Abstract
Aim
To evaluate the performances of D-dimer, prothrombin time (PT), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) for the diagnosis of coronary artery lesion (CAL) in acute stage Kawasaki disease (KD).
Methods
Between January 2018 and January 2021, a total of 102 children with acute stage KD were included in this retrospective study. Among them, 36 KD children with CAL were divided into the CAL group, and 66 KD children without CAL were divided into the NCAL group. Independent predictors of CAL in acute stage KD were identified by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Spearman correlations were used to evaluate the association between CAL in acute stage KD and different indicators. The diagnostic performance of different indicators for CAL in acute stage KD was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
Results
Compared with the NCAL group, children in the CAL group had significantly higher white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, D-dimer, and RDW levels, but lower PT levels (all p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that D-dimer (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 1.004–1.012, p < 0.001), PT (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8, p = 0.01), and RDW (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.6–19.2, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of CAL in children with acute stage KD. CAL showed a positive correlation with D-dimer (r = 0.4, p < 0.001) and RDW (r = 0.5, p < 0.001), and had a negative association with PT (r = −0.2, p < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the combination of the three indicators had the highest diagnostic performance for CAL in acute stage KD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.922 (sensitivity, 86.1%; specificity, 89.4%), compared with D-dimer (AUC = 0.736), PT (AUC = 0.640), and RDW (AUC = 0.819) alone.
Conclusion
A combination of D-dimer, PT, and RDW may help predict CAL in children with acute stage KD.
Keywords: coronary artery lesion, D-dimer, Kawasaki disease, prothrombin time, red
Introduction
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis syndrome that occurs in infants and children and is now the most common cause of acquired pediatric heart disease in developed countries (1). Ethnic variation in KD incidence rates was considerable, with the highest incidence rates among Asian or Pacific Islanders (29.8 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age) and the lowest incidence rates among Caucasian children (13.7 per 100,000) (2). Coronary artery lesion (CAL) is the most feared sequelae of KD, occurring in 20%–25% of untreated children (3). The presence of CALs in children with KD might lead to coronary aneurysms, and even myocardial infarction and sudden death (4). As the etiology of KD is unknown, there is no curative treatment to prevent CALs in children with KD (5, 6). Currently, the evaluation of CALs in KD relies on echocardiography, but the diagnostic accuracy is low due to the limited visibility of the distal coronary arteries (7, 8). Besides, some potential biomarkers have been reported to be associated with CAL in KD, but there are relatively few reliable predictors of CAL in acute stage KD (9–13), and further laboratory studies are necessary.
Evidence has showed that patients with higher serum D-dimer level, prolonged prothrombin time (PT), or increased red blood cell distribution width (RDW) had adverse outcomes of systemic inflammatory conditions (14–16). Recently, the role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease have been underlined, suggesting that lowering the burden of inflammation can reduce future cardiovascular events (17). Consistently, it has been shown that these indicators play important roles in the diagnosis or prognosis of cardiovascular disease. For example, a prospective cohort study showed that low PT levels were a risk factor related to major adverse cardiovascular events (18). In addition, the role of D-dimer in the diagnosis of clinical disorders of venous thromboembolism, pulmonary emboli, coronary artery disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation has been established (19). Recently, several studies have shown that elevated RDW is correlated with worse outcomes in a variety of clinical conditions, including thromboembolic events, and cardiovascular disease (20–22). However, the diagnostic performances of D-dimer, PT, and RDW for CAL in KD have not been studied yet. Therefore, the retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the performances of D-dimer, PT, and RDW for the diagnosis of CAL in children with acute stage KD.
Materials and methods
Patients
Between January 2018 and January 2021, 102 children with acute stage KD treated at Lianyungang Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were included in this retrospective study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Lianyungang Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (number, LW-20210811001–01), and conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from the patient's parents.
Children who were aged ≤14 years, and were newly diagnosed with acute stage KD (course of the disease, 1–11 days) according to the American Heart Association guideline (23), were eligible for the study. This study excluded children with incomplete clinical data, blood system disease or rheumatic immune system disease, congenital heart disease, and inherited metabolic disorders, as well as had received drug therapy (such as intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin).
Echocardiography measurements
Echocardiography was performed by experienced sonographers to detect CAL before intravenous immunoglobulin administration. The ultrasound instrument GE Vivid E95 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) with a frequency of 1.5–4.5 MHz was used in this study. CAL was defined according to internal lumen diameter of >3.0 mm in children <5 years of age, >4 mm in children of ≥5 years of age; internal diameter of a segment measuring ≥1.5 times that of an adjacent segment; and coronary dimensions adjusted for body surface area (z scores) of ≥2.0 (24). According to the echocardiography results, children were divided into the CAL group and the non-CAL (NCAL) group.
Data collection
Information on the children's demographic characteristics, echocardiography, and laboratory test results were collected retrospectively. Laboratory data including platelet count (PLT), lymphocyte count (L), neutrophil count (N), white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), D-dimer, red blood cell distribution (RDW), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were collected. Blood samples were collected before intravenous immunoglobulin administration.
Statistical analyses
The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the distribution of variables. Quantitative data were expressed as means with standard deviations or median with interquartile range, and were compared using Student's t-test (normally distributed data) or Mann-Whitney U-test (skewed distributed data). Qualitative data were expressed as numbers and percentages, and were compared using χ2 tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of CAL in acute stage KD. Spearman correlations were used to investigate the associations between indicators and CAL in acute stage KD. To evaluate the performance of different indicators in discriminating CAL in acute stage KD, the area under the curve (AUC) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The SPSS software (version 19.0, SPSS Institute. IL., USA) was used for statistical analysis.
Results
Comparison of baseline characteristics among the two groups
Between January 2018 and January 2021, a total of 102 children with acute stage KD (CAL group, n = 36; NCAL group, n = 66) were included in this retrospective study. The differences in baseline characteristics among the two groups are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences in age, gender, fever duration, N, CRP, ESR, PDW, MPV, ALT, and AST among the two groups (all p > 0.05). The levels of WBC ([18.6 ± 5.3] × 109/L vs. [14.7 ± 3.0] × 109/L), L ([5.6 ± 3.1] × 109/L vs. [3.6 ± 2.1] × 109/L), PLT ([430.5 ± 133.8] × 109/L vs. [369.4 ± 106.4] × 109/L), D-dimer (0.5 ± 0.2 mg/L vs. 0.3 ± 0.2 mg/L), and RDW (13.4 ± 0.9% vs. 12.5 ± 0.6%) in the CAL group were significantly higher than that in the NCAL group (all p < 0.05). Besides, children in the CAL group had lower PT levels than those in the NCAL group (13.5 ± 1.5 s vs. 14.2 ± 1.3 s, p < 0.05).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the children with acute stage KD.
| CAL group (n = 36) | NCAL group (n = 66) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 25.5 (12.3, 49.5) | 24.0 (15.5, 35.3) | 0.5 |
| Male (n, %) | 26 (72.2) | 43 (65.2) | 0.5 |
| Fever duration (days), median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0, 7.8) | 6.5 (5.0, 8.0) | 0.7 |
| WBC (×109/L), mean ± SD | 18.6 ± 5.3 | 14.7 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| N (×109/L), mean ± SD | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 10.3 ± 3.3 | 0.4 |
| L (×109/L), mean ± SD | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| RDW (%), mean ± SD | 13.4 ± 0.9 | 12.5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| PLT (×109/L), mean ± SD | 430.5 ± 133.8 | 369.4 ± 106.4 | 0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD | 83.3 ± 60.0 | 76.3 ± 51.3 | 0.5 |
| ESR (mm/h), mean ± SD | 43.1 ± 16.5 | 40.4 ± 20.4 | 0.5 |
| PDW (%), median (IQR) | 15.6 (15.3, 15.9) | 15.6 (15.4, 15.8) | 0.4 |
| MPV (fL), median (IQR) | 8.7 (7.8, 9.3) | 8.4 (7.9, 9.3) | 0.5 |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 31.0 (16.5, 68.0) | 35.5 (14.8, 96.8) | 0.7 |
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 39.5 (25.3, 54.3) | 42.0 (28.0, 71.8) | 0.3 |
| PT (s), mean ± SD | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 0.02 |
| APTT (s), mean ± SD | 33.9 ± 5.5 | 34.8 ± 6.6 | 0.5 |
| D-dimer (mg/L), mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
KD, Kawasaki disease; CAL, coronary artery lesion; NCAL, non-CAL; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell count; N, neutrophil count; L, lymphocyte count; RDW, red blood cell distribution; PLT, platelet count; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PDW, platelet distribution width; MPV, mean platelet volume; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.
Logistic regression analysis
Risk factors associated with CAL in acute stage KD were further analyzed (Table 2). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that WBC (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4, p < 0.001), L (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7, p < 0.001), PLT (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 1.0–1.0, p = 0.02), D-dimer (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 1.0–1.0, p < 0.001), PT (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–1.0, p = 0.02), and RDW (OR = 6.4, 95% CI: 2.9–13.9, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with CAL in acute stage KD.
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of independent factors for CAL in acute stage KD.
| Independent factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| WBC (×109/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.2 |
| L (×109/L) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.2 |
| RDW (%) | 6.4 (2.9–13.9) | <0.001 | 7.0 (2.6–19.2) | <0.001 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.02 | 1.0 (0.998–1.010) | 0.2 |
| PT (s) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.02 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.01 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <0.001 | 1.0 (1.004–1.012) | <0.001 |
KD, Kawasaki disease; CAL, coronary artery lesion; WBC, white blood cell count; L, lymphocyte count; RDW, red blood cell distribution; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; OR, o/*ds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that D-dimer (OR = 1.0, 95% CI: 1.004–1.012, p < 0.001), PT (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8, p = 0.01), and RDW (OR = 7.0, 95% CI: 2.6–19.2, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of CAL in acute stage KD.
Correlation analysis
The CAL in acute stage KD was positively correlated with D-dimer (r = 0.4, p < 0.001) and RDW (r = 0.5, p < 0.001), but negatively correlated with PT (r = −0.2, p < 0.05).
ROC analysis
The ROC curves of using D-dimer, PT, and RDW to predict CAL in children with acute stage KD were analyzed (Figure 1). The ROC curve analysis illustrated the best cutoff value for D-dimer of >511 ng/L, with an AUC of 0.736, a sensitivity of 52.8%, and a specificity of 90.9%. The best cutoff value of PT for CAL in acute stage KD was <13.2 s (AUC = 0.640), and its sensitivity and specificity were 75.8% and 50.0%, respectively. RDW cutoff value was determined to be >13.1%, and the AUC value was 0.819 with sensitivity and a specificity of 69.4% and 86.4%, respectively. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis results showed that the combination of the three indicators was the most valuable predictor of CAL in acute stage KD with an AUC of 0.922 (sensitivity, 86.1%; specificity, 89.4%).
Figure 1.
ROC curves of using different indicators to predict CAL in children with acute stage KD. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; KD, Kawasaki disease; CAL, coronary artery lesion; RDW, red blood cell distribution; PT, prothrombin time.
Discussion
Our study retrospectively evaluated the performances of D-dimer, PT, and RDW for the diagnosis of CAL in acute stage KD. Compared with KD children without CAL, KD children with CAL had significantly higher D-dimer and RDW levels, but lower PT levels. The results of logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis showed that D-dimer, PT, and RDW were independent predictors of CAL in children with acute stage KD. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that CAL positively correlated with D-dimer and RDW, and negatively correlated with PT. Besides, the combination of the three indicators had the highest diagnostic performance for CAL in acute stage KD with an AUC of 0.922, a sensitivity of 86.1%, and a specificity of 89.4%. These results suggested that the combination of D-dimer, PT, and RDW may serve in the identification of CAL in children with acute stage KD.
Previous studies have shown that excessive inflammation in the acute phase leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction is an important mechanism for the development of CAL (6, 25). RDW is a parameter representing the variations in the dimension of circulating erythrocytes (26). Several studies have documented that higher RDW levels are an independent predictor of mortality from various cardiovascular diseases (21, 22, 27). Our study showed that RDW was a predictor of CAL in children with acute stage KD. The cutoff value of RDW in our study was >13.1%, which is similar to the result reported in a retrospective study performed on 1,355 patients with KD, with a cutoff value of >14.55% (28). Nevertheless, the relationship between RDW and CAL in children with KD is unclear. The commonly accepted view is that factors during the development of CAL such as oxidative stress and inflammatory response may affect the production and maturation of erythrocytes, which in turn cause changes in the level of RDW (28, 29). D-dimer is a byproduct of fibrin degradation and is widely recognized as a biomarker of thromboembolism (30). Compared with the NCAL group, our children in the CAL group had significantly higher D-dimer levels. Consistently, Zhou et al. also found a significant increase in serum D-dimer levels in KD children complicated with CAL (31). PT is a measure of coagulation status, and low PT levels have been identified as a risk factor related to major adverse cardiovascular events (18, 32). Our study showed that KD children with CAL had significantly lower PT levels than those without CAL, which was in line with those reported by Huang et al. (33). Importantly, the D-dimer and PT levels were firstly identified as predictors of CAL in acute stage KD in the present study. Overall, the present study demonstrated the diagnostic performances of D-dimer, PT, and RDW for CAL in children with acute stage KD.
Notably, this study is the first to evaluate the combined diagnostic performance of D-Dimer, PT, and RDW for CAL in children with acute stage KD. Our results showed that the combination of the three indicators had the highest diagnostic performance for CAL in acute stage KD, compared with D-dimer, PT, and RDW alone. These results suggested that RDW and D-dimer elevation combined with PT reduction could be used clinically as important indicators to predict the risk of CAL, thus providing some clinical reference for early treatment and prevention of CAL in acute stage KD. According to our findings, the WBC and PLT levels in KD children with CAL were also significantly higher than that in children without CAL. However, the diagnostic performances of WBC and PLT for CAL in children with acute stage KD were not established in our study. In contrast, Liu et al. found that WBC > 20 × 109/L and PLT > 450 × 109/L were risk factors for KD complicated with CAL by analyzing the clinical data of 485 KD children in Hangzhou (34). The reason for the discrepant results may be the bias introduced by the difference in sample size and region as well as non-standardization of laboratory testing methods. Thus, further studies with a large sample size are needed to validate these findings.
There were several limitations to our study. First, our study was performed at a single institution, adopting a retrospective design. Second, the relatively low sample size of KD children with CAL may lead to bias in the analysis. Third, all subjects were Chinese, leading to the possibility that our findings are not directly generalizable to other populations. Fourth, the severity or morphological characteristics of CALs were not assessed owing to the retrospective design of the study. Therefore, further multicenter studies with a prospective design and larger sample size should be conducted to confirm the Diagnostic performances of D-dimer, PT, and RDW for CAL in children with acute stage KD.
Conclusion
In conclusion, children with CAL had significantly higher D-dimer and RDW levels, but lower PT levels than those without CAL. The D-dimer, RDW, and PT may help predict CAL in children with acute stage KD. A combination of D-dimer, PT, and RDW may be useful as a screening tool for CAL in acute stage KD. However, further prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal cutoff values for the three indicators.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Lianyungang Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (number, LW-20210811001-01). Informed consent was obtained from the patient's parents.
Author contributions
Conception and design, YW and QY; Data collection, QY, JZ, QZ, and LS; Data analysis and interpretation, QY, MZ; Drafting article, YW and QY; Administrative support, YW. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.