Abstract
亚急性甲状腺炎(SAT)是最常见的自限性甲状腺疼痛疾病,病因尚不明确,多与病毒感染或病毒感染后的变态反应有关,疫苗接种后出现SAT极为罕见。本例患者接种第1剂九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗(Gardasil 9)0.5 mL约8 h后无明确诱因出现发热,最高体温37.8 ℃,伴颈部疼痛、疲惫乏力,吞咽时疼痛加剧,入院后查体发现甲状腺Ⅱ°肿大,质硬,触痛明显,未闻及血管杂音,疫苗接种处无红肿、破溃,余查体未见明显异常,实验室检查:C-反应蛋白25.20 mg/L,血沉55 mm/1 h,白细胞4.94×109 L−1,促甲状腺激素0.137 mU/L,游离甲状腺素22.32 pmol/L,抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体69.18 IU/mL,抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体21.66 IU/mL。甲状腺彩超示:双侧甲状腺弥漫性肿大,内回声不均。诊断为SAT。予以布洛芬对症治疗,经治疗5 d后患者未再出现低热,颈部疼痛症状缓解。随访至今,已完成3剂九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗的接种,复查甲状腺功能正常,未见SAT复发。
Keywords: 亚急性甲状腺炎, 九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗, 不良反应, 发病机制
Abstract
Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is the most common self-limiting thyroid disease causing pain. The etiology of the disease remains unknown, but it is usually related to viral infection or allergic reaction after viral infection. SAT after vaccination is extremely rare. The patient had a fever of no clearly defined cause about 8 hours after receiving the first dose of a 0.5 mL 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil 9). The highest temperature was 37.8 ℃, accompanied by a pain in the neck, fatigue and the increasing pain when swallowing. After the patient was admitted to the hospital, physical examination revealed Ⅱ° enlargement of the thyroid gland, which was hard and tender, and no vascular murmur was heard. There was no redness, swelling or ulceration at the vaccination site, and no obvious abnormalities were observed in other physical examinations. Laboratory findings were as follows: C-reactive protein, 25.20 mg/L; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 55 mm/1 h; leukocyte, 4.94×109 L−1; thyrotropin, 0.137 mU/L; free thyroxine, 22.32 pmol/L; antithyroglobulin antibody, 69.18 IU/mL; anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, 21.66 IU/mL. Thyroid ultrasonography showed diffuse enlargement of bilateral thyroid with uneven internal echo. The patient was diagnosed with SAT. After 5 days of treatment with ibuprofen, the patient no longer had low fever and the neck pain was relieved. The patient was followed up till now, and had completed the vaccination of the three-dose 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine. The function of thyroid was found to be normal in follow-up visits, and SAT did not recur.
Keywords: Subacute thyroiditis, Nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine, Adverse reaction, Pathogenesis
1. 病例资料
患者,女性,18岁,因“发热伴颈部疼痛3 d”就诊。患者入院前3 d无明确诱因出现发热,最高体温37.8 ℃,伴颈部疼痛、疲惫乏力,吞咽时疼痛加剧,自行口服感冒冲剂治疗仍有低热,颈痛症状未见明显缓解,为求进一步诊治就诊于我院。疫苗接种史:3 d前接种第1剂九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗(Gardasil 9)0.5 mL,接种后30 min观察期间无特殊不适。体格检查:体温37.6 ℃,脉搏 95 min−1,呼吸19 min−1;血压123/69 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),正常面容,咽部充血,扁桃体未见肿大,甲状腺Ⅱ°肿大,质硬,触痛明显,未闻及血管杂音,疫苗接种处无红肿、破溃,余查体未见明显异常。实验室检查:C-反应蛋白(CRP)25.20 mg/L,血沉55 mm/h,白细胞4.94×109 L−1,促甲状腺激素(TSH)0.137 mU/L,游离甲状腺素(FT4)22.32 pmol/L,抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)69.18 IU/mL,抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)21.66 IU/mL。甲状腺彩超示:双侧甲状腺弥漫性肿大,内回声不均。诊断:亚急性甲状腺炎(SAT)。予以布洛芬对症治疗,经治疗5 d后患者未再出现低热,颈部疼痛症状缓解,随访至今,已完成3剂九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗的接种,复查甲状腺功能正常,未见SAT复发。
2. 讨论
SAT是一种常见的甲状腺疾病,主要表现为发热、甲状腺疼痛以及甲状腺功能异常,诊断主要依赖于病毒感染病史、症状、体征及实验室检查。本例SAT以发热、乏力、颈部疼痛起病,并伴有血沉增快,甲状腺激素升高,TGAb、TPOAb阴性,同时甲状腺彩超提示SAT改变,可明确SAT诊断;对于轻症SAT患者选用非甾体抗炎药或阿司匹林足以应对治疗,本例患者即属于此情况,非甾体抗炎药效果良好,而一旦症状加重还需使用肾上腺皮质激素,如果出现明显的甲状腺毒症可使用β肾上腺素受体阻滞剂,症状缓解立即停药,但是不推荐使用抗甲状腺药物,以防出现永久甲状腺功能减退。
本病例更为特殊的是SAT发作前并没有感染的直接证据,临床症状出现在接种九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗后不久,与SAT所公认的病毒感染相关病因相矛盾,但迄今国内外已有10余例类似疫苗接种后出现SAT的报道,或许说明SAT也可发生于非病毒感染后。据我们所知,本病例为人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种后第1例SAT患者,两者间的发生发展可能与遗传易感性、病毒感染后免疫功能紊乱及疫苗佐剂类型等多因素有关。众所周知,人种不同,对感染、炎症、自身免疫的敏感性也会有差异,而免疫应答中的这种个体异质性可能对疫苗接种后反应产生重大影响,Gardasil 9国内外临床研究中常见不良反应并不一致,其中针对国外人群的研究曾报道过颈部疼痛为偶见不良反应的一种,说明人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种后出现SAT是有可能的,而SAT具备的遗传易感性在本例患者的SAT发病过程中发挥作用也未可知[1]。另一方面,九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗是乳头瘤状病毒主要衣壳蛋白 L1组装成的类病毒颗粒(VLP)经高度纯化而制成,VLP具有病毒体的天然构象,具有树突状细胞(DCs)靶向性,能促进DCs成熟,同时也能活化单核细胞和巨噬细胞,并体外诱导表位特异性的T细胞反应[2]。加上该疫苗佐剂使用了安全性能最高、应用最长久的铝佐剂,其可与抗原共同激活DCs及炎性因子,刺激机体免疫应答,在本例SAT患者接种后,触发机体免疫应答,多种免疫因子激活,病毒易感性增加,从而引起甲状腺损伤也极为可能[3]。
本例报道的局限性在于,诊疗及随访过程中缺乏甲状腺摄碘率等检查,但根据患者明确的接种史、临床表现及辅助检查可以诊断SAT,作为九价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种后引起SAT的1例罕见报道,对后续临床上出现类似情况仍具有一定的指导意义。在临床工作中,遇到人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种后出现发热、乏力、甲状腺疼痛的患者应及时考虑SAT的可能,必要时,应该及时完善甲状腺核素扫描或细胞学检查,并对SAT阳性病史的患者进行至少6个月的甲功监测。
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