Abstract
目的
探讨超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)在糖尿病创面治疗中的作用。
方法
收集2021年4月–2022年7月间在我院做过创面超声造影检查的27例糖尿病患者临床资料。26例为糖尿病足溃疡患者,其中5例在住院期间做了截肢手术;1例为臀部溃疡患者。27例患者平均年龄(64.08±12.57)岁;空腹血糖3.36~34.61 mmol/L,平均(10.62±8.77) mmol/L;糖化血红蛋白5.80%~10.70%,平均7.96%±1.50%。采用 Philips EPIQ7超声诊断仪,L9-3线阵探头,频率3~9 MHz。首先用常规超声检查患者溃疡处,观察有无异常回声。再经肘部静脉注射造影剂SonoVue(Bracco公司)2.4 mL,寻找病变区有无积液/脓、窦道或死腔,同时采集图像。
结果
27例患者中除5例为截肢残端外,22例患者创面0.16~215 cm2,均伴有窦道形成。10例患者在治疗过程中进行超声检查,常规超声检查阳性率为50%(5/10),发现创面深面积液/脓及假性动脉瘤;CEUS检查阳性率为100%(10/10),在常规超声未查出异常的5例患者溃疡深面发现了较大的窦道或死腔。上述27例患者,其中17例在出院前进行了超声复查创面深部窦道、死腔等愈合情况:常规超声复查未发现伤口深面窦道,CEUS发现10例患者创面深部较小的死腔或窦道,常规超声及CEUS检查均发现1例患者截肢残端存在少量积液;而其余6例复查患者,常规超声及CUES检查均未发现创面深部窦道等异常情况,创面完全愈合。
结论
通过CEUS检测糖尿病创面微血管灌注,可在治疗过程中观察窦道范围,出院前观察窦道是否痊愈或仍有死腔,为糖尿病创面治疗临床决策提供参考依据。
Keywords: 超声造影, 糖尿病足溃疡, 糖尿病创面, 微血管灌注
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the treatment of diabetic ulcers.
Methods
The clinical data of 27 diabetic patients, who underwent CEUS examination of their ulcers in our hospital between April 2021 and July 2022 were collected. Among them, 26 patients suffered from diabetic foot ulcers, 5 of whom underwent amputation during hospitalization, and one patient suffered from hip ulcer. The 27 patients’ mean age was (64.08±12.57) years. Fasting blood glucose levels of the patients were 3.36-34.61 mmol/L, with a mean of (10.62±8.77) mmol/L. Their glycosylated hemoglobin levels were 5.80%-10.70%, with an average of 7.96%±1.50%. Philips EPIQ7 ultrasound system with L9-3 linear probe of 3-9 MHz was used. First, the patients' ulcers were examined with conventional ultrasound to observe for abnormal echo. Then, 2.4 mL SonoVue (Bracco, Italy), a contrast agent, was injected intravenously through the elbow to look for effusion/pus, sinus tract, or dead space in the lesion area, and images were acquired.
Results
Among the 27 patients, except for 5 with amputation stumps, 22 patients had wound areas ranging from 0.16 cm2 to 215 cm2, all being accompanied by sinus tract formation. Ten patients underwent ultrasound examination during their treatment. The positive rate of the results of conventional ultrasound was 50% (5/10) for identifying effusion/pus and pseudoaneurysm in the deep area of ulcers, while the positive rate of CEUS results was 100% (10/10). In addition to the lesions found by conventional ultrasound, CEUS also found large sinus tracts or dead spaces in the deep surface of ulcers in 5 additional patients. Of the 27 patients, 17 underwent ultrasound examination of the healing status of sinus tracts and dead spaces in the deep areas of ulcers before discharge. No sinus tracts in the deep areas of the ulcers were found by conventional ultrasound. However, relatively small dead spaces or sinus tracts in the deep areas of the ulcers were found in 10 patients by CEUS. Conventional ultrasound and CEUS found that 1 patient had a small amount of fluid in the amputation stump. In the remaining 6 patients, no deep sinus tracts in the ulcers were found by either conventional ultrasound or CUES, and the ulcers healed completely.
Conclusion
By examining microvascular perfusion in diabetic wounds with CEUS, we can observe the extent of sinus tracts during treatment and whether the sinus tracts have healed or whether there are still dead spaces before patient discharge, which provides support for clinical decision-making concerning the treatment of diabetic ulcers.
Keywords: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound, Diabetic foot ulcer, Diabetic wound, Microvascular perfusion
糖尿病患者因为有相关的危险因素,如微血管疾病、周围神经疾病和生物力学的改变,足部容易发生皮肤溃疡[1]。糖尿病足是糖尿病患者严重并发症之一,在我国年发病率高达8.1%[2]。糖尿病足截肢率及死亡率高,在全球范围内,三分之一到二分之一的下肢截肢是由糖尿病引起的[3]。糖尿病创面往往表里不一,表面是一个小的溃疡,深面却有长的窦道,经久不愈,且容易复发,耗费大量的医疗资源,给患者带来巨大的痛苦及经济负担。超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)通过评估伤口局部微血管情况,检测常规超声(二维灰阶超声及彩色多普勒超声)无法显示的窦道或死腔。目前国内外对糖尿病创面治疗相关的CEUS评估的文献较少,现将我院CEUS在糖尿病伤口治疗中的应用病例报道如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 临床资料
共收集2021年4月–2022年7月在我院做过创面超声造影检查的糖尿病溃疡患者的临床资料27例,其中男性20例,女性7例。年龄39~83岁,平均年龄(64.08±12.57)岁。空腹血糖3.36~34.61 mmol/L,平均(10.62±8.77) mmol/L。糖化血红蛋白5.8%~10.70%,平均(7.96±1.50)%。26例为糖尿病足患者,Wagner分级:11例3级,14例4级,1例5级,其中5例在住院期间做了截肢手术;1例为臀部溃疡患者。创面病程长15~360 d。7例行下肢动脉球囊扩张术,1例患者接受了股浅动脉支架植入术,部分患者做了去除坏死足趾等治疗。所有的患者均接受了降低血糖、改善循环、抗凝、营养神经、抗感染、超声水刀清创、创面血小板凝胶治疗、创面负压吸引等综合治疗。
1.2. 超声检查方法
采用Philips EPIQ7超声诊断仪进行检查,用L9-3线阵探头,频率3~9 MHz。患者取平卧位,抬高患侧肢体,解开敷料暴露出创面。首先用二维灰阶超声全面检查患者溃疡处及周围,观察有无异常回声。再用彩色多普勒超声粗略观察病变区域血供。最后做CEUS,使用超声造影剂SonoVue(Bracco 公司生产)加入5.0 mL生理盐水后振摇溶解成微泡混悬液,经肘部静脉注射2.4 mL,然后团注(快速静脉推注)0.9%氯化钠溶液5.0 mL后寻找病变区有无未强化的窦道或死腔,同时采集图像。27例超声造影的糖尿病创面中,10例患者在治疗过程中第一次血小板凝胶治疗前超声常规超声(二维灰阶超声及彩色多普勒超声)及超声造影检查,观察有无窦道及其他需要处理的病变(积液、脓肿),如有积液/脓,则对其进行体表标识,便于临床处理。17例患者在临近出院前溃疡愈合或明显缩小,表面肉芽生长较好时做常规超声及超声造影检查,观察溃疡深面是否痊愈或仍然有窦道。
2. 结果
2.1. 创面情况
27例患者中除5例为截肢残端外,22例患者创面面积0.16 ~215 cm2,均伴有窦道形成,窦道最长5 cm。12例患者为多发溃疡。
2.2. 治疗过程中CEUS检测情况
有10例患者在治疗过程中(第一次血小板凝胶治疗前)常规超声检查的阳性率(发现创面深部窦道、积脓、积液等)为50%(5/10),发现2例患者截肢后残端内积液(图1),2例患者溃疡深面可见少许脓液,1例溃疡深面可见0.5 cm×0.4 cm的假性动脉瘤。超声造影检查的阳性率为100%(10/10),除了以上常规超声发现的病变以外,超声造影还在另外5例患者溃疡深面发现了常规超声未能发现的较大的窦道或死腔(图2)。对于以上超声检查发现的结果,临床进行了彻底清创及缝扎假性动脉瘤载瘤动脉等相应处理后,出院前再次超声造影证实病变基本痊愈,无需要处理的病灶。
图 1.

CEUS before and after treatment of postamputation stump effusion. The patient was a 77-year-old female with dry mouth, polydipsia, and polyuria for 30-plus years. She had diabetic gangrene on her left foot with infection for over 6 months (Wagner Grade 5). After amputation of the middle part of the left leg, gray-scale ultrasound revealed a mixed echo zone of 2.7 cm×3.7 cm×6.0 cm in the stump (A), and color Doppler ultrasound showed no blood flow signal in the mixed echo zone. The CEUS showed no enhancement in the area, which was considered to be effusion or hematoma (B). When the patient was discharged from hospital after treatment, the stump wound healed, and gray-scale ultrasound showed a small flake-shaped low-echo area in the stump and no effusion was observed (C). A second CEUS showed low enhancement in the stump and non-enhancement area was observed, that is, the inside of the stump had healed and there was no dead space (D)
截肢患者残端积液处理前后超声造影。女性,77岁,口干、多饮、多尿30+年,左侧糖尿病足坏疽伴感染6+月(Wagner 5级),左小腿中段截肢术后残端灰阶超声发现残端有2.7 cm×3.7 cm×6.0 cm的混合回声区(A),彩色多普勒超声显示混合回声区内部未见血流信号,CEUS显示该区域未见强化,考虑为积液或血肿(B)。患者经过治疗出院时肢体残端伤口愈合,灰阶超声显示残端有小片状低回声区,未见积液(C),再次CEUS 可见残端呈低增强,未见不强化区域,即残端内部已痊愈,无死腔(D)
图 2.

CEUS images of the sinus tract during the patient's treatment. The patient was a 49-year-old female who was "found to have elevated blood glucose for 6 years, right foot rupture for over 2 years, and aggravated conditions for 3 months" upon admission to hospital. On the medial malleolus of the right foot, there was a rupture surface of about 1 cm×5 cm in size, with neat edges and observable dark red granulation tissue, and bones could be detected on the deep side. Ultrasound examination was conducted before the first platelet gel treatment. Gray-scale ultrasound exploration in the deep surface of the ulcer found inflammatory hypoechoic area (A) and color Doppler ultrasound showed sparse blood flow on the deep surface of the ulcer (B). Conventional ultrasound examination failed to detect the sinus tract. CEUS examination revealed a deep sinus tract of the ulcer of 6.3 cm long and 0.3-1.1 cm wide (C, D)
患者治疗过程中超声造影显示窦道图像。女,49岁,“发现血糖升高6年,右足破溃2+年,加重3个月。”入院。右足内踝部有一大小约1 cm×5 cm破溃创面,边缘整齐、可见暗红色肉芽组织,深面可探及骨,第一次血小板凝胶治疗前行超声检查。灰阶超声提示溃疡深面探及炎性低回声区(A)及彩色多普勒超声显示溃疡深面血流稀疏(B),常规超声检查未能发现窦道。CEUS检查发现溃疡深面的窦道长6.3 cm,宽0.3~1.1 cm(C, D)
2.3. 出院前CEUS的检测情况
对17例患者在临近出院前通过超声观察其创面深面窦道愈合情况。常规超声检查阳性率为 5.8%(1/17),仅发现1例截肢后的患者残端伤口深面0.6 cm×0.4 cm的积液,未显示窦道。CEUS除了发现1例截肢后肢体残端少许积液外,还发现10例患者创面深面可见较小的不强化的死腔或者窦道,最小的0.4 cm×0.7 cm,最大的1.5 cm×0.2 cm(图3)。考虑到死腔或者窦道区域较小,随着时间推移可以愈合,因此未做处理。而其余6例患者超声造影复查未发现死腔、窦道等情况,创面已完全愈合。
图 3.
When the ulcer surface healed, CEUS revealed ultrasonographic images of thin sinus tracts. A 51-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with "elevated blood glucose for over 3 years and left foot ulcers (Wagner Grade 3) for over 2 months". In the diabetic foot, i.e., the left foot, the first and fifth toes were missing, a 5.0 cm×7.0 cm long strip ulcer was observed on the lateral margin and the plantar, the base showed pale red granulation, and a deep sinus tract of 4 cm could be detected along plantar and extending to the heel. There was pale red exudation without obvious purulent secretions in the sinus tract. CEUS was performed after the ulcers healed. Conventional ultrasound (A, B) along the plantar to the site of the original sinus tract on the heel failed to distinguish the sinus tract. CEUS revealed a residual thin sinus tract (C) of 1.5 cm long and 0.2 cm wide
患者创面表面愈合后超声造影显示较细的窦道声像图。女,51岁,因“发现血糖升高3+年,左足溃疡2+月”入院(Wagner 3级)。糖尿病足左足第一、第五足趾缺如,左足外侧缘及足底可见5.0 cm×7.0 cm的长条状溃疡,基底部可见淡红色肉芽,沿足底向足跟部可探及4 cm深窦道,内有淡红色渗液,无明显脓性分泌物。创面表面愈合后做CEUS,沿足底向足跟部原窦道处常规超声(A、B)未能分辨出窦道。CEUS显示残余较细的窦道(C),长1.5 cm,宽0.2 cm
3. 讨论
伤口修复过程需要经历四个主要阶段:止血、炎症、增殖和真皮重塑阶段。创面愈合是人体最复杂的过程之一,它涉及多种细胞类型的时空同步,在止血、炎症、增殖、重塑阶段具有不同的作用[4]。在增殖期,角质形成细胞迁移关闭伤口间隙,新生血管主要通过血管生成实现,成纤维细胞以肉芽组织取代最初的纤维蛋白凝块[5]。也就是说伤口表面及深部窦道的愈合需要肉芽组织的生长,而肉芽组织的生长离不开微环境内血液的供应,如果肉芽组织完全将深部窦道填充则窦道就会消失,伤口就完全愈合。因此,可通过评估伤口处的微小血管灌注间接反映深面肉芽组织生长情况。
糖尿病伤口的愈合是一个非常复杂的系统工程,多数患者合并PAD及周围神经病变,往往需要多学科联合治疗,患者均会接受降低血糖、改善循环、抗凝、营养神经、抗感染等全身的支持治疗;部分合并PAD的患者会接受血管重建手术;部分患者接受去除坏死足趾、甚至截肢等治疗;超声水刀清创、创面负压吸引、创面自体血小板凝胶等伤口的治疗。经证实自体血小板凝胶可促进难治性皮肤伤口的愈合[6-8],在做自体血小板凝胶前需要彻底的清创处理,保证内部无脓液及坏死组织,在这个过程中,超声检查可为临床决策提供参考依据。
超声作为一项无创的检查方法可以发挥重要作用。常规的二维灰阶超声可通过灰阶图像、动态加压等观察伤口深面有无流动的脓液,截肢残端内部有无积液等较明显的病变,但对于无积液的窦道或者有坏死组织填充的死腔却不能显示;彩色多普勒超声可粗略地评估伤口深面的血供,但对于创面深部肉芽组织内的微循环血管,由于直径较小(<0.3 mm),传统的超声成像方法无法显示[9]。在本组病例中有10例患者在治疗过程中通过超声观察窦道及其他病变(积液、脓肿)情况时,常规超声检查的阳性率为50%(5/10),且仅发现明显的积液、脓液、假性动脉瘤等,未能检测到没有脓液积聚的窦道。对17例患者临近出院前超声观察创面深面窦道愈合情况,常规超声检查仅发现1例截肢后的患者残端伤口深面少量的积液,未能显示残存的窦道。
CEUS已经广泛用于临床,国内目前常用的造影剂为注射用的六氟化硫微泡,直径为2~5 μm,其直径小于红细胞,是一种血管内示踪剂,注射到血管内可增强散射信号;通常由肘部静脉注射,持续时间约5 min,气体主要经肺排出,无肾毒性,所需剂量较小(1.2~2.4 mL),可连续多次注射[10-12]。CEUS主要用于评价肿瘤组织血供鉴别其良恶性;评价组织器官的血流灌注情况;观察动脉粥样硬化斑块内新生微血管,判断其易损性以及指导穿刺活检,避开坏死区或无血液灌注区,提高穿刺活检阳性率等[13]。文献报道超声造影可对糖尿病和糖耐量异常患者足部微循环的改变进行评估,还可以对微血管灌注进行量化分析,是一种无创的且有价值的技术[9]。本研究在治疗过程中用CEUS观察10例患者窦道及其他病变(积液、脓肿)情况,检查出的病变阳性率为100%,除了常规超声发现的病变以外,CEUS还在另外5例患者溃疡深面发现了常规超声未能发现的较大的窦道或死腔,这有助于临床医生及时做出处理,如进行彻底清创及缝扎假性动脉瘤载瘤动脉等。本研究对17例临近出院的患者用CEUS观察伤口深面窦道愈合情况,发现10例患者创面深面可见较小的不强化的死腔或窦道,最小0.4 cm×0.7 cm,最大1.5 cm×0.2 cm,这是常规超声未检测到的。
总的来说,糖尿病足溃疡危害极大,且表里不一,表面较小的创面,深面却有较深的窦道及坏死腔,所以表面可能已经愈合,深面却存在未愈合的窦道或者填满坏死组织的死腔,如果范围较大,则可能为糖尿病溃疡的快速复发埋下隐患。因此,在糖尿病伤口的治疗过程中,不能只关注伤口的表面,还要评估内部是否有脓液、出血、坏死组织等,决定进一步的清创、自体血小板凝胶等治疗;在溃疡表面肉芽组织已经长势良好或表面已经愈合时,也要关注内部是否已经完全愈合。CEUS可通过检测糖尿病创面处微血管灌注,显示窦道或死腔,在糖尿病创面的治疗过程中发挥作用。
CEUS通过检测糖尿病创面深面微血管灌注,可在治疗中观察糖尿病溃疡窦道范围及出院前观察溃疡深面窦道是否痊愈或仍有死腔,为临床决策提供参考依据,在糖尿病创面治疗中发挥作用。
本研究的不足之处在于,本研究是CEUS在糖尿病创面治疗中的初步应用,目前收集病例数较少,共27例,且由于部分患者因紧急出院、转院等情况,未全部复查创面深部情况,出院时共复查17例患者。目前国内外对糖尿病创面治疗相关的CEUS评估研究较少,本研究为糖尿病创面治疗临床决策提供非常重要的参考依据,而且课题组目前仍继续收集相关病例,以期进一步深入研究,为未来糖尿病创面相关领域研究提供理论及临床参考。
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利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Contributor Information
丽娜 韩 (Li-na HAN), Email: linahan@scu.edu.cn.
晓蓉 文 (Xiao-rong WEN), Email: hxwenxiaor@126.com.
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