Abstract
目的
探讨双侧颈上交感神经节阻断对主动脉夹层病理过程的影响及机制。
方法
将45只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、手术对照组、交感阻断组。采用β-氨基丙腈建立主动脉夹层模型,交感阻断组注射β-氨基丙腈前接受颈上交感神经节阻断术。采用无创尾动脉血压监测大鼠的血压和心率,药物阻滞法间接监测交感神经活性,HE染色观察主动脉壁组织结构,天狼星红染色观察胶原纤维增殖,免疫组织化学法检测Apelin蛋白表达,蛋白免疫印迹法检测基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、9蛋白表达。
结果
实验期间,手术对照组和交感阻断组体质量小于空白对照组(均 P < 0.05),且交感阻断组体质量大于手术对照组(均 P < 0.05)。手术对照组的心率和交感神经活性较空白对照组增加(均 P < 0.05),而交感阻断组降低(均 P < 0.05)。与空白对照组比较,手术对照组主动脉管壁增厚,而交感阻断组主动脉管壁增厚情况较手术对照组有所改善。空白对照组主动脉血管壁中大量胶原蛋白-1被天狼星红染成褐色,交感阻断组次之,手术对照组胶原蛋白-1染色最浅。与空白对照组比较,手术对照组Apelin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达增加(均 P < 0.05),而交感阻断组Apelin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达较手术对照组减少(均 P < 0.05)。
结论
颈上交感神经节阻断术可有效减少诱导大鼠主动脉夹层的发生及死亡,可能与抑制交感神经活性,减少胶原蛋白1、Apelin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达有关。
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effect of bilateral superior cervical sympathetic ganglion occlusion (SCG) on aortic dissection and its possible mechanism.
Methods
Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into three groups with 15 in each:blank control group, sham operation group and SCG group. β-aminopropione (666 mg·kg -1·d -1) was given by subcutaneous injection for 4 weeks to establish the aortic dissection model. Rats in SCG group were given SCG before the injection of β-aminopropione. Blood pressure and heart rate of the rats were monitored using noninvasive tail artery blood pressure measuring instrument; sympathetic activity was monitored using drug block method; the structure of aortic wall was observed using HE staining; collagen fibers in aortic wall was observed using Sirius red staining; protein expression of Apelin was detected by immunohistochemistry; and the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, 9 was detected by Western blotting.
Results
During the experiment, the body mass of the sham operation group and SCG group was smaller than that of the blank control group (all P < 0.05), and the body mass of the SCG group was larger than that of the sham operation group (all P < 0.05). The heart rate and sympathetic activity of the sham operation group were higher than those of the blank control group (all P < 0.05), while the SCG group were lower (all P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the aortic wall in the sham operation group was thickening, while that in the SCG group was improved. A large number of collagen-1 in the aortic wall of the blank control group was stained brown by Sirius red, which was lighter in SCG group, and the staining in the sham operation group was the lightest. Compared with the blank control group, the expression of Apelin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in the sham operation group increased (all P < 0.05), while those in the SCG group decreased (all P < 0.05).
Conclusion
SCG can effectively reduce the incidence and mortality of aortic dissection in rats, which may be related to the inhibition of sympathetic activity and the decrease of collagen-1, Apelin, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression.
Keywords: Aneurysm, dissecting/pathology; Aortic diseases/pathology; Sympathetic nervous system; Superior cervical ganglion; Fats/metabolism; Matrix metalloproteinases; Randomized controlled trial
主动脉夹层(aortic dissection,AD)是指主动脉腔内的血液从主动脉内膜撕裂处进入主动脉中膜,使中膜分离,沿主动脉长轴方向扩展形成主动脉壁的真假两腔分离状态,是最常见的主动脉急症之一,具有极高的病死率和并发症发生率 [ 1] 。多种危险因素参与了AD的发生和发展,如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、交感-肾上腺素能系统等 [ 2- 3] 。交感神经节阻滞是一种通过阻断颈下部或胸上段交感神经的治疗方式,对部分心血管疾病有良好的治疗作用 [ 4- 5] ,但在AD研究中报道很少。研究发现,接受颈上交感神经节阻断手术的大鼠可出现与交感神经节阻滞术相同的症状及体征,可用于模拟人体接受交感神经节阻滞术的研究 [ 6] 。因此,本研究建立SD雄性大鼠AD模型,通过探讨双侧颈上交感神经节阻断对AD发生及其病理过程的影响,为临床应用提供实验依据。
45只SPF级SD雄性大鼠,3周龄,体质量为40~50 g,购于湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司[SCXK(湘)2016-0002]。实验在宁夏医科大学实验动物中心进行[SVXK(宁)2011-0001],温度21~25 ℃,自由饮食和饮水。本实验严格遵守《动物伦理学》3R原则。
基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、9抗体为美国Abcam公司产品;Apelin抗体为美国圣克鲁斯生物技术公司产品;β-氨基丙腈为南京邦若生物科技公司产品;弹性胶原纤维(EVG)染液、天狼星红染液为上海天能科技有限公司产品;RIPA裂解液为美国BD公司产品;石蜡组织切片机为美国Thermo公司产品。
将45只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、手术对照组、交感阻断组,每组15只。空白对照组:正常饲养,不做任何处理。手术对照组:本组所有大鼠均先接受手术操作,大鼠麻醉、仰卧位、固定后备皮消毒,取颈部正中切口,暴露组织,定位颈动脉三角,分离深筋膜,暴露颈总动脉,找到颈交感干。对侧同样操作。完成后缝合、消毒,皮下注射20万单位青霉素。适应性饲养3 d后,采用666 mg·kg -1·d -1β-氨基丙腈在颈部皮下注射,用药4周。交感阻断组:同手术对照组,在找到颈交感神经干后,在近颈上交感神经节处和近心端结扎并离断,对侧同样操作,完成后缝合、消毒,皮下注射20万单位青霉素。适应性饲养3 d后,采用666 mg·kg -1·d -1β-氨基丙腈在颈部皮下注射,用药4周 [ 7] 。实验过程中对死亡大鼠即刻进行解剖,甲醛固定后行进一步检测。
利用电子天平每周固定时间测量大鼠体质量,根据实际体质量动态调整药物注射量。每只大鼠重复测量3次后取平均值,死亡大鼠不再测量。
采用无创尾动脉血压监测。实验结束处死大鼠前1 d对大鼠进行适应性检测。检测当天,将大鼠放置于固定器,连接套管装置,分别置于尾根部及远端,打开系统自动记录参数,每只大鼠至少重复检测5次后取平均值,剔除离群数据。
采用药物阻滞法对大鼠交感神经活性进行间接检测。首先对大鼠进行股静脉插管,通过导管静脉注射25 mg/kg六甲溴铵,通过检测系统自动记录血压变化,评估交感神经活性。
从会阴部向颈部对大鼠进行逐层解剖,在双肾间定位腹主动脉分叉处,向上分离,将胸腔脏器推向一侧,沿脊柱分离胸主动脉,完整取出心脏及相连的主动脉。用等渗氯化钠溶液冲洗管腔,去除残留瘀血,观察找出可疑血管段。液氮研磨各组大鼠主动脉组织,裂解,提取总蛋白。
动脉组织均经甲醛固定后,石蜡包埋,切片,厚度约4 μm。石蜡切片脱蜡至水,苏木素染细胞核,伊红染细胞质,脱水封片,显微镜下观察,采集图像进行分析。
组织石蜡切片脱蜡至水,采用天狼星红液染色、漂洗、封片,显微镜下观察胶原纤维并采集图片。
组织切片进行常规脱蜡去水,抗原修复15~20 min,过氧化氢酶阻断,生物素密封,加稀释的Apelin一抗(1:100),37 ℃孵育1.5 h,DAB显色,苏木素复染2 min,脱水至透明封片后在光镜下观察Apelin蛋白的表达。
采用蛋白免疫印迹法分析MMP-2、MMP-9和GAPDH。通过电泳、转膜、封闭、一抗二抗孵育(MMP-2、MMP-9和GAPDH的一次抗体作为对照)、增强化学发光法(ECL)法显影定影,用Quantity One软件分析条带强度,以GAPDH为内参,分析与内参条带吸光度的比值,作为MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白相对表达量。
采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差( x ± s)描述,组间比较采用 t检验, P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
实验第3周,空白对照组全部存活;手术对照组5只大鼠死于AD破裂,解剖可发现明显的动脉壁裂口,存活的10只大鼠解剖后在升主动脉至胸主动脉段也发现有明显的AD形成;交感阻断组仅有3只形成AD,其中1只在实验结束前死于AD破裂。三组动脉血管壁组织结构变化见 图 1。结果提示,皮下注射β-氨基丙腈是构建AD模型的有效途径,对大鼠主动脉结构有明显影响,而颈上交感神经节阻断可减轻甚至阻断β-氨基丙腈对大鼠主动脉结构的影响。
图1.

三组动脉血管壁组织结构变化(HE染色)
实验期间,手术对照组与交感阻断组体质量始终低于空白对照组(均 P<0.05),且交感阻断组体质量大于手术对照组(均 P<0.05),见 图 2。结果提示,颈上交感神经节阻断不会抑制大鼠自然生长。
图2.
实验期间三组大鼠体质量变化
*与空白对照组比较, P<0.05; #与手术对照组比较, P<0.05.

三组大鼠的收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压之间差异无统计学意义( P>0.05),但手术对照组心率较空白对照组和交感阻断组升高( P < 0.05),交感神经活性较强( P < 0.05),见 表 1。结果提示,大鼠AD模型构建对血压无明显影响,双侧颈交感神经节的阻断可抑制交感神经系统活性。
表1 三组血压、心率及交感神经活性比较
Table 1 Blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity among three groups ( x ± s)
|
组别 |
n |
收缩压(mmHg) |
舒张压(mmHg) |
平均动脉压(mmHg) |
心率(次/min) |
交感神经活性(mmHg) |
|
空白对照组 |
15 |
118.5±12.9 |
79.8±12.5 |
92.8±12.4 |
311.8±18.5 |
-32.5±6.8 |
|
手术对照组 |
15 |
122.6±9.6 |
78.7±14.8 |
92.9±12.3 |
365.8±19.8 * |
-44.9±7.4 * |
|
交感阻断组 |
15 |
115.5±8.9 |
75.2±7.9 |
88.3±7.4 |
266.8±52.3 *# |
-25.2±4.6 *# |
*与空白对照组比较, P < 0.05; #与手术对照组比较, P<0.05.1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.
HE染色结果显示,与空白对照组比较,手术对照组主动脉管壁增厚,以内膜增厚最明显;与手术对照组比较,交感阻断组主动脉管壁增厚现象改善,内膜增厚不明显。天狼星红染色结果显示,空白对照组主动脉血管壁中大量胶原蛋白-1明显染褐色,交感阻断组次之,手术对照组胶原蛋白-1染色最浅( 图 3)。结果提示,交感神经阻断可以使大鼠AD模型的主动脉增厚减轻并增加胶原蛋白密度。
图3.
三组主动脉血管壁厚度和胶原蛋白1含量比较
大鼠主动脉HE染色结果显示,手术对照组主动脉管壁增厚,其中又以内膜增厚最明显,交感阻断组主动脉管壁增厚现象得到改善,内膜增厚不明显;天狼星红染色结果显示,空白对照组主动脉血管壁中大量胶原蛋白1染褐色,交感阻断组次之,手术对照组胶原蛋白1染色最浅.标尺=20 μm.

Apelin蛋白主要表达于血管内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞的细胞膜和细胞质中。与空白对照组比较,手术对照组Apelin蛋白表达增加,交感阻断组Apelin蛋白表达较手术对照组减少( 图 4)。结果提示,交感神经阻断可以使大鼠AD模型血管内皮中Apelin蛋白表达减少,减轻神经损伤。
图4.

三组主动脉中Apelin蛋白表达
与空白对照组比较,手术对照组MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达增加(均 P<0.01),交感阻断组MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达较手术对照组减少(均 P<0.05),见 图 5、 表 2。结果提示,交感神经阻断可以减少MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达,延缓AD发生。
图5.
三组主动脉中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白电泳图
MMP:基质金属蛋白酶.

表2 三组主动脉中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白相对表达量比较
Table 2 Relative expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in three groups ( x ± s)
|
组别 |
n |
MMP-2 |
MMP-9 |
|
空白对照组 |
15 |
0.62±0.05 |
0.65±0.02 |
|
手术对照组 |
15 |
0.94±0.03 ** |
0.91±0.05 ** |
|
交感阻断组 |
15 |
0.82±0.01 *# |
0.86±0.03 *# |
与空白对照组比较, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01;与手术对照组比较, # P < 0.05.MMP:基质金属蛋白酶.
交感神经活动广泛,主要保证人体紧张状态时的生理需要。交感神经兴奋时可引起心搏加强加速、持续性血压升高、代谢亢进、周围动脉收缩等,而在去除交感神经后可使周围动脉扩张 [ 8] 。颈交感神经干切断能有效模拟机体长期交感神经节阻滞效应,可获取理想的动物模型 [ 9] 。β-氨基丙腈通过抑制赖氨酰氧化酶活性,不可逆地阻碍血管壁中胶原和弹性纤维交联,最终破坏血管中膜,导致AD发生 [ 10] 。
本研究采用皮下注射β-氨基丙腈法构建大鼠AD模型,实验3周时手术对照组5只大鼠死于AD破裂,解剖可发现明显的动脉壁裂口,存活的10只大鼠升主动脉至胸主动脉段也发现有明显的AD形成,表明皮下注射β-氨基丙腈是构建AD模型的有效途径,对大鼠主动脉结构有明显影响 [ 11] 。实验中三组大鼠体质量变化结果显示,手术对照组大鼠体质量最小,交感阻断组次之,空白对照组最大,表明大鼠的体质量受到AD的影响,通过颈交感神经节阻滞效应可以有效抑制AD大鼠体质量减轻。高血压可导致动脉内膜弹性下降,是多种心血管疾病的促进因素,对AD的病情进展有一定的消极影响 [ 12] 。但本研究结果显示,三组大鼠的收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压均无明显差异,提示大鼠AD模型构建不影响血压的波动。有研究报道,AD患者交感神经系统活性升高 [ 13] ,本研究中手术对照组的心率及交感神经活性明显升高,空白对照组次之,交感阻断组最低,提示双侧颈交感神经节阻断对于AD交感神经系统活性有一定的抑制作用。
动脉中膜退化是促进AD发生发展的重要环节,常表现为胶原蛋白丢失、平滑肌细胞水平降低及蛋白多糖的累积 [ 14- 15] 。本研究通过天狼星红染色发现,空白对照组大鼠主动脉血管壁中大量胶原蛋白1被染成褐色,手术对照组胶原蛋白1染色最浅,提示手术对照组胶原蛋白1含量减少。胶原蛋白水平降低会影响血管的抗张强度,一旦内膜发生细小撕裂,血流即可冲破中膜导致严重AD的发生 [ 16] 。弹性纤维、胶原纤维是构成主动脉壁的重要组分,也是给予动脉壁弹性及抗牵拉强度的组织基础。其中Apelin分布于神经系统和外周组织中,主要参与呼吸系统、消化系统、心血管系统、神经生理以及胰岛素抵抗功能,可以通过刺激一氧化氮的生成使血管舒张,血压降低 [ 17] 。本文资料显示,Apelin在交感阻断组表达上升不显著,说明交感神经阻断可以使大鼠AD模型的神经损伤减轻。
MMP几乎能降解细胞外基质中的各种蛋白成分,破坏肿瘤细胞侵袭的组织学屏障,在肿瘤侵袭转移中起关键性作用,对主动脉壁有着同样的侵蚀破坏作用 [ 18] 。本文资料显示,与空白对照组比较,手术对照组MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达增加,而交感阻断组MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达减少,推测通过阻断颈交感神经可减少MMP-2、MMP-9表达,从而延缓AD的发生发展。与健康人群相比,糖尿病患者的AD发生率更低,这也可能与糖尿病患者自主神经功能受损、下调了MMP表达水平有关 [ 19] 。
综上所述,本研究发现颈上交感神经节阻断术可有效抑制大鼠AD的发生,这可能与交感神经活性抑制后减少Apelin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达有关。
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