Abstract
目的
研究我国中老年人患口腔疾病与抑郁症状的关系。
方法
分析2013−2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查纵向研究(CHARLS)数据,采用抑郁自评量表(CES-D-10)得分筛选出2013年中年老人群中无抑郁症状的样本3828例作为观察对象,将患口腔疾病作为因变量,追踪观察人群在2015年抑郁症状的变化,运用Cox比例风险模型估计口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间的关系。
结果
患口腔疾病中老年人群抑郁症状检出率为29.3%,未患口腔疾病中老年人群抑郁症状检出率为20.4%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。在控制混杂因素后,Cox比例风险模型发现患口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间存在关联〔风险比率(HR)=0.683,95%置信区间(CI):0.583~0.800 〕,中老年女性患口腔疾病(HR=0.708,95%CI:0.573~0.874)较男性(HR=0.644,95%CI:0.506~0.819)更容易出现抑郁症状(P<0.05)。
结论
我国中老年人群患口腔疾病容易导致抑郁症状的产生,且女性高于男性。在口腔疾病治疗过程中应积极采取预防控制措施,促进中老年人的心理健康。
Keywords: 口腔疾病, 抑郁症状, 中老年人, CES-D
Abstract
Objective
To study the relationship between oral disease and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adult populations in China.
Methods
The data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) done between 2013 and 2015 were analyzed. A total of 3828 middle-aged and older adults showing no depressive symptoms in an assessment with the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) were selected as the subjects of observation, and oral disease was taken as the dependent variable. Changes in depressive symptoms in the population were tracked in 2015, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relationship between oral diseases and depressive symptoms.
Results
The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 29.3% in middle-aged and older adults with oral diseases, and that of middle-aged and older adults without oral diseases was 20.4%, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, Cox proportional hazards model analysis found an association between oral diseases and depressive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR]=0.683, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.583-0.800). It was more likely for middle-aged and older women (HR=0.708, 95% CI: 0.573-0.874) with oral diseases to develop depressive symptoms than men (HR=0.644, 95% CI: 0.506-0.819) did (P<0.05).
Conclusion
Oral diseases in the middle-aged and older adult populations tended to lead to depressive symptoms, and women showed higher rate than men did. Prevention and control measures should be taken actively in the course of oral disease treatment to promote mental health of middle-aged and older adults.
Keywords: Oral disease, Depressive symptoms, Middle-aged and older adults, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
目前口腔疾病已成为全球性公共卫生问题,约55%的人群患有不同程度的口腔疾病,特别在老年人群中,口腔疾病已成为主要的疾病负担之一[1]。第四次全国口腔流行病学调查结果显示,我国中老年居民口腔保健意识薄弱,牙周病、缺牙、失牙等问题较为突出。口腔疾病不仅对口腔的咀嚼、发音等生理功能造成影响,同时还与心脏病、脑卒中、糖尿病等全身疾病密切相关,危及中老年人群的生存质量[2]。抑郁是中国老年人常见的高发的心理疾病之一,占疾病调整寿命年的近一半[3],世界卫生组织预测抑郁将继续成为中老年人致病致残的主要原因[4]。目前已有临床研究证明口腔疾病与抑郁之间存在关联[5-6]。例如:口腔黏膜病患者更容易出现抑郁症状,且性别之间存在差异[7],颞下颌关节紊乱症(TMD)患者的抑郁症发病率高于无症状患者[8]等。但目前我国基于大样本人群研究口腔疾病与抑郁之间的关系的研究较少,且对于性别之间的差异研究结果仍存在争议[9]。本研究将中老年人群中是否患口腔疾病作为暴露因素,选取2013年和2015年两年中老年人群抑郁症状的随访数据,观察中老年人群中抑郁的变化情况,探讨口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间的关系,在控制混杂因素后,进一步探讨是否存在性别差异。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 数据来源
数据来源于2013年和2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)项目,该项目的调查对象为45岁及以上的中老年人群,调查覆盖全国30个省或直辖市共150个县(区)中的450个村(社区),其中基线调查开始于2011年,每2年追踪一次,调查内容主要涉及中老年人群的基本情况、社会支持、健康状况等,是我国较为权威的中老年人健康状况方面的微观调查数据。本研究根据研究目的在CHARLS项目调查人群中,筛选出2013年抑郁自评量表(CES-D-10)得分无抑郁症状的中老年人作为观察对象,将是否患口腔疾病作为暴露因素,观察其在2015年抑郁症状变化情况,在排除缺失值后,最终纳入样本3 826例。
1.2. 研究内容及指标定义
本研究将中老年人群近一年是否因口腔疾病到医疗机构就诊作为患口腔疾病的判断标准。而对抑郁症状判定选用流调用抑郁自评量表CES-D-10条目简易量表,条目包括:①我因一些小事而烦恼;②我在做事时很难集中注意力;③我感到情绪低落;④我觉得做任何事都很费劲;⑤我对未来充满希望;⑥我感到害怕;⑦我的睡眠不好;⑧我很愉快;⑨我感到孤独;⑩我觉得我无法继续我的生活。其中各条目下的选项分为4个等级:很少或根本没有(<1 d);不太多(1~2 d);有时候或者有一半时间(3~4 d);大多数时间(5~7 d)。根据标准计算抑郁得分,4个等级得分依次为0、1、2、3分,其中第5项和第8项反向计分,10项条目总分在0~30分间,≥10分认为有抑郁症状。此外本研究纳入控制因素主要包含:社会人口学特征、健康状况、健康相关行为3方面。其中社会人口学特征包括年龄、性别、城乡、受教育程度、婚姻状况。健康状况包括患慢性病情况、残疾情况、日常生活自理能力(ADL)。健康行为包括吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时间。其中ADL每项内容的评估等级分为没有困难、有困难自己可完成、有困难需要帮助完成和无法完成4个层次,其应得分依次为0、1、2、3分。11项内容综合评分范围为0~33分,本研究定义ADL得分≥6分为身体活动功能有损失,<6分为功能无损失。睡眠时长分为3个层次,睡眠时间过短(<6 h/d)、睡眠时间正常(6~9 h/d)、睡眠时间过长(≥9 h/d)。各因变量和自变量具体定义详见表1。
表 1. Definition and score assignment of observation indexes in middle-aged and older adult population.
中国中老年人群观察指标的定义与赋值
Variable | Means | Variable assignment |
ADL: Activity of daily living. | ||
X1 | Sex | Male=1; female=2 |
X2 | Age | 45-64 yr. group=1; ≥65 yr. group=2 |
X3 | Education level | Illiterate (1, 0); finishing primary education or part of it (0, 1); finishing middle school or higher-level education (0, 0) |
X4 | Household registration | Rural=1; urban=2 |
X5 | Marital status | Single, or married but not living together, or divorced or windowed=1; living with a partner but not married, or married and living together=2 |
X6 | Chronic disease | No chronic disease (1, 0); Just 1 chronic disease (0, 1); 2≤chronic disease (0, 0) |
X7 | Disability | Yes=1; no=2 |
X8 | Dental diseases | Oral diseases=1; no oral diseases=2 |
X9
|
ADL
|
Independent (ADL≤6)=1; dependent (ADL>6)=2
|
X10 | Smoking | Yes=1; no=2 |
X11 | Alcohol | Yes=1; no=2 |
X12 | Sleep time | <6 h (1, 0); 6-8 h (0, 1); ≥9 h (0, 0) |
Y
|
Depression
|
No depression (CES-D<10)=0; depression (CES-D≥10)=1
|
1.3. 统计学方法
利用描述性统计方法描述观察对象基本特征和抑郁水平,采用卡方检验进行中老年人群患口腔疾病与抑郁症状的单因素分析;采用Cox比例风险模型进行口腔疾病与抑郁症状的关联性分析,α=0.05。
2. 结果
2.1. 2013−2015年中老年人群抑郁症状变化情况
2013年筛选出无抑郁症状的观察对象共计3 826人,其中694人(18.1%)患口腔疾病,3 132 人(81.9%)未患口腔疾病。截止到2015年,在患口腔疾病的中老年人群中出现抑郁症状的有203人(29.3%),在未患口腔疾病人群中,出现抑郁症状的有639人(20.4%),通过卡方检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。
2.2. 人口学特征、健康状况和健康相关行为在不同中老年人群组别中的分布情况
见表2。以中老年人群在2015年抑郁症状检出情况数据为基础,将中老人群分为4组:未患口腔疾病,无抑郁症状;未患口腔疾病,有抑郁症状;患口腔疾病,无抑郁症状;患口腔疾病,有抑郁症状,分别描述中老年人群的人口学特征、健康状况和健康相关行为的分布情况,通过卡方检验结果发现性别、文化程度、城乡、患慢性病情况、ADL、饮酒情况在不同组别间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
表 2. The distribution of demographic characteristics, health status and health-related behaviors in different middle-aged and older adult population groups.
不同中老年人群组别中人口学特征、健康状况和健康相关行为的分布情况
Characteristic | No dental diseases | Dental diseases | P | |||
No depression | Depression | No depression | Depression | |||
ADL: Activity of daily living. | ||||||
Sex/case (%) | 0.000 | |||||
Male | 1 417 (82.7) | 297 (17.3) | 256 (75.1) | 85 (24.9) | ||
Female | 1 077 (75.9) | 342 (24.1) | 235 (66.8) | 117 (33.2) | ||
Age/case (%) | 0.737 | |||||
45-65 yr. | 1 995 (80.0) | 499 (20.0) | 393 (71.2) | 159 (28.8) | ||
≥66 yr. | 499 (78.1) | 140 (21.9) | 98 (69.5) | 43 (30.5) | ||
Education level/case (%) | 0.000 | |||||
Illiterate | 494 (74.2) | 172 (25.8) | 76 (59.8) | 51 (40.2) | ||
Finishing primary education or part of it | 1 064 (77.3) | 312 (22.7) | 189 (65.2) | 101 (34.8) | ||
Finishing middle school or higher-level education | 936 (85.8) | 155 (14.2) | 226 (81.9) | 50 (18.1) | ||
Household registration/case (%) | 0.000 | |||||
Rural | 2 004 (77.9) | 567 (22.1) | 344 (66.3) | 175 (33.7) | ||
Urban | 490 (87.2) | 72 (12.8) | 147 (84.5) | 27 (15.5) | ||
Marital status/case (%) | 0.595 | |||||
Living with a partner but not married or married and living together | 2 273 (79.8) | 576 (20.2) | 451 (71.4) | 181 (28.6) | ||
Single, or married but not living together, or divorced or windowed | 221 (77.8) | 63 (22.2) | 40 (65.6) | 21 (34.4) | ||
Chronic disease/case (%) | 0.000 | |||||
0 | 989 (82.3) | 212 (17.7) | 167 (76.6) | 51 (23.4) | ||
1 | 733 (79.6) | 188 (20.4) | 162 (68.6) | 74 (31.4) | ||
≥2 | 772 (76.4) | 239 (23.6) | 162 (67.8) | 77 (32.2) | ||
Disability/case (%) | 0.371 | |||||
Yes | 2 289 (79.4) | 593 (20.6) | 442 (70.7) | 183 (29.3) | ||
No | 205 (81.7) | 46 (18.3) | 49 (72.1) | 19 (27.9) | ||
ADL/case (%) | 0.000 | |||||
Independent | 2 293 (81.3) | 527 (18.7) | 452 (72.7) | 170 (27.3) | ||
Dependent | 201 (64.2) | 112 (35.8) | 39 (54.9) | 32 (45.1) | ||
Smoking/case (%) | 0.128 | |||||
Yes | 868 (81.2) | 201 (18.8) | 167 (76.6) | 51 (23.4) | ||
No | 1 626 (78.8) | 438 (21.2) | 324 (68.2) | 151 (31.8) | ||
Drinking/case (%) | 0.009 | |||||
Yes | 756 (82.6) | 159 (17.4) | 136 (74.7) | 46 (25.3) | ||
No | 1 738 (78.4) | 480 (21.6) | 355 (69.5) | 156 (30.5) | ||
Sleep time/case (%) | 0.783 | |||||
<6 h | 636 (80.4) | 155 (19.6) | 118 (70.7) | 49 (29.3) | ||
6-8 h | 1 767 (79.2) | 465 (20.8) | 359 (71.5) | 143 (28.5) | ||
≥9 h | 91 (82.7) | 19 (17.3) | 14 (58.3) | 10 (41.7) |
2.3. 中老年人群口腔疾病与抑郁症状间的关系及性别差异
将2013年无抑郁症状的中老年人群作为观察对象,把是否患口腔疾病作为观察因素,以2015年中老年人群检出抑郁症状为结局变量,时间变量为3年,进行Cox比例风险模型分析。为避免混杂因素影响,将2015年随访数据中的社会人口学特征、健康状况、健康行为作为控制因素。结果显示,患口腔疾病能导致中老年人群产生抑郁症状〔风险比率( HR )=0.697〕,且女性HR>男性HR(P<0.05)。见表3。
表 3. Cox regression analysis of gender differences in dental diseases and depression.
不同性别间口腔疾病与抑郁症的Cox回归分析
Model | Total | Female | Male | |||||
HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |||
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval. Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Adjusted for age, education level, household registration, marital status; Model 3: Adjusted for age, education level, household registration, marital status, disability, oral diseases, ADL; Model 4: Adjusted for age, education level, household registration, marital status, disability, oral diseases, ADL, chronic disease, smoking, alcohol, sleeping time. | ||||||||
Model 1 | 0.697 (0.596-0.817) | <0.001 | 0.725 (0.588-0.894) | <0.003 | 0.689 (0.542-0.876) | <0.002 | ||
Model 2 | 0.672 (0.574-0.788) | <0.001 | 0.698 (0.565-0.862) | <0.001 | 0.639 (0.502-0.814) | <0.001 | ||
Model 3 | 0.682 (0.582-0.800) | <0.001 | 0.709 (0.574-0.876) | <0.001 | 0.643 (0.505-0.819) | <0.001 | ||
Model 4 | 0.683 (0.583-0.800) | <0.001 | 0.708 (0.573-0.874) | <0.001 | 0.644 (0.506-0.819) | <0.001 |
3. 讨论
本研究把中老年人群是否患口腔疾病作为暴露因素,观察口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间的关系。在调整社会人口学特征、健康状况、健康相关行为等混杂因素后,研究发现中老年人群患口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间存在相关性,患口腔疾病的中老年人更容易出现抑郁症状。有研究证明患口腔疾病容易导致抑郁的关系可以通过口腔颌面部疼痛(OFP)来解释[10]。OFP是指脸部(眼睛下面到颈部)和口腔的疼痛[11],常为慢性疼痛,主要表现为头部前部的疼痛,包括口腔。疼痛的来源可能是肌肉、骨骼、牙齿、神经或副鼻窦。在一些情况下,OFP的诊断可能被忽视或延误,导致持续的慢性疼痛症状。且已有相关研究表明,慢性疼痛会导致抑郁[12]。
炎症机制也可以用来解释口腔疾病和抑郁症之间的关系[13]。口腔健康状况不佳已被认为是系统性炎症的一个来源,例如:有研究报告表明口腔健康状况不良是炎症疾病(如心血管疾病)的危险因素,口腔健康状况不良导致患心脑血管疾病的风险增加70%[14]。牙周病导致患心脑血管疾病风险增加2倍,从而导致心血管死亡风险增加[15]。目前已有大量的结果表明抑郁也是一种炎症性疾病,抑郁症状常伴有慢性炎症症状,主要表现为急性期蛋白〔如C反应蛋白(CRP)〕水平升高,以及促炎细胞因子(包括白介素和肿瘤坏死因子)水平升高[16],从而导致炎症症状出现。大规模前瞻性研究的数据表明,炎症标志物的升高,如高敏感性CRP,会增加患重性抑郁症的风险[17]。
此外口腔疾病与中老年人群生活方式有关,口腔疾病往往会导致口腔习惯和饮食选择的改变,包括营养不良、饮食限制、酒精和其他可能增加抑郁风险的因素[18]。患有口腔疾病已经被证明会影响食物选择和营养状况。
此外本研究还探讨了性别对口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间关系的影响,研究发现口腔疾病在中老年女性中比在男性中更容易出现抑郁症状。男女之间的差异,有生理结构、情感特征、社会角色等方面的差异。这可能是由于男女生理和心理上的差异,女性对情绪变化敏感,对事务的变化敏感[19],所以女性口腔疾病与抑郁的关联高于男性[20]。
本研究也存在一定的局限性。研究中将中老年人群因口腔疾病在医疗机构就诊定义为患口腔疾病存在不足,疾病病种不能明确区分,难以排除混杂因素的影响,如颌面部创伤等非需长期治疗的情况。
综上,本研究在对社会人口因素、吸烟、酗酒和健康状况等协变量进行控制后发现口腔疾病与中国中老年抑郁症状之间存在关联,从大样本数据方面论证了口腔疾病与抑郁症状之间的关系,但口腔疾病和抑郁之间的关系是双向的影响。已有的研究表明,抑郁症患者没有充分利用牙科服务,更有可能出现吸烟、喝酒、渴望碳水化合物和糖、忽视口腔健康、唾液分泌减少等情况,此外某些类型的抗抑郁药物可能会导致口腔健康恶化[16, 18, 21]。因此补充对口腔健康不良和抑郁之间潜在的因果机制的持续研究非常有必要。
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Contributor Information
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春洁 李 (Chun-jie LI), Email: lichunjie@scu.edu.cn.
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