。
随着对Kisspeptin信号通路研究的深入,研究者们越来越意识到其在调节生殖内分泌中的重要作用和临床应用价值。目前Kisspeptin在人体外受精治疗上的效果已得到了部分临床试验的证实,针对Kisspeptin拮抗剂的应用研究也已经展开。Kisspeptin拮抗剂可抑制GnRH神经元活动,降低GnRH分泌,抑制LH升高。不同于长效的GnRH类似物,Kisspeptin拮抗剂并不会使LH一直处于基础值以下,这也许能避免促排卵降调准备带来的一系列不良反应,如潮热、骨质疏松等,也意味着Kisspeptin拮抗剂可能用于一些无需大幅度抑制性激素的激素敏感性疾病,如子宫内膜异位症、子宫腺肌症等,从而减少相关药物不良反应。此外,动物实验发现,含有FSH、LH和E2的体外培养基中加入Kisspeptin(10 μg/mL)可提高羊卵子体外成熟的概率 [ 29] ,提示Kisspeptin有可能应用于人卵子体外成熟技术中。相信通过大量的动物实验和更为严谨的临床试验,Kisspeptin及其相关药物将在生殖内分泌领域具有更多的价值。
Funding Statement
国家科技支撑计划(2014BAI05B04)
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