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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2015 Jan 25;44(4):366–370. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2015.07.03

经翼点小骨窗入路治疗前循环颅内动脉瘤患者临床疗效分析

Pterional keyhole approach in surgical treatment of ruptured anterior circulation intracranial aneurysm: a report of 313 cases

Wei YAN 1, Chao-hui MOU 2, Sheng WU 1, Chen-han LING 1, Qun WU 1,*, Yuan HONG 1, Sheng CHEN 1, Feng CAI 1, Jian-min ZHANG 1, Gao CHEN 1
PMCID: PMC10397010  PMID: 26555412

Abstract

Objective

To review the surgical modality with pterional keyhole approach in treatment of anterior circulation aneurysm.

Methods

Three hundred and thirteen patients with ruptured anterior circulation intracranial aneurysm treated surgically with pterional keyhole approach between January 2009 and June 2014 in Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were included in the analysis. Complete occlusion rate of aneurysms and incidence of major complications including delayed cerebral ischemia and chronic hydrocephalus were documented. Surgical outcomes at 6-month follow up were assessed by modified Rankin Scale.

Results

Totally 348 aneurysms were treated with pterional keyhole approach, 326 aneurysms were completely clipped, 16 aneurysms were partly clipped, and 6 aneurysms were wrapped with gauze material. Among 313 patients, 15 patients (4.79%) suffered from delayed cerebral ischemia, and 10 patients (3.19%) suffered from hydrocephalus. At the 6-month follow up, the rate of good outcome was 66.77% (209/313).

Conclusion

s: The pterional keyhole approach can be used to clip most of anterior circulation aneurysms, and it seems to have advantages over the traditional approaches with lower incidence of complications and similar outcomes.

Keywords: Intracranial aneurysm/surgery; Intracranial aneurysm/radiography; Wing/surgery; Angiography, digital subtraction; Tomography, X-ray computed; Microsurgery; Brain ischemia/complications; Hydrocephalus/complications; Prognosis


颅内动脉瘤是脑血管疾病中致死率、致残率最高的疾病之一,外科手术夹闭是治疗该疾病的重要方法。随着外科技术和显微器械的进步,微创动脉瘤手术越来越多地应用于临床。经翼点小骨窗入路手术夹闭动脉瘤由Fukushima团队于1991年提出 [ 1] ,目前国内尚无相关大样本病例报道。本团队2009年1月至2014年6月对313例颅内前循环动脉瘤患者采用经翼点小骨窗入路手术夹闭动脉瘤,动脉瘤完全夹闭率高,患者并发症少,效果满意,现予以报道。

收集2009年1月至2014年6月在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院神经外科作者团队收治的313例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性109例,女性204例,平均年龄(57.75±10.54) 岁。患者均有自发性蛛网膜下腔出血典型临床表现,如突发剧烈头痛、恶心呕吐、脑膜刺激征阳性、意识障碍等。术前Hunt-Hess分级:I级2例,Ⅱ级219例,Ⅲ级89例,Ⅳ级3例。

入选标准:CT血管造影(computer tomography angiography,CTA)或全脑血管数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)证实为颅内前循环动脉瘤,术前影像学检查评估同时满足以下条件:① 可显露载瘤动脉;② 可充分解剖瘤颈;③ 有足够空间放置动脉瘤夹。排除标准:① 明显脑肿胀、脑水肿;② 血管痉挛明显;③ 巨大动脉瘤。

全部患者均在出血后72 h内行头颅CT及CTA或DSA检查。CT均提示蛛网膜下腔出血,CTA或DSA提示其中前交通动脉瘤102例、后交通动脉瘤96例、大脑中动脉瘤37例、前动脉瘤15例、脉络膜前动脉瘤8例、颈内动脉瘤16例、多发动脉瘤39例。采用手术治疗动脉瘤共348个,其中前交通动脉瘤124个、后交通动脉瘤112个、大脑中动脉瘤63个、前动脉瘤18个、脉络膜前动脉瘤9个、颈内动脉瘤22个。

患者起病72 h内手术233例,72 h~14 d手术56例,14 d后手术24例。均行翼点小骨窗入路( 图 1)。患者取仰卧位,头架固定,切口起自耳屏前1 cm,自颧弓上于发迹内向前上方呈小弧形切口,长约6 cm,分离皮瓣及颞肌瓣。磨钻、铣刀骨瓣成形,大小约3 cm×3 cm。磨平蝶骨嵴,硬脑膜悬吊后弧形剪开。显微镜下剪开蛛网膜下腔,放出部分脑脊液。经外侧裂牵开额叶,向深部达视神经,释放脑脊液,视动脉瘤部位、大小及指向暴露颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、视神经等,分离动脉瘤瘤颈,选择合适的动脉瘤夹夹闭瘤颈。骨瓣用钛钉固定,分层缝合。

graphic file with name 20150403-1.jpg

术后患者行DSA检查明确动脉瘤是否完全夹毕,术中完全夹闭率=完全夹毕动脉瘤个数/动脉瘤总数×100%。

患者术后符合以下任一标准即诊断迟发性脑缺血 [ 2] :① 手术72 h后新发神经功能缺损(如偏瘫、失语、偏盲、失用等)或格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)减少2分以上,上述临床表现需持续1 h以上,并排除其他原因导致的神经功能缺损;② 术后3~42 d内复查头颅MRI或CT并与术后24~48 h内的影像学检查比较明确有新发脑梗死病灶,排除其他原因。

回顾患者手术2周以后复查的头颅CT,计算双尾指数(bicaudate index),超出年龄上限,并伴有相关典型症状者,即诊断慢性脑积水。

采用电话随访、门诊随访等方式,对患者术后进行6个月随访。采用术后6个月的改良Rankin评分(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评价患者预后,mRS 0~2分为预后良好,3~5分为预后不良。

313例患者共348个动脉瘤,根据术后DSA复查结果提示术中完全夹闭动脉瘤326个,6个动脉瘤仅行包裹术,术后瘤颈残留16个,完全夹闭率为93.7%,瘤颈残留或包裹比例为6.3%。

313例患者中术后出现迟发性脑缺血15例(4.79%),慢性脑积水10例(3.19%)。

患者平均手术时间为(3.05±1.13) h,平均住院时间为(8.32±2.72) d。

患者术后6个月随访结果,预后良好209例(66.77%),预后不良93例(29.71%),死亡11例(3.52%)。

标准翼点入路自20世纪70年代由Yasargil首创以来,已经成为治疗前循环动脉瘤最常用的手术入路。但是该入路仍存在一些不足,如大面积地分离和破坏颞肌,可能导致面神经损伤及术后颞肌萎缩;手术创面大,时间长,暴露脑组织多,导致术后感染风险增加;术后恢复慢,增加住院时间,增加院内感染风险等。随着显微外科技术的进步和微创理念的普及,自20世纪90年代开始,Fukushima等开始使用直径3 cm左右的翼点小骨窗入路夹闭前循环动脉瘤,取得了良好的治疗效果 [ 1, 3] 。近年来,因为该手术方式具有创伤小、患者出血少、手术时间短、颅内感染风险小、患者住院时间短等优势,正越来越受到重视 [ 4, 5, 6]

笔者因此从2009年1月开始运用翼点小骨窗入路治疗前循环动脉瘤患者,至2014年6月累计治疗患者313例,处理动脉瘤348个。本文资料显示,通过小骨窗入路,前循环动脉瘤可实现93.7%的完全夹闭率,与本团队采用标准翼点入路手术治疗前循环动脉瘤的完全夹闭率相近 [ 7] ;而瘤颈残留或包裹比例为6.3%,与文献报道标准翼点入路术后5.2%~5.9%的瘤颈残留率接近 [ 8] 。本文资料提示在娴熟的显微手术技术的保障下,小骨窗手术可以良好地暴露术野,达到标准翼点入路手术的术中治疗效果。

迟发性脑缺血是自发性蛛网膜下腔出血术后常见的并发症,是动脉瘤致死和致残的主要原因之一。其发生率文献报道差异较大,波动于3.3%~42.0% [ 9, 10] 。本研究中迟发性脑缺血发生率为4.79%,处于较低水平。考虑与以下原因有关:① 术前患者给予腰大池置管充分引流血性脑脊液;② 术中病灶予罂粟碱反复冲洗;③ 术后给予患者尼莫地平等药物维持抗血管痉挛。

文献报道动脉瘤夹闭术后慢性脑积水发生率约10% [ 11] ,本文资料中慢性脑积水的发生率为3.19%,也较文献报道低,这可能与我们团队术后积极行腰椎穿刺放液或行腰大池持续引流有关 [ 12] 。血性脑脊液充分引流后,防止了脑室系统和蛛网膜颗粒的堵塞,减少血液分解产物对蛛网膜颗粒的毒性,从而减少了脑积水的发生 [ 13] 。由此可见,通过术中仔细操作,并完善围手术期相关处理,小骨窗手术方式并不会增加术后并发症的发生。

本研究对入组病例进行了术后6个月的随访,方式包括电话随访、门诊随访等,采用mRS评估预后,结果预后良好率为66.77%,与文献报道采用标准翼点入路夹闭动脉瘤的预后良好率(53%~66%)相近 [ 14, 15] ,提示小骨窗手术预后与标准翼点入路预后总体相近。

与标准翼点入路相比,翼点小骨窗入路手术除具有创伤小,手术时间短,术后恢复快,术后并发症少等显著优点,术中完全夹闭率相近。然而由于操作空间相对较小,翼点小骨窗入路手术对术者的手术技巧提出了更高的要求。我们在实践中有如下体会:① 由于空间相对较小,病例选择极其重要,明显脑水肿、脑肿胀患者不宜采取小骨窗入路,术前详细的影像学评估,尤其是三维影像模拟对病例选择有较大意义;② 为避免脑水肿、降低颅内压,可在术前行腰大池置管引流,术中逐步打开各脑池,充分释放脑脊液;③ 尽可能进行急性期手术,减少术前再破裂发生;④ 充分解剖瘤颈周围粘连组织,可有效降低夹闭过程中动脉瘤破裂的概率。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81271273)

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