Abstract
孕期服用低剂量阿司匹林是目前国内外专家广泛推荐的子痫前期(preeclampsia, PE)预防方法。尽管该方法在PE预防中已有较多报道,但是阿司匹林标准化预防PE的治疗方案仍未在国内的临床指南中达成共识。这是由于在现有研究中,高危人群服用阿司匹林的剂量、初始时间和筛查方法不同,尚未对阿司匹林用药方案形成统一结论。本文基于循证医学证据,总结现有指南推荐意见,对阿司匹林在预防PE时的剂量、具体用药时机、起止时间等焦点问题进行综述,为临床实践提供依据。综合目前阿司匹林预防PE的研究结果及临床实践,我们建议:PE风险筛查应在妊娠11~13+6周时进行;PE高风险孕妇预防性使用阿司匹林的推荐剂量为150 mg/d,最低有效推荐剂量为100 mg/d;PE高风险孕妇于妊娠16周前开始口服低剂量阿司匹林;妊娠36周为低剂量阿司匹林的停药时机。
Keywords: 子痫前期, 阿司匹林, 预防低剂量用药
Abstract
Low-dose prophylactic aspirin is widely recommended for pregnant women for the prevention of preeclampsia (PE). Although the efficacy of aspirin in preventing PE has been evaluated in many studies, due to the differences in dosage, initiation time, and screening methods for the identification of women at high risk of PE and the lack of a uniform opinion on the medication regimen of aspirin, currently in China there is no consensus on the standardized treatment scheme of aspirin for the prevention of PE in clinical guidelines. Herein, we reviewed the current available evidence and the recommendations of clinical guidelines concerning the controversies about aspirin dosage as well as the timing of starting and stopping aspirin, so as to provide further guidance for clinical practice. Based on the existing research findings on and clinical practice of using aspirin for PE prevention, we suggested that PE risk screening should be conducted at 11-13+6 weeks of gestation. In addition, the recommended dose for prophylactic use of aspirin for pregnant women at high risk of PE is 150 mg/d, and the recommended minimum effective dose is 100 mg/d. Pregnant women at high risk of PE should start taking low-dose aspirin orally before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Week 36 of gestation is considered the window of opportunity for discontinuation of low-dose aspirin.
Keywords: Preeclampsia, Aspirin, Low-dose prophylaxis
子痫前期(preeclampsia, PE)[1]在全球范围内的发病率为3%~10%,占全球孕产妇死亡原因的1/5[2];PE在我国的发病率约为5%,每年有10%孕妇及15%产妇死亡与其相关,是导致我国孕产妇围产期发病率和死亡率增加的主要原因[3]。PE还增加了围产儿并发症发生率,如胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction, FGR)、早产、胎儿窘迫、甚至胎儿死亡等,严重威胁母儿健康。近年来,研究还显示PE增加了母儿远期不良结局的发生,如PE患者远期高血压、缺血性心脏病等心血管疾病及血栓栓塞的风险增加[4-5],子代患心血管疾病风险增加[6]。
阿司匹林最初作为抗血小板药物应用于临床。过去30年间,阿司匹林预防PE的作用已得到广泛验证,其可能作用机制为通过选择性抑制血栓素的合成,且不影响内皮前列环素的合成,从而抑制血栓素介导的血管收缩和免疫调节,改善胎盘血流灌注[7-9]。
尽管阿司匹林预防PE高风险孕妇的效果已被认可,但由于目前研究中高危人群服用阿司匹林剂量、初始时间和筛查方法不同,且国内、外均缺乏大样本研究对比阿司匹林浓度梯度改变、使用时间对预防PE效果的影响及相关不良反应的发生率,因此对于阿司匹林标准化预防PE治疗方案仍未达成共识[10-15](表1)。本文基于循证医学证据、总结各大指南推荐意见对阿司匹林预防子痫前期的焦点问题,即阿司匹林预防剂量、起止时间进行综述。
表 1. Recommendations of treatment scheme of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia in different guidelines.
各指南关于低剂量阿司匹林预防子痫前期用药方案推荐意见
| Recommendation | ACOG (2020)[10] | NICE (2019)[11] | ISSHP (2021)[12] | FIGO (2019)[13] | China (2020)[14-15] |
| ACOG: the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; FIGO: the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetric; FMF: Fetal Medicine Foundation; ISSHP: International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy; NICE: National Institutefor Health and Clinical Excellence. | |||||
| Indications |
Recommending aspirin if the women have any clinical high-risk factors and consider aspirin when there are more than one clinical moderate-risk factors |
Advising aspirin if the women have any clinical high-risk factors or more than one clinical moderate-risk factors |
Any clinical high-risk factor or more than one clinical moderate-risk factors or the FMF ‘triple test’ of multivariable screening |
FMF ‘triple test’ of multivariable screening |
Any clinical risk factors |
|
Timing of starting aspirin |
Between 12-18 weeks, and preferably before 16 weeks of gestation |
From 12 weeks of gestation |
Before 16 weeks of gestation |
11-14+6 weeks of gestation |
12-16 weeks of gestation |
|
Timing of stopping aspirin |
Until delivery |
Until delivery |
Until 36 weeks of gestation |
Until 36 weeks of gestation, when delivery occurs, or when preeclampsia is diagnosed |
Until 26-28 weeks of gestation |
|
Dosage |
81 mg/d |
75-150 mg/d |
100-162 mg/d |
150 mg/d |
50-150 mg/d |
1. 低剂量阿司匹林预防子痫前期的剂量范围
目前国内外指南推荐的预防PE发病的低剂量阿司匹林范围为50 ~162 mg/d[10-14](表1)。大样本临床研究对阿司匹林预防的最佳剂量亦无定论。早期的两项随机对照试验分别纳入9364例孕妇和2539例PE高风险孕妇,分别予口服阿司匹林60 mg/d和安慰剂预防,结果显示阿司匹林组PE发生风险仅分别降低12%和2%。近期的一项随机双盲多中心安慰剂对照研究(ASPRE)纳入1776例PE高风险孕妇,从妊娠 11~14 周开始至36周予150 mg/d阿司匹林或安慰剂预防,证实150 mg/d阿司匹林可有效降低早发PE的发生率[16-18]。
低剂量阿司匹林预防PE的效果呈剂量依赖性。其原因可能在于50~60 mg/d 阿司匹林可有效抑制血小板血栓素,但不足以抑制胎盘血栓素, 而剂量为100 mg/d阿司匹林可同时抑制母体和胎盘血栓素。目前部分小样本临床研究表明PE高风险孕妇口服阿司匹林剂量<100 mg/d时不足以有效预防PE的发生[7-8, 19-22]。一项前瞻性队列研究在孕妇服用81 mg/d阿司匹林4周后评估血小板功能,有28.7%(25/87)无改变,而将该部分孕妇的预防剂量提高至162 mg/d后4周再进行评估时,76.1%(16/24)有所改善,亦提示阿司匹林的预防效果与剂量相关[7]。
ROBERGE等[23]的荟萃分析纳入45项随机对照试验共20909例孕妇,结果显示,自妊娠16周前开始服用阿司匹林50~150 mg/d,PE、重度PE和FGR的发生风险明显降低,且预防效果与阿司匹林剂量呈正相关。该团队另一项荟萃分析显示阿司匹林降低了早产PE,而非足月PE的发生风险,且只有在≥100 mg/d的剂量时才能起到预防作用[24]。其他几项荟萃分析[25-26]亦显示低剂量阿司匹林(最高150 mg/d)在预防PE方面存在剂量-反应效应,但仍不能确定较高剂量(如150 mg/d或162 mg/d)的阿司匹林与较低剂量(如81 mg/d)相比是否更优。综上,在推荐安全范围内,低剂量阿司匹林预防作用存在剂量依赖性效应,使用更高剂量阿司匹林(≥100 mg/d)进行治疗可能预防效果更佳,但仍需要进一步的大规模多中心的研究比较阿司匹林预防性使用剂量梯度改变对预防效果的影响。
与上述研究结论相反,部分研究认为低剂量阿司匹林维持在推荐范围低值即可产生良好的预防效果。有研究发现在阿司匹林60 mg/d的剂量下,也可选择性、不可逆地使环氧合酶-1失活,抑制前列腺素和血栓素的产生,减轻妊娠期炎症和血小板聚集。TAPP等[27]的随机对照研究纳入107例PE高风险孕妇,自早孕期开始分别服用阿司匹林80 mg/d或160 mg/d,结果显示两组PE、早发PE、早产PE和FGR发生率差异均无统计学意义,两组均未出现与阿司匹林相关的不良反应。另一项多中心随机双盲对照试验纳入11976例初产妇,发现自早孕期开始服用81 mg/d阿司匹林组与安慰剂组相比,早发PE的发生率有所降低〔3.3% vs. 4.0%, 风险比(RR)=0.75,95%可信区间(CI):0.61~0.93,P=0.039〕,但整体PE发生率差异无统计学意义[28]。该结论也进一步验证了阿司匹林的作用并非完全阻止PE发生,而是将PE发生推迟到妊娠晚期的观点[28-29]。
现有研究显示≥100 mg/d的阿司匹林剂量可能更有效预防PE,但目前国内外对于阿司匹林预防剂量的推荐不完全一致。我国指南推荐阿司匹林剂量为50~150 mg/d,但多数地区预防阿司匹林的剂量均低于100 mg/d。因此,当下亟需开展针对中国妊娠人群的前瞻性、大样本研究以提供高质量证据支持预防PE的阿司匹林的最优剂量。
2. 低剂量阿司匹林预防子痫前期的起止孕周
国内外指南关于阿司匹林预防性应用的起止孕周不完全一致(表1)。ASPRE试验已证实自早孕期(11~14周)开始服用阿司匹林可有效预防早发PE、减少<32 周的早产及母体并发症发生率,有效缩短新生儿在重症监护室的住院时间,并改善高危儿的近期和远期预后,减少相关医疗投入[18, 30]。一项临床研究收集PE高危孕妇在使用阿司匹林或安慰剂预防前(11~13周)和预防后(20~23周)的血浆样本进行代谢组学研究,分析出73种具有妊娠胎盘功能调节作用的差异性代谢物,证实低剂量阿司匹林治疗可显著减缓胎盘衰老,降低代谢胎龄1.27周[31]。因此,早孕期开始阿司匹林预防可能可以更有效预防PE发生[32]。而关于妊娠11周前即开始阿司匹林预防是否必要,CHAEMSAITHONG等[33]的荟萃分析显示,在妊娠11周前开始口服阿司匹林与11周后开始口服相比,并未能降低PE(RR=0.52,95%CI:0.23~1.17,P=0.115)、妊娠期高血压(RR=0.49,95%CI:0.20~1.21,P=0.121)和FGR(RR=1.10,95%CI :0.58~2.07,P=0.775)的发生风险。
多项证据表明中孕期后开始应用低剂量阿司匹林对于PE的预防效果有限。MALLAMPATI等[34]在已发表的研究的基础上建立决策分析模型发现,妊娠16周前与妊娠16周后开始应用低剂量阿司匹林的孕妇相比,早发PE 的发生率显著降低,但两组足月 PE 的发生率差异无统计学意义。ROBERGE等[35]的荟萃分析显示从妊娠≤16周开始口服低剂量阿司匹林,与妊娠>16周开始预防相比,PE发生风险明显降低(孕周>16周RR=0.78, 95%CI:0.61~0.99、孕周≤16周RR=0.47, 95%CI:0.36~0.62,P<0.01),同时、重度PE、FGR、早产和围产儿死亡的发生率显著降低,且预防效果与剂量呈正相关;此外,从妊娠>16周开始予阿司匹林预防并未降低重度PE和FGR的发生风险,且预防效果与阿司匹林剂量无关[30]。后续系列的荟萃分析中也得到了类似的结论:PE高风险孕妇自妊娠16周前开始服用低剂量阿司匹林可有效降低PE、FGR、早产、胎盘早剥等的发生率,同时不会增加母体和胎儿出血风险[17, 23-24, 36-40]。分析其原因可能与阿司匹林作用机制有关,如通过改善PE高风险孕妇子宫螺旋动脉的重铸,增加子宫动脉的血流等[41]。组织学研究表明,子宫螺旋动脉的滋养层浸润、血管内增生性侵犯通常在妊娠8~10周左右开始,主要在妊娠16~18周内进行,可持续至22周完成[42]。此外,还有荟萃分析对比妊娠17周前后开始服用50~80 mg/d阿司匹林的孕妇的妊娠结局,结果显示妊娠17周前已开始服用阿司匹林的孕妇,FGR发生率和围产儿死亡率分别降低18%和16%[31]。另一项回顾研究比较妊娠20周前、后口服低剂量阿司匹林的预防效果,亦得出相似结论[43]。上述证据均支持中孕期后开始阿司匹林预防效果欠佳。关于妊娠期低剂量阿司匹林的停药时间,目前研究结论并不一致。目前临床最常用的停药时间为:妊娠36周,PE发病时,分娩发动时,妊娠36周前。低剂量阿司匹林停药应考虑到能获得最大化预防效果,又能降低长期服用低剂量阿司匹林副作用(如对孕妇消化道的刺激作用)的方案;如未及时停药,可能会增加妊娠晚期的孕妇出血风险。ASPRE试验提供了目前关于停药时间的最优证据,该研究及其他研究[44-46]均建议在妊娠36周时停止服用阿司匹林[16]。但也有既往研究推荐不同的停药时间,如分娩时[47-48]、孕28 周、孕34周、孕37周[49]、计划分娩前1周或PE发生时等[50]。
综上,尽管国内外指南均推荐使用低剂量阿司匹林预防PE,但目前对于最佳预防方案仍未有定论,期待未来有更多高质量、大样本的研究明确阿司匹林预防PE的最佳剂量、起止时机,提高PE预防效果,改善PE高危孕产妇的预后。
* * *
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Funding Statement
国家重点研发计划(No. 2021YFC2701600)、国家自然科学基金(No. 81771606)和广东省自然科学基金(No. 2022A1515010071)资助
Contributor Information
晶 王 (Jing WANG), Email: 18825134490@163.com.
子莲 王 (Zi-lian WANG), Email: wangzil@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
昭颐 潘 (C. Poon Liona), Email: liona.poon@cuhk.edu.hk.
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