Abstract
多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种生殖功能障碍与代谢异常并存的内分泌紊乱综合征,病因不明。雄激素分泌过多是PCOS的主要特征之一。PCOS子代生殖系统、代谢系统、神经精神系统均有不同程度的远期改变。PCOS子代有促性腺激素释放激素和促性腺激素分泌增加、卵巢形态改变、性激素分泌异常的表现,脂肪和糖代谢紊乱现象,子代抑郁症及自闭症的风险增加,但是目前缺乏直接相关的证据,相关机制仍需进一步研究。
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder with reproductive dysfunction and abnormal metabolic syndrome. However, its etiology is unknown yet. Androgen hypersecretion is one of the main features of PCOS. It has been found that PCOS has various effects on the offspring in reproductive, metabolic and nervous systems, including:increasing secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone, ovarian morphological changes and abnormal secretion of sex hormones, leading to disorders of lipid and glucose metabolism, and increasing the risks of depression and autism. However, there is still lack of direct evidence, and more studies should be conducted on the underlying mechanism in future.
Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Androgens, Filial generation, Autism, Depressive disorder, Review
多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是一种生殖功能障碍与代谢异常并存的内分泌紊乱综合征,以持续性无排卵、雄激素过多、高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗为主要特征,是临床上常见的女性生殖内分泌疾病。PCOS的病因尚不明确。研究发现,胎儿宫内高雄激素环境是子代发生PCOS的重要原因 [ 1] 。PCOS患者在孕早期易发生流产、多胎,孕晚期早产、低出生体重儿、新生儿窒息及新生儿死亡等事件增加 [ 2- 3] 。本文主要就PCOS子代的远期改变进行系统阐述,以期为临床早期风险预测评估及早期干预提供科学依据。
PCOS患者对子代生殖系统的远期影响主要体现在引发子代性激素水平异常,同时对卵巢的形态和功能也有负面影响。
在胚胎16~19 d时,每日在雌鼠皮下注射游离睾酮和二氢睾酮,对它们的雌性子代进行观察,发现实验组下丘脑视前区孕酮受体的mRNA表达量显著增加;将这些雌性子代的卵巢切除,用苯甲醇雌二醇刺激后这些大鼠的雄激素、孕酮、雌激素水平均较对照组升高 [ 4] 。另一项动物实验同样使大鼠孕期雄激素暴露,结果其雌性子代鼠在出生后6周呈现出黄体生成素频繁释放的现象,下丘脑神经激肽B和瘦素受体mRNA在青春期前升高,持续至青春期,而与人类青春发育有关的神经元产生的多肽类激素mRNA的表达水平在青春期发动以后才显著升高。外源性与青春发育有关的神经元产生的多肽类激素、神经激肽3受体激动剂和瘦素引发的促性腺激素释放激素和黄体生成素分泌增加 [ 5] 。上述现象只局限在动物实验,尚无临床资料证实。
动物实验证实,孕期雄激素暴露对子代卵巢的质量及组织病理学有一定程度的影响,且不同妊娠时期暴露、不同暴露剂量对子代卵巢的影响存在差异。分别在恒河猴孕早期(孕40~60 d)和孕晚期(孕100~115 d)肌肉注射丙酸睾酮后,发现雌性子代均出现类似PCOS的表型改变,其中孕晚期暴露于雄激素环境下的雌性子代的卵巢储备能力下降更加明显 [ 6] 。孕期暴露于雄激素环境下,孕鼠黄体数量减少,卵泡数量增加 [ 7] ,卵巢形态学发生异常改变,进而影响子代的生育功能 [ 8] 。基于这些动物实验结果,一项临床研究检测了新生儿脐带血,发现PCOS子代有雄激素水平升高的现象 [ 9] 。有研究者第一次从人类卵巢皮质活检卵泡,利用巢式RT-PCR测定,结果发现高雄激素有促进卵泡早期发育的作用 [ 10] ,与上述大鼠实验结果相似。
动物实验发现,PCOS子代血清中卵泡刺激素、雌二醇和孕酮水平未见明显改变,但雄激素、黄体生成素以及卵泡刺激素水平明显升高 [ 7] 。但临床研究结果略有不同。后者利用液相色谱串联质谱方法分析PCOS孕妇在孕20周、分娩时和分娩后脐带血的激素水平,结果发现PCOS孕妇在孕20周和分娩时睾酮和脱氢表雄酮水平均高于非PCOS孕妇组,而两组脐带血中睾酮和脱氢表雄酮水平相近,但PCOS组雌酮降低 [ 11] 。
由于PCOS患者常表现出代谢性疾病,如肥胖、代谢性疾病综合征、高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗及血脂异常,所有这些都增加了心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险 [ 12] ,因此,PCOS对子代代谢的远期影响主要体现在糖脂代谢异常。
不同雌性物种如灵长类动物、绵羊、大鼠和小鼠的研究中均发现产前高雄激素暴露会使其子代在青春期或成年后出现胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常等,类似于人类的改变 [ 13] 。在2015年的一项研究中,孕鼠妊娠20 d内持续皮下注射睾酮,结果子代出生30、45、60 d及成年时体质量增加,同时出现胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常等表现 [ 14] ,说明孕期高雄激素暴露对子代的代谢系统具有负面影响。
基于上述研究结果,近年来陆续有科研人员利用PCOS动物模型研究PCOS对子代代谢系统的影响。2013年一项基于绵羊PCOS模型的研究发现,宫内高雄激素水平可能导致胰腺器官的发育异常,使得子代胰腺β细胞增加 [ 15] 。2014年一项利用灵长类动物恒河猴PCOS模型的研究发现,有PCOS表型的子代胰岛内的增殖率和β/α细胞比率均增加,提示β细胞增殖 [ 16] 。一项最新研究中,研究者利用外源性雄激素创建具有PCOS表型子代的母羊模型,孕62 d和孕82 d时,在超声引导下分别将三种类固醇(丙酸睾酮、乙烯雌酚、地塞米松)注射进具有PCOS表型的子代母羊羊水中,随后在孕90 d和出生后11个月时检查胰腺结构和功能,结果只有雄激素可以使胰腺器官发生改变,且这种改变在宫内就已经开始形成;出生后,雌性小羊的β细胞数量明显增加,α细胞数却没有增加,故β/α细胞比率升高,这种改变持续至青春期 [ 17] 。以上这些动物实验结果是PCOS对子代糖代谢远期改变的有力证据。
PCOS患者子代脂肪代谢也有一定程度的改变。国内一项评估PCOS母亲所生新生儿的脂肪代谢指标与脐带血雄激素水平的关系的临床研究发现:PCOS组新生儿的出生体质量、头围、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和三酰甘油水平显著低于对照组 [ 18] 。近期的一项研究发现,PCOS患者子代炎症标志物基质金属蛋白酶、钙结合蛋白的表达水平升高,推测PCOS子代未来有轻度慢性炎症发生的可能 [ 19] 。
PCOS对子代神经精神系统的远期影响主要体现在增加子代情绪障碍、自闭症及多动症的发生风险。
临床统计发现,超过60%的PCOS患者至少患有一种精神障碍,如抑郁、焦虑或饮食失调 [ 20] ,其机制尚不明了。一项针对曾经历孕期高雄激素暴露的8~11岁男童的研究发现,孕期高雄激素暴露的男童大脑胼胝体后段向右不对称(右侧>左侧) [ 21] 。推测雄激素对大脑右侧胼胝体这种潜在的影响可能是神经的一种自我保护,从而导致胼胝体轴突不对称分布。进一步推测这种影响可能是男女两性之间在大脑结构和功能、认知和行为方面有区别的原因。另外海马和杏仁核在焦虑和抑郁的发展中具有关键作用,这些神经回路在人类和啮齿类动物中更容易受性激素的影响 [ 22] 。美国多家机构的共同研究发现,妊娠期间PCOS患者雄激素水平的循环升高可能会增加子代情绪障碍发生的风险。为了证实这一推测,该机构进行了动物实验,结果发现子代中有焦虑情绪表现的雌性大鼠和部分雄性大鼠的杏仁核中血清素和γ-氨基丁酸基因表达增加,这些基因与情绪有关 [ 23] 。此外,雌性子代以及成年雌性的杏仁核中雄激素受体表达量减少。为了确定在杏仁核激活雄激素受体能否导致焦虑行为,研究者在雌性大鼠的杏仁核中注射了睾丸激素,结果发现这些大鼠出现了焦虑行为。该项研究表明,孕期高雄激素引起子代的焦虑行为和雌性子代成年后的雄激素过多可能缘于胎儿时期,雄激素通过介导杏仁核的雄激素受体,改变位于杏仁核和海马的α-受体、血清素、γ-氨基丁酸基的基因表达之故。
另外,PCOS患者子代可能存在自闭症及多动症的风险。自闭症是广泛性发育障碍的一种亚型,以男性多见,起病于婴幼儿期,主要表现为不同程度的言语发育障碍、人际交往障碍、兴趣狭窄和行为方式刻板。自闭症的病因目前尚不明确,可能与遗传、围生期、内分泌、环境等因素有关。近年来已经有人注意到在一些自闭症的患者中有高雄激素的表现,尤其是女性患者中 [ 24] 。一项丹麦的研究前瞻性检测了胎儿羊水中的类固醇激素水平,结果发现有很高的雄激素水平的胎儿后来易发展成为自闭症患者,主要是雄烯二酮和睾酮。这是第一个证实自闭症患者在胎儿时期就存在较高的类固醇激素活性的直接证据 [ 25] 。尽管PCOS患者孕期存在高雄激素水平的事实已经证实 [ 26] ,同时PCOS患者所生育的新生儿中性激素水平存在异常 [ 27] ,但仍不能表明PCOS与自闭症的发生存在关联。一项在瑞典进行的全国范围内的大样本病例对照研究(纳入1984至2007年出生在瑞典的4~17岁儿童)发现,PCOS孕妇子代患自闭症的概率增加59%,且子代男女性发生概率相等,这可能与PCOS孕产妇体内雄激素过多有关 [ 28] 。这项研究同时支持了先前的一些假设 [ 29] 。2016年瑞典的另一项多中心大样本研究结果显示:PCOS使得子代患多动症的概率增加42% [ 30] ,但其机制目前仍处于假说状态,需要进一步深入研究。
越来越多的研究已经表明,PCOS对子代生殖系统、代谢系统、神经精神系统均有不同程度的远期改变,但目前缺乏直接相关的证据,PCOS发生发展机制仍需进一步研究。从表观遗传学角度明确PCOS对子代远期影响的机制有望成为未来的研究趋势之一。
志谢
浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院朱宇航和吴琰以及伦敦大学学院医学院(University College London Medical School)的Paul J.Hardiman参与了本文的修改,谨谢!
Funding Statement
浙江省杰出青年科学基金(LR16H040001);国家自然科学基金(81401167)
References
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