Abstract
目的
观察并分析二尖瓣手术同期行房颤外科射频消融的安全性和中长期疗效。
方法
2014年1月−2018年12月,共选取280例合并房颤的器质性二尖瓣疾病患者入组研究,其中130例患者接受单纯的二尖瓣手术(未消融组),150例患者接受二尖瓣手术同期进行房颤外科射频消融手术(消融组)。150例消融组患者中有80例行双心房消融,70例行左心房消融。所有患者全麻后通过胸骨正中切口,升主动脉-上下腔静脉建立体外循环,主动脉阻断后,消融组患者参照Maze Ⅲ路线采用Atricure双极消融钳完成消融,同时切除左心耳,电灼Marshall韧带和Waterston沟。消融完成后,再进行二尖瓣手术。所有患者术后第一天予以口服胺碘酮200 mg,先3次/d×7 d,再2次/d×7 d,然后口服胺碘酮200 mg/d维持至术后3个月(消融组)或12个月(未消融组)。所有患者在出院后3个月、6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年进行随访,随访内容包括胸前标准12导联心电图和24 h动态心电图等,研究主要终点为术后出现晚期房颤事件的时间点;次要终点为:主要心脑血管事件、死亡、心衰再次入院。
结果
入组患者均顺利完成手术,共有30例患者在术后5年内失访(失访率10.7%),其中消融组有11例患者失访,未消融组有19例患者失访。消融组和未消融组在术后6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年的无房颤发生比例分别为83.3%和27.7%、72.7%和20.8%、66.0%和15.4%、61.3%和13.1%、43.3%和10.8%,两组数据差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);双房消融组和左心房消融组在术后6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年的无房颤发生比例分别为87.3%和87.5%、92.4%和82.8%、90.5%和85.7%、94.8%和88.1%、75.5%和69.4%,两组数据差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是两组的累积房颤发生差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);两组均无术后30 d死亡病例,术后1年内两组病例在脑血管意外、心衰再次入院、肺部感染、纵膈感染方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而消融组在因III度房室传导阻滞行永久起搏器安装较未消融组增多(P<0.05)。消融组术后迟发型心包积液需要再引流的情况高于未消融组(P<0.05)。
结论
心脏瓣膜手术同期使用双极射频消融装置行改良Maze手术治疗房颤的窦性心律转复维持率显著高于未消融组,手术安全性好,中长期疗效明显优于未消融组。左心房和双心房消融都是安全、有效的房颤外科治疗方法。相对于左心房消融组,双心房消融组在恢复和保持窦性心律上更有效。
Keywords: 二尖瓣手术, 房颤, 外科射频消融, 中长期疗效
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the safety and medium- and long-term efficacy of surgical radiofrequency ablation to treat atrial fibrillation during concomitant mitral valve surgery.
Methods
From January 2014 to December 2018, 280 patients with mitral valve disease and the comorbidity of preoperative atrial fibrillation were recruited for the study. Among them, 130 patients received only mitral valve surgery (non-ablation group), and 150 patients were underwent surgical radiofrequency ablation for the atrial fibrillation during concomitant mitral valve surgery (ablation group). Among the 150 patients of the ablation group, 80 had biatrial ablation, and 70 had left atrial ablation. Under general anesthesia, median sternotomy was done on all patients and cardiopulmonary bypass was established through the ascending aorta and superior and inferior venae cavae. After aortic occlusion, patients in the ablation group underwent the ablation procedure with the Atricure® bipolar ablation device, using the Cox Maze Ⅲ procedure as a reference. In addition, the left atrial appendage was removed and electrocautery of the ligament of Marshall and Waterston’s groove were performed in all Cox Maze cases. Following ablation, mitral valve replacement or repair was performed. All patients were given 200 mg oral amiodarone on the first day after surgery, for three times/d×7 d, which was followed by twice/d×7 d, and then oral amiodarone 200 mg/d was maintained till the end of 3 months after surgery (ablation group) or 12 months after surgery (non-ablation group). Patients were followed up at the intervals of 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, and 5 years after discharge. The follow-up service included standard 12-lead chest electrocardiogram (ECG) and 24-h dynamic ECG. The primary end point of the study was the time point of postoperative atrial fibrillation and the secondary endpoints were major cardiovascular events, death, and readmission due to heart failure.
Results
The surgeries were successfully performed in all subjects of the study. A total of 30 patients were lost to follow-up within 5 years after operation (10.7% losses to follow-up), including 11 patients in the ablation group and 19 patients in the non-ablation group. The proportion of patients who did not have atrial fibrillation in the ablation group and the non-ablation group at 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years and 5 years after surgery was 83.3% and 27.7%, 72.7% and 20.8%, 66.0% and 15.4% 61.3% and 13.1%, and 43.3% and 10.8%, respectively, with the data from the two groups showing statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The proportion of patients who did not have atrial fibrillation in the biatrial ablation and the left atrial ablation group at 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years and 5 years after surgery was 87.3% and 87.5%, 92.4% and 82.8%, 90.5% and 85.7%, 94.8% and 88.1%, and 75.5% and 69.4%%, respectively, with the data from the two groups showing no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). However, the cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation in the two groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.001). There were no deaths within 30 days after operation in either group. There was no significant difference in cerebrovascular accident, readmission for heart failure, pulmonary infection and mediastinal infection between the two groups within one year after operation (P>0.05). However, the proportion of patients who had permanent pacemaker installed due to Ⅲ-degree atrioventricular block in the ablation group was higher than that in the non-ablation group (P<0.05). The proportion of patients who required re-drainage due to delayed pericardial effusion in the ablation group was higher than that in the non-ablation group (P<0.05).
Conclusion
In the group of patients who had modified Cox Maze procedure with bipolar ablation device to treat atrial fibrillation during concomitant mitral valve surgery, the maintenance rate of sinus rhythm after cardioversion was significantly higher than that in the non-ablation group. The surgery showed better safety and significantly better medium- and long-term outcomes. Left atrial ablation and biatrial ablation were both considered safe and effective surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation. Compared with the left atrial ablation group, the biatrial ablation group achieved better effects in restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm without an increase the incidence of perioperative complications.
Keywords: Mitral valve surgery, Atrial fibrillation, Surgical radiofrequency ablation, Medium- and long-term efficacy
心房颤动(简称房颤)是最常见的持续性心律失常。外科房颤消融手术目前已经应用于临床,传统的Cox-MazeⅢ路径手术是治疗房颤的“金标准”手术,随着房颤机制研究的进一步深入,使用能量平台(如射频、冷冻和微波等)进行Cox-Maze Ⅳ手术,以其更简短的手术时间、方便的操作获取一定的技术优势,但是其临床使用的安全性和恢复窦性心律的中远期有效性还需要证实。本研究旨在对二尖瓣手术同期行房颤外科射频消融的中远期疗效和安全性进一步展开研究。
1. 临床资料和方法
1.1. 临床资料
本组为回顾性临床对照研究,遵守赫尔辛基宣言的原则。经医院伦理审查委员会批准([2014]YLA085-01),患者知情并签署知情同意书。
按照入组要求,从2014年1月−2018年12月在我院行二尖瓣手术的患者中选取280例合并房颤的器质性二尖瓣疾病患者入组研究。其中130例患者接受单纯的二尖瓣手术(未消融组),150例患者接受二尖瓣手术同期进行房颤外科射频消融手术(消融组)。在消融组内,80例患者行双心房消融(双房消融组),70例患者行左心房消融(左心房消融组)。所有患者术前均进行详细的检查,包括12导联心电图、经胸超声心动图、全胸片,同时采集术前相关病史:包括房颤持续时间、NYHA心功能分级、患者基础疾病等。
入组标准:患者具有符合2014 AHA/ACC/HRS房颤管理指南中定义的持续性房颤和长程持续房颤病史,年龄大于18岁,可以接受华法林抗凝治疗。
排除标准:怀孕的育龄期妇女,左室射血分数≤30%,需要紧急心脏手术的患者(比如心源性休克),含有抗凝治疗的禁忌症,左心房直径>70 mm,术前需要主动脉内球囊泵或静脉内注射强心药,此前曾进行房颤消融、房室结消融、手术性迷宫操作,需要透析的肾功能衰竭或肝功能衰竭,诊断活动性系统性感染,小于6周的心肌梗死,QTc>440 ms,患者有脑卒中史<6个月,合并病态窦房结综合征、甲状腺功能亢进。
1.2. 方法
两组患者均由同一组医生操作完成。全麻后通过胸骨正中切口,升主动脉-上下腔静脉建立体外循环,主动脉阻断后,消融组的患者先行房颤射频消融术,双心房和左心房消融组消融线路参照Maze Ⅲ术式:左心房消融径路包括左右肺静脉开口隔离线及其之间左房顶的连线,左下肺静脉口与二尖瓣后瓣环之间连线,左上肺静脉口与左心耳之间连线;右心房消融径路包括上下腔静脉间界嵴连线,右心耳与三尖瓣环连线,右心耳至下腔静脉间切口,下腔静脉入口后壁至三尖瓣后瓣环之间。同时切除左心耳,电灼Marshall韧带及Waterston沟。消融完成后,再进行二尖瓣手术。未消融组患者切除左心耳后直接行二尖瓣置换/成形手术。三尖瓣返流均采用De Vega成形方法,术后均常规放置心外膜临时起搏导线。
所有患者术后第一天予以口服胺碘酮200 mg,先3次/d×7 d,再2次/d×7 d,然后消融组患者口服胺碘酮200 mg/d维持至术后3个月,未消融组患者口服胺碘酮200 mg/d维持至术后12个月。服药期间定期检测甲状腺功能,当甲状腺功能出现异常且心率低于60 min−1时停用胺碘酮。所有患者在出院后3个月、6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年进行随访,随访内容包括术后心功能,有无脑血管事件,复查胸前标准12导联心电图和24 h Holter。消融术后3个月内出现任何房颤心律均属于早期房颤事件。3个月后出现房颤、房性心律失常或房扑均属于晚期房颤事件。本研究观察主要终点为术后出现晚期房颤事件的时间点。次要终点为:主要心脑血管事件、死亡、心衰再次入院。术后随访方式采用电话随访为主,部分患者通过微信随访。
1.3. 统计学方法
分类变量采用频率和百分率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验或者Fisher’s精确检验,Kaplan-Meier法描述后期累积房颤发生率,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
入组患者均顺利完成手术,所有患者均随访1年以上,后续共有30例患者在术后5年内失访(失访率10.7%),其中消融组有11例患者失访,未消融组有19例患者失访。其余患者完成术后5年期内的随访工作。
2.1. 消融组和未消融组术后窦性心律数据对比
消融组和未消融组在术后3个月、6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年进行随访观察结果发现:消融组窦性心律维持比例高于未消融组,两组数据差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),见图1。
图 1.
Comparison of postoperative sinus rhythm between ablation group and non-ablation group
消融组和未消融组术后窦性心律比较
*P<0.001.
2.2. 双心房消融组和左心房消融组术后心律比较
双心房消融组和左心房消融组在术后3个月、6个月、12个月、2年、3年、5年进行随访,两组窦性心律维持比例同期对比无明显差异(P>0.05),详见图2。但是术后5年内累积房颤发生情况显示,两组的累积房颤发生差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),详见图3。
图 2.
Comparison of the postoperative sinus rhythm results between the biatrial ablation group and the left atrial ablation group across time
双心房消融组和左心房消融组术后窦性心律比较
图 3.
Cumulative incidence of the postoperative atrial fibrillation in the biatrial ablation group and left atrial ablation group within 5 years
双心房消融组和左心房消融组术后5年内累积房颤发生率
*P<0.001, vs. left atrial ablation group.
2.3. 术后1年内并发症情况
消融组和未消融组无术后30 d内和住院期间死亡病例,消融组和未消融组术后1年内并发症情况详见表1。未消融组死亡1例,为脑血管意外;消融组死亡1例,为心力衰竭。消融组术后安装永久起搏器的比例高于未消融组(P<0.05),术后迟发型心包积液需要再引流的比例亦高于未消融组(P<0.05)。
表 1. Comparison of postoperative complications between the non-ablation group and the ablation group (within one year).
未消融组和消融组术后并发症比较(术后1年内)
Item | Non-ablation group (n=130) | Ablation group (n=150) |
*P<0.05, vs. the non-ablation group. | ||
End points of the study/case (%) | ||
Death | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) |
Cerebrovascular accidents | 2 (1.5) | 3 (2.0) |
Re-admission for heart failure | 6 (4.6) | 6 (4.0) |
Mitral valve reoperation | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.3) |
Severe complications/case (%) | ||
Heart failure | 14 (10.8) | 17 (11.3) |
Cerebral infarction | 3 (2.3) | 2 (1.3) |
Cerebral hemorrhage | 1 (0.8) | 0 |
Permanent pacemaker useage | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.0)* |
Renal failure | 3 (2.3) | 5 (3.3) |
Re-operation for post-operative bleeding | 2 (1.5) | 3 (2.0) |
Pulmonary infection | 10 (7.7) | 14 (9.3) |
Mediastinal infection | 3 (2.3) | 4 (2.7) |
Respiratory failure (requiring ventilator assistance) | 6 (4.6) | 9 (6.0) |
Late postoperative pericardial effusion (requiring re-drainage) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (3.3)* |
2.4. 术后心功能随访结果
两组术后3个月各参数相比差异无统计学意义。消融组术后1年左心房直径小于未消融组(P<0.05),但两组术后1年左心室直径和LVEF差异无统计学意义。见表2。
表 2. Postoperative LAD, LVD and LVEF in the ablation group and non-ablation group.
消融组和未消融组术后左心房、左心室直径和LVEF
Item | Non-ablation group (n=130) | Ablation group (n=150) | |||
3 months post-operation | 1 year post-operation | 3 months post-operation | 1 year post-operation | ||
*P<0.05, vs. the non-ablation group; LVD: Left ventricular end diastolic volume; LAD: Left atrial size; LVEF: Ejection fraction. | |||||
LVD/mm | 52.5±5.1 | 51.9±4.8 | 50.8±6.5 | 49.9±4.6 | |
LAD/mm | 52.1±6.0 | 51.2±5.4 | 51.1±5.0 | 45.6±5.1* | |
LVEF/% | 54.8±6.8 | 55.0±5.3 | 55.5±7.5 | 56.1±6.5 |
3. 讨论
房颤是目前最常见的心律失常,随着年龄的增加,其发病率也增加,尤其是合并二尖瓣疾病的患者,有将近50%的二尖瓣疾病患者合并房颤,其危害不仅仅是影响患者的心功能,更重要的是容易出现栓塞并发症,增加患者的致死率,因此针对房颤治疗很有临床意义[1-2]。
外科消融手术治疗房颤在国外逐步被心外科医生接受,美国已经有50%以上的心外科医生在二尖瓣疾病合并房颤的手术治疗中,同期进行房颤消融治疗[3]。风湿性瓣膜病依旧是发展中国家十分关心的问题,有证据显示,同期双极射频消融对于风湿性瓣膜进行瓣膜手术安全、有效、可行,12个月后的转复率66%~79%[4]。国内目前也在一些心脏中心开展该项目,但是广泛开展仍有困难,主要是因为增加手术时间、体外循环时间和主动脉阻断时间,增加心脏手术的复杂性,低估房颤远期危害性,对手术的安全性和有效性仍有顾虑。
房颤的发生机制迄今为止依旧不明确,很多因素参与房颤机制的发生,比如:肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的激活、血液动力学的超负荷、炎症和氧化应激、结构/电生理学的重构、局灶激发和折返等[5]。房颤消融作为一种新的针对房颤的发生/持续致病机制的治疗方法,具有其独特的优势。
本组对二尖瓣疾病合并房颤的患者进行分组治疗,结果显示,消融组的患者术后6个月、12个月和2年、3年和5年恢复窦性心律的成功率远远高于未消融组的患者,即便术前是持续房颤或者长程持续房颤的患者[6]。对于那些接受二尖瓣成形手术的患者,只要能够维持窦性心律,术后6个月即可停用华法林抗凝治疗,避免了华法林终身抗凝给患者带来的一系列问题。
由于能量平台的应用,使得改良MAZE Ⅳ手术更为简便,易于学习和推广,目前以射频消融和冷冻消融效果最佳,消融线路遵照MAZE Ⅲ逐步改良,有学者将消融线路分为双心房消融(完全遵照MAZE Ⅲ线路)和左心房消融,有Meta分析结论显示[7],双心房消融在早期1年以内的窦性心律成功率高于左心房消融,然而1年后两组的无房颤率无明显差异。但是从房颤的发病机理上,房颤的启动除了双侧肺静脉口和左心房外,Marshall韧带、右心房心外膜脂肪垫处的神经丛(ganglionated plexi, GP)、连接GP的神经纤维也是不可忽视的因素[7-9]。因此双心房消融尽管增加了一点手术时间,但是其无房颤率理论上好于左心房消融。本研究结果显示:术后6个月、12个月、2年、3年和5年,尽管双心房消融组的无房颤率和左心房消融组无明显差异,但是累积房颤发生率结果显示,左心房消融组明显高于双心房消融组。另外,本研究还发现,消融组术后第5年房颤发生有所增多,其可能的原因有:①术后5年部分患者的房颤消融线可能发生再通现象,使得房颤启动机制再次发生。②术后5年随访中,在左心房消融组中约有18%的患者出现三尖瓣中重度返流,在双心房消融组中约有22%的患者出现三尖瓣中重度返流。三尖瓣出现中重度返流也是导致晚期房颤复发的重要因素之一。因此房颤消融术后的长远期疗效还有待进一步研究。
最近的综述报道外科房颤消融总的死亡率为0.4%[10],然而,术后的风险和并发症值得重视,比如肺血管问题、出血和膈神经功能障碍等。将右侧肺静脉的消融线更加靠近肺静脉根部,可以减少与消融范围有关的膈神经损伤的发生概率。短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和脑梗塞发生率约为0.5%[10]。大多数并发症都是短暂性的,但是有1.4%的患者可能需要接受永久性起搏器的安装[11],本研究中消融组的永久起搏器安装率为2%,高于未消融组。临床上消融的成功率取决于透壁性消融线的持久性,这也是很多射频消融器材最主要的局限性[12]。事实上,射频消融后心脏传导束的恢复依旧较高,需要重复多次的消融,加上电生理在检测消融后传导束阻断的有效性[13],也许可以确保长期的透壁性。
在过去的二十年里,药物、导管和手术方式治疗房颤取得了卓越非凡的进步。新颖的消融技术、消融能源方式和微创途径的发展彻底改变了房颤的手术治疗。房颤消融同期行其他的心脏手术改善了患者的预后,而并没有显著增加手术风险。随着技术的发展,包括高密度和/或3D描记检测系统,在揭示房颤机理、电生理特征和心房心律失常的定位上发挥着重要作用。近期开发的心表无创伤性心外膜描记检测系统与传统的有创性电生理检测系统相比,显示出了92%的准确度,这个具有前途的系统将改进消融计划,节省操作时间和荧光暴露,提高整个操作的有效性[14]。另一方面,心电图成像技术可以采用由CT/MRI扫描提供的解剖信息重建心房电描记图[15-16],这在定位心律失常触发点和反折上非常有用。在不久的将来,电生理医生和心外科医生的密切合作将把房颤治疗带入新的纪元。综上所述,心脏瓣膜手术同期使用双极射频消融装置行改良Maze手术治疗房颤的窦性心律转复维持率显著高于未消融组,手术安全性好,中长期疗效明显优于未消融组。左心房和双心房消融都是安全、有效的房颤外科治疗方法。相对于左心房消融组,双心房消融组在恢复和保持窦性心律上更有效。
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利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Contributor Information
科 张 (Ke ZHANG), Email: zhangke96025@163.com.
鑫 陈 (Xin CHEN), Email: stevecx@njmu.edu.cn.
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