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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2017 Dec 25;46(6):618–624. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2017.12.07

初级纤毛细胞外氧感受器功能和机制研究

Primary cilium acts as an oxygen sensor in PC12 cells

Yuhai GAO 1, Xinzhu QI 2, Jian ZHOU 1, Xin WANG 2, Keming CHEN 1, Huiping MA 2,*
PMCID: PMC10397021  PMID: 29658664

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the function of primary cilium as an oxygen sensor in PC12 cells.

Methods

The PC12 cells were transfected with IFT88 siRNA. The nuclear translocation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and ciliogenesis were observed by immunofluorescence staining; and the mRNA expressions of HIF-1α, Nrf2, vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) were detected by real-time RT-PCR.

Results

The ciliogenesis was inhibited in PC12 cells transfected with IFT88 siRNA. In hypoxia group and scramble control group, nuclear translocations of HIF-1α and Nrf2 were observed and mRNA expressions of HIF-1α, Nrf2, VEGF were increased, and those of SOD were decreased. While in PC12 cells transfected with IFT88 siRNA, nuclear translocations of HIF-1α and Nrf2 were not observed, and mRNA expressions of HIF-1α, Nrf2, VEGF were inhibited, and mRNA expression of SOD was increased.

Conclusion

Primary cilia may act as an oxygen sensor to transfer the information related to hypoxia and oxidative stress into cells, activating intracellular defense mechanism against the hypoxic injuries.

Keywords: PC12 cells; Cilia; Receptors, sensory; Anoxia/physiopathology; Mechanotransduction, cellular; RNA, small interfering


初级纤毛是一种存在于脊柱动物细胞表面的特殊细胞器,来源于细胞基体,为杆状凸起结构,内含丰富的受体和信号蛋白,为多种物理和化学信号的细胞外感受器 [ 1- 2] 。大量有关细胞缺氧防护方面的研究发现,位于细胞质的缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)和核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)均参与了细胞抗氧化应激途径 [ 3- 4] 。现有研究表明,将PC12细胞置于物理性缺氧或氯化钴模拟化学缺氧条件下培养一定时间后,其细胞表面的初级纤毛长度均有不同程度增加 [ 5- 8] 。针对这一现象,本课题组以PC12细胞株为实验对象进行了一系列探索性研究 [ 9] ,采用小干扰RNA(siRNA)干扰PC12细胞的初级纤毛,观察缺氧后PC12细胞内缺氧相关因子 HIF-1α和 Nrf2的核转位情况以及 HIF-1α、 Nrf2、HIF下游基因血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)在缺氧前后的表达变化,以期证明初级纤毛具有氧感受器的功能,可以感知细胞外氧化应激状态,并将缺氧信号传导至细胞内,进而启动抗缺氧机制。

PC12细胞株购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心。含10% FBS DMEM培养基、Opti-MEM培养基为美国Gibco公司产品;小牛血清为杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司产品;4%多聚甲醛固定液、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、氯化钾、氯化钠为天津德恩化学试剂有限公司产品;Triton-X-100和DAPI为北京索莱宝科技有限公司产品;乙酰化α微管蛋白为美国Abcam公司产品;FITC标记山羊抗鼠为北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司产品;Prime Script TM试剂盒为日本TaKaRa公司产品。荧光倒置相差显微镜(BX51)为日本Olympus公司产品;三气培养箱(INC153H9)为美国ThermoFisher公司产品;微量振荡器(XK96-3)为江苏新康医疗器械有限公司产品。

PC12细胞接种于含10%FBS的DMEM高糖培养基中(含1×10 5 IU/L青霉素和1×10 5 IU/L链霉素),置于饱和湿度下含5%二氧化碳的37 ℃培养箱内,每三天左右更换培养基。采用荧光倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态。

实验室自制物理性缺氧装置为一小型密闭容器,向其中通入95%氮气和5%二氧化碳的混合气体以排除容器内氧气直至经氧浓度探测器测得氧浓度降至1%。将PC12细胞培养于22 mm×22 mm的盖玻片上至细胞分裂期结束后置于缺氧装置中分别培养0、6、18 h后取出,观察PC12细胞缺氧培养后的形态。

细胞纤毛内转运蛋白88(IFT88)是初级纤毛动力运输系统的核心结构,因此可以通过抑制IFT88的表达建立细胞初级纤毛缺陷模型 [ 10] 。依据IFT88的基因序列合成5′-GGAUAUGGGUCCAAGACAUCC-3′, 构建siRNA和阴性对照siRNA质粒载体(pENTRTM/U6),制备含有重组载体的大肠埃希菌并扩大培养,应用无内毒素质粒小提试剂盒提取含有IFT88 siRNA和阴性对照的重组质粒。分别将重组质粒经脂质体2000转染至PC12细胞中,24 h时通过荧光倒置相差显微镜观察转染效率,转染成功的PC12细胞显微镜蓝光激发下显绿色。

接种培养PC12细胞融合至70%~80%时,将培养的PC12细胞随机分为常氧对照组、缺氧对照组、阴性对照组(采用siRNA阴性对照序列干扰)和siRNA干扰组。将缺氧对照组、阴性对照组和siRNA干扰组细胞缺氧处理18 h,常氧对照组正常培养。缺氧处理结束后,用PBS漂洗三次,4%多聚甲醛固定10 min。Triton-X-100透膜7~10 min,弃上清液,用PBS清洗三次。加入免疫荧光封闭液封闭1 h,弃封闭液,分别加入HIF-1α抗体、Nrf2抗体、乙酰化微管蛋白(初级纤毛)(1:300倍稀释),4 ℃过夜。弃上清液后,PBS清洗三次,分别加入罗丹明、FITC标记二抗(PBS 1:500稀释)和DAPI(PBS 1:500倍稀释)避光,37 ℃孵育1 h,PBS清洗三次,封片剂封片后荧光倒置相差显微镜下观察HIF-1α和Nrf2核转位情况以及PC12细胞初级纤毛发生情况。

贴壁后的PC12细胞分为常氧对照组、缺氧对照组、阴性对照组(采用siRNA阴性对照序列干扰)和siRNA干扰组。将缺氧对照组、阴性对照组和siRNA干扰组细胞置于缺氧培养箱中分别培养0、6、18 h,常氧对照组正常培养。按缺氧时间依次取出细胞,弃培养基后,PBS清洗三次,加入1 mL RNAiso Reagent裂解静置30 min,收集裂解液至离心管中;向裂解液中加入200 μL三氯甲烷,轻轻颠倒混匀,低温静置5 min,4 ℃ 14 006× g离心15 min;取上清液,加入等体积异丙醇,上下颠倒混匀,低温静置5 min,4 ℃ 14 006× g离心15 min,取上清液,加入少量75%乙醇,4 ℃ 14 006× g离心15 min,弃上清液,加入35 μL去RNA酶水溶解。紫外分光光度计检测核酸浓度。

根据PrimeScript TM试剂盒说明书将总RNA逆转录为cDNA,-20 ℃保存。实时定量RF-PCR检测按照说明书操作,所用引物由宝生物工程(大连)有限公司设计并合成( 表 1)。反应体系:SYBR ® Premix Ex Taq TMⅡ(2×)10 μL,PCR正向引物(10 μmol/L)0.8 μL,反向引物(10 μmol/L)0.8 μL,ROX参比染料或ROX参比染料Ⅱ(50×)0.4 μL,cDNA模板2 μL(50 ng/μL),补去RNA酶水至20 μL。反应条件:95 ℃预变性30 s;94 ℃变性5 s,退火31 s,40个循环。实验结果采用ΔΔCt法表示。

表1 实时定量RT-PCR引物序列

Table 1 Primer sequences for real-time RT-PCR

基因

引物序列(5′→3′)

HIF-1α

正向:TTGAGATCTGCCCAGGTGGTA反向:TCTAGTGAACAGGATGGAATGGAG

VEGF

正向:TCCTGCAGCATAGCAGATGTGA反向:CCAGGATTTAAACCGGGATTTC

SOD

正向:AAGACATCCATCCAGAACGATCTATCGT反向:GATAGATAGATCGCGATCTCCCA

Nrf2

正向:TTGGCAGAGACATTCCCATTTGTA反向:GAGCTATCGAGTGACTGAGCCTGA

GAPDH

正向:GGCACAGTCAAGGCTGAGAATG 反向:ATGGTGGTGAAGACGCCAGTA

用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据处理,计量数据以均数±标准差( x ± s)表示,采用 t检验, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

常氧状态下PC12细胞表现出神经元特性,呈椭圆形;缺氧培养6 h后细胞发生一定程度的改变,少量细胞皱缩;缺氧培养18 h后少数细胞出现肿胀皱缩,细胞核发生一定程度固缩,细胞缺氧损伤轻微( 图 1)。结果提示缺氧培养对PC12细胞正常形态的维持产生了影响。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-46-6-618-1.jpg

siRNA质粒载体转染至PC12细胞24 h后,荧光倒置相差显微镜下观察培养皿中可见绿色荧光,表明转染成功;siRNA干扰组和阴性对照组绿色荧光信号几乎无差异,推测两组转染效率相近( 图 2)。免疫荧光染色发现,与阴性对照组比较,siRNA干扰组细胞初级纤毛的发生被抑制( 图 3)。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-46-6-618-2.jpg

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-46-6-618-3.jpg

荧光倒置相差显微镜下观察发现,与常氧对照组相比,缺氧对照组和阴性对照组细胞HIF-1α和Nrf2发生明显的核转位;而siRNA干扰组细胞的HIF-1α和Nrf2没有发生核转位( 图 4)。结果提示HIF-1α、Nrf2与初级纤毛有着密切关联。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-46-6-618-4.jpg

实时定量RT-PCR检测结果显示,随着缺氧时间的延长,缺氧对照组和阴性对照组 HIF-1α、 VEGF表达量先增加,当达到18 h时,表达量下降; Nrf2表达量增加, SOD表达量降低。siRNA干扰组 HIF-1α、 VEGF、 Nrf2基因的表达受到抑制,表达量随着缺氧时间的延长而降低,而SOD表达量升高( 图 5)。结果提示 HIF-1α、 Nrf2、 VEGF和 SOD基因表达与初级纤毛密切相关。

graphic file with name zjdxxbyxb-46-6-618-5.jpg

近年来,人体抗缺氧机制的研究取得了一系列重要进展,以HIF为核心的抗缺氧损伤信号途径和以Nrf2为核心的抗氧化应激信号途径相继被阐明 [ 10- 14] 。如Bhullar和Rupasinghe报道 [ 15] ,黄腐酚通过抑制HIF-1α信号途径发挥神经保护功能,白藜芦醇则是通过激活Nrf2下调HIF-1α来预防缺血性损伤;Lisk等 [ 16] 提出了以Nrf2为靶点的抗急性高原病药物筛选策略,结果筛选出了预防效果优于乙酰唑胺的醋甲唑胺。虽然目前关于抗缺氧机制的研究已经取得了一些进展,但细胞是通过何种途径感受缺氧信号目前尚未完全清楚。

初级纤毛作为一种位于细胞表面的信号感受器官,具有感受多种信号的功能。本课题组前期研究发现,缺氧状态会导致PC12细胞初级纤毛的长度发生明显变化,细胞初级纤毛的长度会随着缺氧时间延长而增加 [ 5] 。由此可见,初级纤毛可以感知细胞外环境的缺氧状态,但其中机制目前尚不明确。HIF-1α、Nrf2、VEGF和SOD是氧化应激过程中的重要因子。研究发现,HIF信号途径中几乎所有关键蛋白都与初级纤毛有着直接或间接的联系,其中HIF-1α分布在初级纤毛中,其表达水平可以直接影响初级纤毛的发生 [ 6- 8, 17- 18] ;Nrf2可以激活90%以上抗氧化相关基因的表达 [ 8] ;VEGF具有促进新生血管形成、改善缺血供血的作用;SOD具有抗氧化能力,可以清除活性氧,而活性氧可以调节细胞初级纤毛的长度 [ 19] 。为证实初级纤毛是否具有细胞外氧感受器的作用及相关机制,本研究采用siRNA干扰PC12细胞的初级纤毛,对比观察干扰组和未干扰组细胞初级纤毛的生长情况以及上述因子的表达情况。研究结果显示,初级纤毛未被干扰的情况下,缺氧会引起细胞HIF-1α和Nrf2发生核转位,细胞内 HIF-1α、 Nrf2、 VEGF的基因表达量增加, SOD表达量降低;而当初级纤毛被干扰后,细胞HIF-1α和Nrf2的核转位被抑制, HIF-1α、 Nrf2、 VEGF基因表达也受到抑制, SOD的表达量也不再随着缺氧时间的延长而持续降低。由此我们推测,PC12细胞的初级纤毛可能具有细胞外氧感受器的功能,可以感知细胞外环境中的缺氧和氧化应激状态,并通过一定途径将缺氧信号传导至细胞内,进而启动细胞抗缺氧机制。本研究的发现明确了初级纤毛作为细胞外氧感受器的基本机制,为阐述细胞抗缺氧机制奠定了基础。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81571847,81402848);全军医药卫生科研基金(CLZ14JA01);兰州军区高原科研攻关项目(LZ13GY07)

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