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. 2022 May 20;53(3):409–413. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20220560104

肠道病毒71型温度适应性进化对毒株毒力的影响研究

Investigation of Virulence Variation of Enterovirus 71 Strains during Thermal Adaptive Evolution

Heng CHEN 1,2, Yue CHENG 1,2, Jian-tong MENG 1,2, Wei-wei HUANG 1,2, Wei HUANG 2, Zhen-hua CHEN 1,2, Xiao-chun ZHANG 1,2, Qi-wu YUAN 1,2, Xi-xi WANG 1,2,*
PMCID: PMC10409421  PMID: 35642147

Abstract

Objective

To study the virulence variation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) during thermal adaptive evolution, providing references for the prevention and control of the EV71-related hand, foot and mouth disease.

Methods

Parental strains and thermal-adapted strains originating from EV71 sibling strains (lineage #100 and #101) were used for plaque assay validation, CCK-8 cytotoxicity experiment, and host proteomics studies after Vero cell infection. Plaque morphology and cell inhibition rate of the viral strains were obtained. Mass spectrometry was used to examine and analyze the functions of proteins that were differential expressed in the host cells.

Results

Plaque morphology variation was found only in the heat-adapted strain of lineage #101. Increase in cell inhibition rate was observed in all the thermal-adapted strains, but the amount of increase varied in different strains. According to the results of clustering analysis and principal component analysis, after infection of Vero cells, the host cell protein profile of the heat-adapted strains was similar to that of the parental strains and the host cell protein profile of cold-adapted strains was similar to that of cell-adapted strains. It showed that 500 kinds of proteins presented inter-group difference in their expression, with 239 kinds being up-regulated proteins and 261 being down-regulated. The function of the up-regulated proteins were related to post-translational protein modification, while the functions of the down-regulated proteins were related to SRP-dependent cotranslational protein translocation/targeting to membrane and retrograde protein transport.

Conclusion

Virulence variations of enterovirus 71 may accompany thermal adaptive evolution, but its mechanism of action still awaits further investigation.

Keywords: Enterovirus 71, Thermal adaptation, Evolution, Virulence


肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71, EV71)是继脊灰病毒后最严重的嗜神经病毒[1],是手足口病重症与死亡病例的主要感染来源。近二十年来,EV71在亚太地区广泛流行,中国、马来西亚、日本、新加坡、柬埔寨等多国出现暴发,成为各国共同的公共卫生问题。研究表明,病毒变异/重组是EV71流行的重要原因:基因变异导致毒力改变是1998年台湾EV71疫情暴发的关键原因[2],而基因重组则引发了2008年安徽阜阳的EV71流行[3]。因此,基因变异/重组及其相关的毒力改变成为防控EV71病毒流行的重要挑战。

相关证据显示,EV71病毒的进化变异可能受温度影响。高温是手足口病流行的危险因素[4],发热是EV71感染的重要体征[5],且温度耐受与EV71的神经毒力相关[6]。项目组基于EV71与温度的密切关联,借鉴脊灰病毒、流感病毒疫苗候选株冷适应方法,构建高、中、低不同温度下EV71病毒温度适应株,观察到VP1、VP3、2C、3A与3C等基因温度特异性变异[7],冷适应与热适应变异方向不同,在不同温度下存在增殖速度差异,可能存在噬斑变异,为EV71病毒温度适应性进化提供证据。为进一步了解EV71温度适应性进化对其毒力的影响,为相关防控提供技术支持,本研究对上述温度适应株进行毒力初步探索,现将结果报告如下。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 病毒毒株

原始毒株分离自重症手足口病病例(女童,2岁,编号#100)及其无症状密切接触者(母亲,23岁,编号#101)。咽拭子标本经荧光PCR检测,病毒分离物经VP1测序验证。经Vero细胞(绿猴肾细胞,Haling Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, Lot: HL-3030)增殖用于后续实验。原代姊妹株(P0)在6孔板Vero细胞中连续培养12代(记为P12)作为细胞适应,此后分别在不同温度下进行温度适应性诱变。即低温(T1,33.0 ℃逐渐降温至28.0 ℃)、常温(T2,33.0 ℃)及高温(T3,从37.0 ℃逐渐升温至39.5 ℃)3种温度(±1 ℃)下传至37代(记为P37),分别构建谱系#100与#101温度适应株,命名为冷适应株、常温适应株(或细胞适应株)、热适应株。

原代姊妹株(P0)与细胞适应第一代毒株(P1)代数相近,基因序列完全同源,均可视为亲代株;温度适应至P36代时,基因变异已处于稳定遗传状态,P36与P37序列无变异,均可作为温度适应株,亲代株与温度适应株在后续实验定量至相近浓度(105 pfu/0.1 mL),配对(P0/P36、P1/P37)开展研究。

1.2. 噬斑实验验证

常温下观察谱系#100与#101亲代株与不同温度适应株病毒的噬斑差异。将100 μL亲代株(P0)与温度适应株(P36)病毒接种至6孔板Vero细胞进行噬斑实验,方法参考文献[8]进行,7 d后观察噬斑形状。实验重复3次。

1.3. 细胞增殖毒性实验

以CCK-8方法比较谱系#100与#101亲代株与不同温度适应株对Vero细胞增殖的毒性,试剂采用cell counting Kit-8(日本同仁化学研究所,Dojindo)。将100 μL亲代株(P1)与温度适应株(P37)接种至96孔Vero细胞,培养过夜至75%细胞发生病变,弃培养液,加入10 μL CCK-8(培养液稀释至100 μL),分别测定0 h、0.5 h、1.0 h、1.5 h、2.0 h、3.0 h时450 nm吸光度值,选择稳定终点测定值,参考说明书计算细胞抑制率。实验重复3次。

1.4. Vero细胞蛋白质组分析

将260 μL谱系#100与#101亲代株(P1)与温度适应株(P37)接种至6孔板Vero细胞,培养至细胞病变完全,刮取细胞,1 mL生理盐水3 000 r/min×5 min洗涤3次,离心后弃上清液,加入200 μL RIPA裂解液提取细胞内总蛋白,蛋白经变性、二硫键还原以及甲基化处理后,胰蛋白酶酶解,所得肽段经由C18固相萃取小柱除盐后浓缩蒸干,50 μL 0.1%甲酸水溶液复溶,4.0 μL液相色谱-四级杆-静电场轨道阱(Orbitrap)串联高分辨质谱仪进样分析[9]。每个样本进行3次技术重复实验。

采用Maxquant软件[10]结合Uniprot KB绿猴标准蛋白数据库进行蛋白质的鉴定;非标记(Label-free)定量蛋白质组学方法对差异蛋白进行定量分析。

1.5. 统计学方法

细胞抑制率以 Inline graphic 表示,组间比较采用方差分析,α=0.05。Maxquant蛋白质定量结果,通过Perseus软件进行样本间峰面积归一化、离散数据过滤后,通过正态分布假设检验(P<0.05),对缺失值(missing value)进行填充;将整理后的数据按照对照组和实验组进行分类,采用两样本t检验;选取|log2Fold Change (FC)|>1.2且P<0.05筛选本研究中的差异表达蛋白质;采用聚类分析和主成分分析对差异蛋白质有效区分实验组和对照组的效果进行评价;通过GO Enrichment Analysis( http://geneontology.org/)对差异蛋白质的细胞功能、定位和代谢通路进行生物信息学预测和分析。

2. 结果

2.1. 噬斑形状

结果显示,不同批次实验的噬斑略有差异;但同批次实验中,谱系#101热适应株的噬斑形状大于原始株与其他温度适应株,见图1

图 1.

图 1

Plaque morphology of parental strains and thermal-adapted strains at endpoint (7 d)

不同温度适应株噬斑实验结果(7 d)

A, E: Parental strain; B, F: Cold-adapted-P36 strain; C, G: Cell-adapted-P36 strain; D, H: Heat-adapted-P36 strain.

2.2. 细胞增殖毒性

比较不同终点时间CCK-8吸光度测定值,选择数据较稳定时点(2.0 h)数值计算细胞抑制率。表1显示,谱系#100与#101毒株具有相似规律,亲代株细胞抑制率最低,而温度适应株中,热适应株<冷适应株<常温适应株,亲代株的细胞抑制率与热适应株接近,而常温适应株的细胞抑制率与冷适应株更为接近。合并两谱系进行方差分析,结果显示,4组间细胞抑制率差异有统计学意义(P=0.008)。两两比较结果显示,亲代株与常温适应株、低温适应株抑制率差异有统计学意义(P=0.003, P=0.008),与高温适应株差异不明显(P>0.05),同时常温、低温适应组间差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05);高温适应株与常温适应株抑制率差异有统计学意义(P=0.03),但与低温适应株的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 1. Inhibition of cell proliferation among different strains of EV71 (CCK-8 findings,2.0 h after infection).

不同毒株的细胞抑制实验(CCK-8, 感染2.0 h)

Test
strain
Lineage #100/%, n=3 Lineage #101/%, n=3
 *P<0.05, vs. parental strain; #P<0.05, vs. cell-adapted strain.
Parental 28.75±9.02 29.74±4.25
Cold-adapted 40.60±9.55* 46.76±9.03*
Cell-adapted 49.62±14.53* 50.32±12.12*
Heat-adapted 32.18±5.21# 37.11±9.81#

2.3. 宿主蛋白组学分析

2.3.1. 蛋白质组聚类分析结果

Perseus聚类分析结果显示,不同EV71毒株感染Vero细胞后宿主蛋白表达存在明显的聚集性;主成分分析结果显示,亲代株(P1)与热适应株(P37-T3)蛋白表达模式较为接近,而低温适应株(P37-T1)与常温适应株(P37-T2)的蛋白表达情况类似,谱系#100与#101趋势一致,聚类分析结果与主成分分析结果一致,见图2图3。低温、常温适应株类似,亲代株、热适应株更接近,这一趋势亦与细胞增殖毒性实验结果吻合。

图 2.

图 2

Hierarchical clustering of cellular protein profiling of Vero cells infected by different virus strains

不同毒株感染后的Vero细胞蛋白质组聚类分析

Lineage #100 and #101, P1: Parental strain; P37-T1: Cold-adapted-P37 strain; P37-T2: Cell-adapted-P37 strain; P37-T3: Heat-adapted-P37 strain. _1, _2, _3: Labeled for the repeat of the experiments.

图 3.

图 3

Principal component analysis (PCA) for Vero cell groups infected by different virus strains

不同毒株感染后的Vero细胞蛋白质组主成分分析

P1, P37-T1, P37-T2, P37-T3: Denotes the same as those in Fig 2.

2.3.2. 差异表达蛋白分析

根据蛋白聚类结果,将模式相近的低温适应株/常温适应株作为对照组、亲代株/热适应株作为实验组;结果显示,蛋白表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见图4。进一步分析表明,差异蛋白中上调蛋白239种,88种蛋白质|log2FC|>1.2,7种蛋白质|log2FC|>2.0;下调蛋白261种,80种蛋白|log2FC|>1.2,16种蛋白|log2FC|>2.0。

图 4.

图 4

Volcano plot of changed proteins between group 1 (test) and group2 (control) (|log2FC|>1.2,P<0.05)

实验组与对照组中差异表达蛋白(|log2FC|>1.2,P<0.05)

Red spot: Changed proteins (left: down-regulated; right: up-regulated).

2.3.3. 差异蛋白的功能富集

对上调蛋白(|log2FC|>1.2)的基因功能富集结果显示,主要与核因子-κB/核因子-κB诱导激酶(NF-κB/NIK)信号通路中蛋白的核释放与转录后蛋白修饰有关(P<0.05),下调蛋白(|log2FC|>1.2)的基因功能富集结果显示,主要与信号识别颗粒依赖性共翻译蛋白的膜定位/易位、逆蛋白转运(内质网到胞质)有关(P<0.05)。

3. 讨论

病毒的适应性进化可能影响病毒的感染力或毒力。如新冠病毒的第6代小鼠适应株会使其感染性增加,而适应性变异位点与毒力增强有关[11]。全球气温持续升高,温度适应性对生物进化愈发重要[12-13]。研究证实,温度适应(冷适应、热适应)是微生物重要的进化方式之一。E coli.通过热适应获得非许可温度下生长优势[14];噬菌体ID11、Qβ通过热休克/热应激发生基因/转录水平变异[15];黄石公园温泉古生病毒HAV热适应进化获得3个超噬温性相关基因[16],能在85 ℃环境生长。而流感[17]、脊灰[18]等病毒通过冷适应方式获得减毒株,进一步说明温度对病毒进化变异产生影响的同时,可能伴随毒力的改变。

噬斑大小反映病毒在细胞中的生活周期,被认为与温度敏感性、毒力相关[19-20],如脊灰病毒冷适应过程中出现小型噬斑等。本研究中,在温度适应性的基础上进一步观察毒株的噬斑变异,旨在通过噬斑形状的考察,探讨温度适应性对病毒毒力的影响。结果显示,谱系#101的亲代毒株分离自无症状成人密接者,在噬斑实验中观察到热适应株有明显的噬斑变异,提示温度适应性进化可能对其毒力产生影响。

既往研究表明,病毒的温度耐受性与毒力密切相关。如流感冷适应减毒株具有低温的耐受性,获得在低温(25 ℃)下的生长优势[21]。本研究前期结果显示[7],各温度适应株在不同的温度下表现出增殖速度的差异,冷适应株具有在低温下的生长优势,热适应株具有高温下的增殖优势。本研究则在此基础上以CCK-8细胞毒性实验考察病毒对细胞增殖的影响。结果显示,与亲代株相比,不同温度适应株对细胞的抑制率都有不同程度的增长,这大概与病毒的细胞适应有关。同时,不同温度适应株细胞抑制率增长不同,其中常温适应株增长最快,而热适应株增长最缓。EV71病毒热耐受与神经毒力相关,理论上热适应株似乎应具有更高的抑制率,但本研究中热适应并未获得更高的细胞抑制率的增长,提示神经毒力可能与细胞的具体损伤机制相关,而不仅仅体现在细胞增殖抑制。

根据CCK-8实验细胞抑制率的结果,亲代株与热适应株更为接近,常温适应株与冷适应株相对接近,这与前期研究中温度特异性变异位点的倾向性较为一致[7]。在检出的12个非同义突变位点中,热适应位点的碱基更倾向于与亲代株一致(10/12),而常温适应株与冷适应株更为相似(8/12)。这一分组趋势在Vero细胞感染的宿主蛋白质组学研究中得到进一步验证。聚类分析提示不同毒株存在聚集性,而主成分分析的分组结果与此吻合。蛋白质组表达模式的热图同样清楚表明,热适应株(及亲代株)与冷适应株(及常温适应株)组间差异显著,提示高温与低温对于病毒的进化有着截然不同的影响,进一步证实温度在EV71病毒适应性进化中扮演着重要角色。

分子基础将决定病毒的适应性与毒力[22],近年来,EV71病毒许多毒力候选位点被相继报道,如5′UTR-IRES(G151T、G199A、G261T、A328C、G422A、G437T)、3D(T251I)、VP2(M149K)以及VP1众多基因或氨基酸位点等[23-26]。前期研究中发现不同温度作用下,VP1基因多个位点发生温度特异性变异,热适应与冷适应不同[7]。本研究中差异蛋白的基因功能分析显示,热适应株所在实验组上调蛋白与NF-кB信号通路及转录后蛋白修饰有关,而下调蛋白与蛋白膜定位/易位及逆蛋白转运有关,有研究提示与上述变异位点存在一定关联[27]。近期也有研究认为EV71致病力与其对免疫信号通路的影响有关[28],而作用机制有待进一步研究。

综上所述,本研究在前期构建EV71病毒温度适应性进化株的基础上,通过病毒噬斑实验、细胞毒性实验及细胞感染后蛋白组学研究,初步发现EV71病毒在温度适应性进化的过程中发生毒力变异,并可能与温度特异性基因变异关联。由于样本量有限,而病毒培养中产生的其他非温度特异性变异可能对结果产生干扰,有待以反向遗传学方法(如单碱基突变等)开展温敏性验证及毒力机制研究。

*    *    *

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

四川省科技厅应用基础研究项目(面上)(No. 2017JY0089)资助

Contributor Information

恒 陈 (Heng CHEN), Email: huaxi.tiny@163.com.

希希 王 (Xi-xi WANG), Email: fozhu.1984@163.com.

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