Abstract
血小板富集血浆(PRP)是血小板浓度高于体内正常浓度且富含各种生长因子的血浆制品,通过全血离心去除红细胞后获得。PRP通过释放丰富的细胞因子,促进肌腱细胞及肌腱干细胞增殖、分化及基质的合成分泌,从而促进组织修复和再生。同时,通过抑制疼痛相关因子的表达,缓解患者的疼痛症状。目前大量临床研究表明,PRP对于髌腱病、肱骨外上髁炎、足底筋膜炎等肌腱疾病有着较好的修复作用,但也有一些研究显示其效果不确切,主要是由于PRP提取流程不一致、患者病程不同以及注射方案不同等所导致。因其安全,可作为肌腱病保守治疗的选择,尤其是在其他保守治疗无效的情况。相信通过更多严谨的基础研究及临床试验,规范其使用过程,PRP将在肌腱病的治疗上发挥更重要的作用。
Abstract
Platelet-enriched plasma (PRP) contains high concentration of platelets and abundant growth factors, which is made by centrifuging of blood and separating of blood elements. PRP promotes tendon repair by releasing various cytokines to enhance cell proliferation, tenogenic differentiation, formation and secretion of matrix; meantime, it can reduce pain by inhibiting the expression of pain-associated molecules. A number of clinical studies demonstrated that PRP was effective in treatment of tendinopathy, including patellar tendinopathy, lateral epicondylitis and plantar fasciopathy. However, some studies did not support this conclusion, because of disparity of PRP types, therapeutic courses and injections protocols in clinical application. Based on its safety, PRP can be a choice of treatment for tendinopathy, in case other non-surgical therapies are of no effect.
Keywords: Tendinopathy, Blood platelets, Review
肌腱病是一种常见的骨科疾病,主要是由于肌腱的过度使用导致肌腱的退行性病变,引起疼痛及功能障碍 [ 1] 。临床上主要采用保守治疗,主要包括运动功能锻炼,体外冲击波治疗,局部注射类固醇、抑肽酶、硬化剂等,对于保守治疗无效的情况,则予以手术治疗。各种治疗的效果不一致,总体来说目前肌腱病的临床治愈率仍然很低 [ 2- 3] 。
目前国内临床门诊应用最普遍、短期疗效显著的方法还是类固醇类的局部注射。这一治疗方式虽然可以带来短期(1个月左右)的疼痛症状缓解 [ 4] ,但是越来越多的高质量随机对照研究表明,局部激素封闭治疗肌腱病患者中远期(6个月和12个月)效果甚差 [ 5] ,且并发症多,故这一方法已不再被一线临床医师看好。肌腱病的治疗需要更加有效的手段。
近年来,再生医学技术为肌腱病的治疗开辟了新途径。血小板富集血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)的局部注射是目前肌腱病治疗的新兴技术手段,可促进受损肌腱的再生修复,达到治愈的效果 [ 6] 。PRP是富含血小板的血浆制品,其血小板含量是正常血液中的数倍,同时含有多种细胞因子。因提取的流程不同,其中各种成分包括白细胞、红细胞及各种细胞因子的含量均不同 [ 7] 。临床PRP治疗肌腱病在国外已是成熟的技术操作,但是在国内其用于临床治疗尚处于起步阶段,教科书上对其使用说明及疗效阐述甚少,仅有少量期刊零星发表一些临床试验研究结果 [ 8- 9] 。国外的研究结果总体倾向于PRP治疗肌腱病有效,但是这些研究无论从患者数量还是随访体系,还存在很大的不足。
针对目前国内肌腱病患者数量基数大,PRP产品种类少,但应用范围正逐渐扩大等现状,我们就PRP治疗肌腱病的疗效及预后予以综述,希望为临床应用PRP治疗肌腱病提供参考。
PRP通过全血离心后去除红细胞后获取,其中血小板含量高于全血的液体血浆成分 [ 10] 。国外有学者根据其中白细胞和纤维蛋白含量的不同,又将其细分为四大类,包括纯富含血小板的血浆(P-PRP),富含白细胞/血小板的血浆(L-PRP或ACP),纯富含血小板的纤维蛋白基质(P-PRF)和富含白细胞/血小板的纤维蛋白基质(L-PRF) [ 7] 。但是从严格的定义上来讲,后两者不属于PRP,因为其内部的纤维蛋白已经被激活,处于一种固体/半固体状。有研究结果显示,局部注射未活化的PRP效果优于注射已活化的PRP。因此目前骨科临床上应用最广泛的是L-PRP,其血小板含量可达到全血的5~9倍。
各类PRP的制备均需要进行首次离心去除红细胞,离心后血浆层的体积占全血体积的40%~45%,根据之后的流程不同,可分为四种 [ 7, 10] :①直接抽取红细胞层之上约10%体积的富含血小板和白细胞层,获得L-PRP;②吸取红细胞层之上的全部血浆层,第2次离心浓集获得L-PRP;③在红细胞层和白细胞层之上,吸取血小板血浆,获得低浓度P-PRP;④吸取红细胞层之上的全部血浆层,第2次离心,取上层全部血浆层,去除底部的白细胞,第3次离心浓集富含血小板的血浆P-PRP。由于所用的离心力及离心时间不一致,同时吸取的位置没有一个精确的范围,而且不同来源的血液中血小板、白细胞以及细胞因子的含量不同,最终得到的PRP中血小板、白细胞以及细胞因子的浓度也有很大差异。
国外提供PRP制备套件或设备的厂家有很多,如美国Biomet公司的GPS System、 美国Cytomedix公司的AutoGel System、PPAI Medical公司的Secquire Cell Separator、Harvest Technologies公司的SmartPReP APC+System以及爱尔兰Depuy公司的Symphony Ⅱ platelet Concentrate System等。目前国内仅有一家PRP套件和设备供应商和一家技术服务支持单位,其产品见 表 1。
名称 |
供应商 |
耗材和设备 |
PRP类型 |
制备方法 |
抗凝剂 |
激活剂 |
制备环境 |
PRP制备套装和专用离心机 |
山东威高集团医用高分子制品股份有限公司 |
提供常规采血、制备、注射用耗材,专用离心机 |
含浓集白细胞的L-PRP |
预设离心参数的二步离心法 |
套装内含枸橼酸钠 |
根据需要单独提供 |
普通病房或手术室 |
基于自体细胞和 因子的组织再 生技术 |
浙江星月生物科技股份有限公司 |
采血、制备、注射耗材,进口离心机 |
去除白细胞的P-PRP或L-PRP |
专业制备,个性化定制产品 |
提供枸橼酸钠 |
根据需要单独提供 |
GMP洁净室,生物安全柜 |
虽然PRP在国外已被广泛应用于临床,但其确切作用机制尚不明确。目前已知PRP主要通过释放细胞因子、促进细胞增殖和基质分泌、抑制疼痛相关分子而起作用。
PRP释放出细胞因子,促进肌腱细胞和肌腱干细胞增殖、腱性分化及基质的表达和分泌。注射后的PRP在局部接触胶原基质后被激活,释放丰富的生长因子、细胞因子和趋化因子,包括表皮生长因子(EGF)、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、TGF-β、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)、血小板因子4(PF4) 和CD40L等 [ 11- 13] 。不同的生长因子具有不同的生理作用:PDGF能够促进肌腱细胞增殖,加速胶原的合成分泌,促进胞外基质的重建 [ 14] ;TGF-β能够促进内皮细胞的迁移,血管再生及局部细胞胶原的合成;FGF能够促进细胞迁移和增殖及新生血管的长入;VEGF同样能够促进新生血管的长入;IGF在肌腱修复的所有阶段均有表达,尤其在炎症阶段能够促进肌腱样细胞的迁移和增殖,促进胞外基质的分泌和修复。因此符合生理比例的生长因子组合在患者患病局部高浓度地缓慢释放,促进局部细胞增殖的同时吸引循环系统中更多细胞进入,改善局部微循环,加快组织的自然修复愈合进程。Anitua等 [ 15] 用PRP处理人来源的肌腱细胞,发现PRP能够促进肌腱细胞的增殖,同时促进血管生成因子包括VEGF和HGF合成。Tohidnezhad等 [ 16] 将大鼠肌腱细胞与PRP共培养,发现PRP能促进细胞增殖及迁移能力,增加了腱调蛋白的表达,同时增加了抗氧化基因的表达。其他许多研究也显示,PRP能够促进肌腱细胞增殖,增加细胞因子如TGF-β、PDGF等的合成,促进肌腱相关基因表达及基质(主要为胶原)合成分泌 [ 17- 20] ,减少金属蛋白酶和软骨相关基因表达 [ 19, 21] 。还有研究显示,PRP能提高肌腱细胞生存能力和抗衰老能力 [ 22] 。Zhang等 [ 23] 将兔子肌腱干细胞用PRP处理,发现肌腱干细胞变大变长,产生更多胶原,同时肌腱相关基因表达增加。说明PRP能够促进肌腱干细胞分化成肌腱细胞,同时具有增强肌腱干细胞增殖和胶原生成能力。
另外,PRP中含有的HGF能够通过抑制疼痛相关分子前列腺素E2(PGE2)和环氧酶1,2(COX-1,2)的表达,调节局部细胞和外周神经的反应,从而缓解患者的疼痛症状 [ 24- 25] 。
PRP治疗肌腱病在国外相对使用较多。早期的一些非随机对照研究提示,PRP在治疗肌腱疾病方面有着较好的作用,导致临床应用越来越普遍 [ 26] 。然而近年来有学者提出相反的结论 [ 27] ,致使至今仍然没有统一的较为肯定的结论。造成该状况的原因有许多,首先,目前没有一个PRP提取的标准流程,导致PRP浓度以及其中的白细胞、细胞因子的浓度不一致,这些成分浓度的差别均有可能影响治疗效果 [ 28] 。同时,肌腱病在发展过程中有不同阶段,且严重程度不一 [ 1] ,也会影响PRP的治疗效果。另外,PRP治疗步骤尚不统一,有研究显示,局部注射2次效果优于单次 [ 29] ,然而有许多研究提示需要注射3次,且每次间隔时间不同,这都将影响PRP的治疗效果。因此,临床需要通过严谨的科学研究规范治疗方法,包括所用PRP浓度及所含物质成分、临床适应证及治疗步骤 [ 30] 。尽管如此,因为PRP局部注射治疗较为安全,不失为肌腱病保守治疗的一个选择。
肱骨外上髁炎又称为网球肘,常发生于网球、羽毛球运动员等长期使用肘部运动的人员。Mishra等 [ 31] 对20例保守治疗无效的患者进行研究,比较单次注射PRP(15例)与布比卡因(5例)的差别。8周后PRP组在功能恢复、疼痛缓解及疗效满意度上均优于布比卡因组,因此建议PRP作为网球肘非手术治疗的一种选择。Connell等 [ 32] 对35例患者注射PRP治疗,取得了较好的临床结果,同时还发现患者肌腱的厚度及新生血管都有显著减少。Peerbooms等 [ 5] 通过随机对照试验比较了49例PRP治疗与51例类固醇治疗患者,发现类固醇在治疗早期有明显的效果,但效果持续时间短且随着时间下降;而PRP组持续有效且效果随时间提高。因此1年后PRP组在降低疼痛和改善功能方面优于类固醇组。两年后类固醇组疗效回到注射前水平,而PRP组仍然效果显著,并且没有明显并发症 [ 33] 。近期的一项230例患者的随机对照研究中,发现注射PRP组在12周时疗效与空白注射组没有差异,但在24周时PRP组疗效明显提高 [ 34] 。然而,Krogh等 [ 35] 将60例慢性网球肘患者随机分成3组,分别予以注射PRP、生理盐水和糖皮质激素,发现糖皮质激素组患者1个月时疼痛减少;3个月时,三组在减少疼痛方面疗效相似,在肌腱厚度及多普勒检查结果方面PRP组也没有显示出优势。
髌腱病又称为弹跳膝,主要发生于排球运动员等过度使用膝关节的人员。Kon等 [ 11] 对20例患者进行每15天一次连续3次的PRP注射,发现6个月后患者疼痛症状和膝关节功能有显著提高,并且未出现严重并发症,因此建议该方法可以作为弹跳膝的一种治疗选择。Filardo等 [ 36] 用同样的方法对15例顽固性弹跳膝患者注射3次PRP,与16例用传统理疗方法治疗患者比较,结果在疼痛水平、患者满意度等方面没有差异,但是在术后6个月时PRP组运动功能显著提高。Filardo等 [ 37] 对43例患者进行了至少为期36个月的中期随访,发现PRP注射后患者VISA-P评分从治疗前(44.1±15.6)提高到治疗后2个月时的(61.4±22.2)、6个月时的(76.6±25.4)、4年后的(84.3±21.6);其他指标也相应提高,同时80%患者恢复到患病前的运动能力。Vetrano等 [ 38] 比较了PRP注射(23例)与体外冲击波治疗(23例)的效果,发现两组VISA-P评分、VAS评分以及修饰的Blazina评分在2个月时没有差异,而在6个月时PRP组VISA-P评分、VAS评分均有提高,12个月时PRP组三种评分均明显提高,因此认为PRP在治疗弹跳膝的中期临床效果比体外冲击治疗更好。同时Charousset等 [ 39] 对28例患有弹跳膝的运动员进行每周1次共3次PRP注射,发现2年后患者症状改善、功能提高,同时MR检查显示肌腱结构也有改善。然而在一项随机对照试验中,PRP注射组(10例)与空针对照组(13例)比较,虽然在12周时改善症状更好,但到26周时无差异 [ 40] 。
Gaweda等 [ 41] 对14例患者的15个跟腱进行PRP治疗,发现18个月后,患者AOFAS评分从55提高到了96,VISA-A评分从24提高到了96,提示PRP能够改善跟腱炎的症状。有研究对27例难治性肌腱病患者34个肌腱进行PRP注射治疗,平均随访54.1个月后,患者VISA-A评分、EQ-VAS评分、Tegner评分均明显提高,证明了PRP中期疗效较好 [ 42] 。Guelfi等 [ 43] 对73例患者83个肌腱进行PRP注射,6个月时患者VISA-A评分从45提高到了88,功能恢复明显,满意度高,因此认为单次注射PRP是治疗肌腱病的一种不错的选择。然而De Vos等 [ 44] 对54例跟腱病的患者进行随机对照实验,发现PRP组(27例)与生理盐水组(27例)在治疗后24个月时无差异。不过有研究者对De Vos的结论提出异议,认为该研究不仅没有将功能锻炼无效作为病例选择条件,还在两组中均加入功能锻炼,而功能锻炼原本就有很好的效果,因此PRP的效果可能被掩盖 [ 10, 45] 。De Jonge等 [ 46] 对54例患者进行为期1年的随机对照研究,也得出类似于De Vos的结论,不过该研究也存在同样的问题。
肩袖肌腱病常导致肩关节功能障碍,目前没有很好的治疗手段。Rha等 [ 47] 对39例肩袖肌腱病患者进行随机对照研究,发现注射PRP能明显改善临床症状,减少疼痛,而且该优势在6个月后仍然存在。然而Kesikburun等 [ 48] 在对40例患者的随机对照研究中发现PRP注射与生理盐水对照组在1年后的效果没有显著性差异,因此认为PRP在减少疼痛、促进功能恢复方面没有效果。
足底筋膜炎常导致足底疼痛及残疾,是一种难治的疾病。Ragab等 [ 49] 对25例足底筋膜炎的患者注射PRP治疗,进行了平均10.3个月的随访,发现PRP注射能有效降低疼痛,减少功能受限患者比例;同时超声检查发现,PRP治疗能够减少足底筋膜的厚度和低回声信号。Martinelli等 [ 50] 对14例患者进行了PRP注射3次的治疗,也得出相似结论。Wilson等 [ 51] 对24例患者进行PRP治疗,结果32周时患者FAAM评分、Foot-SANE评分、SF-12v2量表评分及患者满意度方面均有显著提高。Kumar等 [ 52] 对44例经过1年以上保守治疗无效的患者观察发现PRP对该类患者的有效率达三分之二以上。Aksahin等 [ 53] 比较了PRP注射(30例)与类固醇注射(30例)的效果,发现两组在6个月时患者VAS足底疼痛评分比治疗前均有提高,但PRP似乎更安全。Monto等 [ 54] 也对40例患者随机给予PRP或类固醇,发现类固醇在治疗3个月时能提高患者AOFAS评分,随着时间延长疗效逐渐降低,到12个月时基本接近注射前的水平;而PRP治疗组在24个月时仍然有明显疗效。Jain等 [ 55] 也得出相似的结论,认为PRP比类固醇治疗更有效。Say等 [ 56] 也比较了PRP(25例)与类固醇(25例)的疗效,发现在6周和6个月时,PRP组与类固醇组比较,AFAS和VAS评分都有提高,因此认为PRP比类固醇在治疗足底筋膜炎时能更减少疼痛和恢复功能。Kim等 [ 57] 比较了PRP注射(10例)与葡萄糖增生疗法(11例),发现两者都有效,而PRP注射对提高功能效果更显著。
桡骨茎突筋膜炎常由于拇指或腕部过度活动引起疼痛。目前PRP治疗的研究不多。Peck等 [ 58] 报告一例74岁的女性老年患者,经过保守治疗及类固醇注射治疗均失败,于是予以经皮的腱切断术及注射PRP,在治疗3个月和6个月后VAS评分均提高。因此那些经保守治疗失败又不考虑手术治疗的患者可以试用该方法。
PRP是一种来自患者自身全血的富含血小板的血浆制品,含有大量的自体生长因子。大量的国外临床试验研究报告显示,PRP注射治疗具有操作简单、不良反应小、临床效果可靠等特点,不妨作为肌腱病手术治疗前的最后一个方法。目前该治疗方式在我国尚处于初步探索阶段,临床应用时间较短,还需要严格把握其适应证和禁忌证,选择合适的肌腱病患者,掌握正确的治疗方法和注意事项,并做好临床疗效随访工作。相信通过更多严谨的基础研究及临床试验,同时规范其使用过程,PRP将在肌腱病的治疗上发挥更重要的作用。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(81572157,81271970);浙江省自然科学基金(LY14H060003)
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