Detailed information on drowning in children is not routinely collected by offices of national statistics. Few studies have been carried out in the United Kingdom, and none has been done on British children abroad.
In 1988-9, two of the authors (AMK and JRS) combined information from national statistical offices, police forces (Royal Life Saving Society), and from a press cutting service (Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents) for a detailed analysis of deaths by drowning in children.1–3 This analysis found that 149 children had drowned in the United Kingdom during 1998-9. It also identified a safety agenda, which focused on young children in garden ponds and pools and on older children swimming without supervision.
Over the past 10 years there have been initiatives on children's safety in water, particularly swimming. We obtained similar information for 1998-9 to identify changes that have occurred in 10 years and assessed whether these initiatives on safety have been successful.
Methods and results
Deaths by drowning in children aged 0-14 years were identified in the same way in 1988-9 and 1998-9. We compared numbers of cases of drowning in the two periods by calculating the observed and expected numbers and comparing them with the expected numbers taken from the observed numbers in 1988, adjusted for the 6% increase in the child population over the 10 year period (table). We used the statistical package Confidence Interval Analysis to calculate ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We identified deaths by drowning that occurred outside the United Kingdom from the Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents' survey of press cuttings.
A total of 104 children drowned in the United Kingdom in 1998-9 compared with 149 in 1988-9; this represents a significant fall in incidence. The numbers of children drowning fell in all sites, apart from deaths in garden ponds, where the numbers rose significantly (P<0.05). The decreases in drownings in three areas (rivers, canals, and lakes; domestic pools; and the sea) were also significant. Three times more boys than girls drowned during both periods (table).
At least 14 British children drowned abroad. Twelve of these drowned while swimming on holiday in Cyprus, France, Spain, Turkey, or the United States. Most of the drownings happened in hotel or apartment pools.
Three boys with autistic spectrum disorder drowned in 1998-9, compared with 0.1 cases expected from a recent study in the United Kingdom4 (the observed to expected ratio was 30 (95% confidence interval 8.77, P<0.05)).
Comment
The number of children dying from drowning in the United Kingdom has fallen over the 10 year period between 1988-9 and 1998-9. However, drownings in pools abroad and in garden ponds are a major concern, and safety organisations need to speak with holiday companies to improve the safety of children abroad. The European Union needs to be involved, and we believe that detailed data on deaths by drowning need to be collected routinely by government statistics offices in the United Kingdom.
The rise in the number of drownings in garden ponds may be due to an increase in the number of water features in gardens, perhaps as a result of popular garden programmes on television. Garden ponds remain a real threat to toddlers and should be covered or fenced. The reduction in drownings in domestic pools may be due to fewer pools being installed and used and some pools having safety fences and gates.
In the 10 years since 1998-9 there has been a focus on the supervision of activities with schoolchildren, and this is reflected by the reduction in river, lake, and canal drownings. The figures we have are small, but it does seem that children with autistic spectrum disorder may be at increased risk of drowning. This would coincide with their patterns of behaviour and needs further research.
Table.
Drownings in children aged 0-14 years in the United Kingdom
| Location of drownings | 1988-9 Observed |
1998-9
|
Ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Expected | Observed | |||
| Bath | 25 | 23.58 | 25 | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.57) |
| Garden pond | 11 | 10.37 | 21 | 2.03 (1.25 to 3.10)* |
| Domestic pool | 18 | 16.97 | 4 | 0.24 (0.06 to 0.60)* |
| Private pool | 8 | 7.54 | 5 | 0.66 (0.21 to 1.55) |
| River, canal, lake | 56 | 52.81 | 31 | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.83)* |
| Public pool | 2 | 1.89 | 2 | 1.06 (0.13 to 3.82) |
| Sea | 20 | 18.70 | 10 | 0.53 (0.26 to 0.98)* |
| Other | 9 | 8.41 | 6 | 0.71 (0.26 to 1.55) |
| Total | 149† | 140.51 | 104‡ | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90)* |
P<0.05.
111 boys, 38 girls.
78 boys, 26 girls.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Office for National Statistics (England and Wales), the Scottish Government Record Office, and the Northern Ireland Office for their invaluable help. This study was considered as Audit by the multi-centre research ethics committee for Wales.
Footnotes
Editorial by Brenner
Funding: No specific funding.
Competing interests: None declared.
References
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