Abstract
Three new species of the genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007, T.cangshan Tong, Yang & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂), T.wumanshan Tong, Yang & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂), and T.xiaoheishan Tong, Yang & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂♀) are described from Yunnan, China. Descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs are provided.
Key words: Asia, distribution, goblin spiders, morphology, taxonomy
Introduction
The family Oonopidae Simon, 1890 is composed of tiny spiders between 1.0 and 3.0 mm. They have a nearly worldwide distribution, occurring mainly in leaf litter, under bark, and in the tree canopy (Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006; Ubick and Dupérré 2017). Oonopidae is among the nine most diverse spider families with 1891 extant described species in 115 genera (WSC 2023).
The genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 currently comprises 39 species. All species are known from Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam (Tong and Li 2007; Eichenberger and Kranz-Baltensperger 2011; Grismado et al. 2014; Malek-Hosseini et al. 2015). In China, the genus is represented by 17 species, of which seven species are from Chongqing, one species from Guizhou, and nine species from Yunnan Province (Tong et al. 2019; Huang et al. 2020, 2021; Wang et al. 2021). In this paper, three new Trilacuna species collected from Yunnan Province are described and illustrated.
Materials and methods
The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were taken with a Canon EOS 550D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi S-4800 after critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. Taxonomic descriptions follow Tong et al. (2020). Type materials are deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ap = apodemes; as = anterior sclerite; blp = basal leaf-shaped projection; brc = branch with row of combs; bsh = basal short “hairs”; bth = basal thin “hairs”; cdb= slightly curved distal branch; db = dorsal branch; dth = distal thick “hairs”; ehb = elevated hair base; glo = globular structure; lb = lateral branch; lcb = lateral curved branch; ldi = labium deep incision; ldp = large dorsal prong; lh = lateral “hairs”; lmb = long median branch; mb = median branch; PME = posterior median eye; psp = posterior spiracle; sar = sclerotized, recurved arches; sdb = short dorsal branch; tmb = thin median branch; tsc = transverse sclerite; vbl = ventral broad lobes; vp = ventral projection; wfb = distally widened flat branch.
Taxonomy
Family Oonopidae Simon, 1890
Genus. Trilacuna
Tong & Li, 2007
6221AEA4-5CAE-5DB6-AEF9-0179C3D8F9F5
Type species.
Trilacunarastrum Tong & Li, 2007 from Yunnan, China.
Diagnosis.
See Tong et al. (2020).
Composition.
42 species, including three described here.
Distribution.
Iran to the Korean Peninsula and south to Sumatra.
. Trilacuna cangshan
Tong, Yang & Zhang sp. nov.
F53E1A6F-F6C2-55BB-B628-BC6FD1C4E268
https://zoobank.org/D00C8223-91F4-4A42-8F73-AAAE7412F090
Figure 1.
Trilacunacangshan sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D–F prosoma in dorsal, ventral, and anterior views G labium and endites in ventral view H chelicerae, slightly oblique lateral view. Abbreviations: cdb = slightly curved distal branch; ehb = elevated hair base; ldi = labium deep incision. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–F); 0.2 mm (G, H).
Figure 2.
Trilacunacangshan sp. nov., left male palp A–F (light) and right male palp G–L (SEM, images flipped horizontally) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: blp = basal leaf-shaped projection; bth = basal thin “hairs”; dth = distal thick “hairs”; lcb = lateral curved branch; lh = lateral “hairs”; lmb = long median branch; vbl = ventral broad lobes. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.02 mm (D–F, J–L).
Figure 8.
Distribution records of three new species from Yunnan, China. 1. Trilacunacangshan sp. nov.; 2. Trilacunawumanshan sp. nov.; 3. Trilacunaxiaoheishan sp. nov.
Type material.
Holotype ♂ (SYNU-660): China, Yunnan Province, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Dali City, Cangshan Mountain, post-fire forest in 1999, 25°38′30″N, 100°08′04″E, Z. Yang leg., 2/11/2009.
Diagnosis.
Males of the new species are similar to those of T.bawan Tong, Zhang & Li, 2019 in the shape of palp, but they can be distinguished by the reduced eyes (Fig. 1D, F) vs normal, the smooth sternum (Fig. 1E) vs with grooves at posterior part, and the slightly elevated epigastric region (Fig. 1B, C) vs epigastric region strongly elevated (Tong et al. 2019: fig. 1A, E, G–I).
Description.
Male (holotype). Body: yellow, legs lighter; habitus as in Fig. 1A–C; body length 1.76. Carapace: 0.78 long, 0.67 wide; sides granulate, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 1D, F). Eyes: vestigial, only visible in frontal view (Fig. 1D, F). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight, proximal region with one seta with elevated base; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally branched (Fig. 1E, G, H). Sternum: surface finely reticulated (Fig. 1E). Abdomen: 1.01 long, 0.60 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; dorsal scutum not fused to epigastric scutum; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles connected by groove; epigastric region slightly elevated, with a cluster of densely short setae (Fig. 1A–C). Palp: orange; 0.64 long (0.20, 0.13, 0.13, 0.18); femur greatly elongated (width/length = 0.64); bulb kidney-shaped, tapering apically; psembolus with basal leaf-shaped projection (blp) and ventral broad lobes (vbl); with dorsal median branch (lmb) and retrolateral, long curved branch (lcb) (Fig. 2).
Female. Unknown.
Etymology.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality, Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 8).
. Trilacuna wumanshan
Tong, Yang & Zhang sp. nov.
EB818C04-C300-54F5-A09A-94486B304ED5
https://zoobank.org/05309BE8-2203-4DD0-86B3-88B00D9CFC05
Figure 3.
Trilacunawumanshan sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, arrow shows the elevated epigastric region D–F prosoma in dorsal, ventral, and anterior views G labium and endites in ventral view H chelicerae in slightly oblique lateral view. Abbreviations: ehb = elevated hair base; ldi = labium deep incision. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–F); 0.2 mm (G, H).
Figure 4.
Trilacunawumanshan sp. nov., left male palp, A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: bsh = basal short “hairs”; db = dorsal branch; lb = lateral branch; ldp = large dorsal prong; mb = median branch; vp = ventral projection. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).
Type material.
Holotype ♂ (SYNU-661): China, Yunnan Province, Lincang City, Cangyuan Wa Autonomous County, Banhong township, Wuman Hill, 23°15′15″N, 99°05′52″E, Z. Yang leg., 13/5/2021.
Diagnosis.
The new species is similar to T.longtankou Tong & Li, 2020 in the shape of the male palp, but it can be distinguished by the smooth sternum (Fig. 3B) vs sternum with two rows of paddle-shaped setae, and the large dorsal prong and the narrow lateral and dorsal branches of psembolus (Fig. 4J, K) vs a basal branch and several broad branches of psembolus (Huang et al. 2020: fig. 3E, F, H).
Description.
Male (holotype). Body: yellow-brown, chelicerae and sternum lighter, legs yellow; habitus as in Fig. 3A–C; body length 1.44. Carapace: 0.70 long, 0.56 wide; sides smooth, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 3D). Eyes: ALE largest, PME smallest; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 1.0 diameters (Fig. 3D, F). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight, proximal region with one hair with elevated hair base; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally not branched (Fig. 3E, G, H). Sternum: surface finely smooth (Fig. 3E). Abdomen: 0.72 long, 0.47 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; dorsal scutum not fused to epigastric scutum; sperm pore situated at level of posterior spiracles; apodemes present, posterior spiracles not connected by groove; epigastric region slightly elevated (Fig. 3A–C). Palp: orange; 0.54 long (0.16, 0.09, 0.12, 0.17); femur greatly elongated (width/length = 0.60); bulb triangle, tapering anteriorly; psembolus with large dorsal prong (ldp), a cluster of basal short “hairs” (bsh), and a small ventral projection (vp); with a broad median branch (mb), a narrow lateral branch (lb) and a dorsal branch (db) (Fig. 4).
Female. Unknown.
Etymology.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality, Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 8).
. Trilacuna xiaoheishan
Tong, Yang & Zhang sp. nov.
5EFF157C-5FA6-58C5-8E34-8A806816FA0D
https://zoobank.org/F599EE3B-6643-418A-8967-132D41CD1D3B
Figure 5.
Trilacunaxiaoheishan sp. nov., male holotype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D–F prosoma in dorsal, ventral, and anterior views G labium and endites in ventral view H chelicerae, anterior view. Abbreviations: ehb = elevated hair base; ldi = labium deep incision. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–F); 0.2 mm (G, H).
Figure 6.
Trilacunaxiaoheishan sp. nov., left male palp A–F (light) and G–L (SEM) A, G prolateral view B, H dorsal view C, I retrolateral view D, J distal part of bulb, prolateral view E, K distal part of bulb, dorsal view F, L distal part of bulb, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: brc = branch with row of combs; sdb = short dorsal branch; lcb = lateral curved branch; tmb = thin median branch; wfb = distally widened flat branch. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–C, G–I); 0.05 mm (D–F, J–L).
Figure 7.
Trilacunaxiaoheishan sp. nov., female paratype A–C habitus in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views D, E prosoma in dorsal and ventral views F abdomen in ventral view G, H copulatory organ in ventral and dorsal views, arrow shows the curved posterior margin. Abbreviations: ap = apodemes; as = anterior sclerite; glo = globular structure; psp = posterior spiracle; sar = sclerotized, recurved arches; tsc = transverse sclerite. Scale bars: 0.4 mm (A–F); 0.2 mm (G, H).
Type material.
Holotype ♂ (SYNU-653): China, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Longling County, Xiaoheishan Natural Reserve, Z. Li & L. Wang leg., 17/2/2011; Paratypes 1 ♂ (SYNU-654),1 ♀ (SYNU-655), 2 ♀ (SYNU-656-657), same data as holotype.
Diagnosis.
Males of the new species are similar to those of T.werni Eichenberger, 2011 in the shape of the male palp, but they can be distinguished by the branch of psembolus with row of combs (Fig. 6D, J) vs a groove with row of lobes (Eichenberger and Kranz-Baltensperger 2011: fig. 12A, B, E, I), and the unfused abdominal dorsal and ventral scuta (Fig. 5C) vs dorsal scutum fused to the epigastric scutum (Eichenberger and Kranz-Baltensperger 2011: fig. 11C). Females can be distinguished from the other Trilacuna species by the curved posterior margin of epigastric scutum (Fig. 7F, G) vs roundly bent.
Description.
Male (holotype). Body: reddish-brown, chelicerae and sternum lighter, legs yellow; habitus as in Fig. 5A–C; body length 2.37. Carapace: 1.08 long, 0.89 wide; sides smooth, lateral margin rebordered (Fig. 5D). Eyes: ALE largest, PME smallest; ALE separated from edge of carapace by 0.93 diameters (Fig. 5D, F). Mouthparts: chelicerae straight, proximal region with one hair with elevated hair base; labium rectangular, anterior margin deeply incised; endites slender, distally not branched (Fig. 5E, G, H). Sternum: surface strongly rugose (Fig. 5E). Abdomen: 1.36 long, 0.92 wide; booklung covers ovoid, surface smooth; apodemes present; sperm pore situated at level of anterior spiracles; posterior spiracles connected by groove (Fig. 5A–C). Palp: orange; 0.79 long (0.24, 0.15, 0.17, 0.23); femur greatly elongated (width/length = 0.61); bulb triangle, tapering anteriorly; psembolus with a long distally widened flat branch (wfb), with a row of combs (brc) at basal half of the branch and numerous “hairs” on distal half of the branch; with a retrolateraly long curved branch (lcb), a short dorsal branch (sdb) and a thin median branch (tmb) (Fig. 6).
Female (paratype, SYNU-655). Body: habitus as in Fig. 7A–C; slightly larger than male; body length 2.57. Carapace: 1.09 long, 0.91 wide. Mouthparts: endites unmodified. Abdomen: 1.60 long, 1.13 wide. Epigastric area: middle part of posterior margin of epigastric scutum curved, with sclerotized recurved arches (sar) between posterior spiracles (psp) (Fig. 7F, G). Endogyne: with narrow, transversally elongated sclerite (tsc); anterior T-shaped sclerite (as) and posterior small globular structure (glo) (Fig. 7G, H).
Etymology.
The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality, Yunnan Province, China (Fig. 8).
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Yuri Marusik (Magadan, Russia), Darrell Ubick (San-Francisco, USA), and Mikhail Omelko (Vladivostok, Russia).
Citation
Ma J, Bian D, Tong Y, Yang Z, Zhang Z (2023) Three new species of the genus Trilacuna Tong & Li, 2007 (Araneae, Oonopidae) from Yunnan Province, China. ZooKeys 1174: 289–300. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1174.106130
Contributor Information
Yanfeng Tong, Email: tyf68@hotmail.com.
Zizhong Yang, Email: yangzzh69@163.com.
Zhisheng Zhang, Email: zhangzs327@qq.com.
Additional information
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest was declared.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31060070, 31750002, 31972867), and LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC2007044).
Author contributions
Conceptualization: YT. Resources: ZY, ZZ. Software: JM, DB. Writing – original draft: JM, DB. Writing – review and editing: YT, ZY, ZZ.
Author ORCIDs
Jimeng Ma https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4579-3506
Dongju Bian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9324-8026
Yanfeng Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4348-7029
Zizhong Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-8226
Zhisheng Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-1789
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.