Abstract
Background
The population’s hesitancy to get the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination may pose a risk to public health worldwide. However, the causes and contributors to vaccine hesitancy in the Saudi people need to be understood. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online structured questionnaire titled “Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination.” The questionnaire collected demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was distributed through links on various sites, including Twitter and WhatsApp.
Results
A total of 544 participants were included in the present study. Overall, 64.9% were males, and 35.1% were females. Most of the population had received three doses (83.6%) of the COVID-19 vaccine. About half of the participants had a university education (56.8%), 17.5% of respondents were postgraduates, and 14.2% had secondary education. Overall, 41.4% of the population had a low knowledge level, and 58.5% had a low attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Receiving the COVID-19 vaccine was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the population’s knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, the education level substantially affected the knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with the attitude toward the vaccine.
Conclusions
Despite the high prevalence of the population who received the three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in Jeddah city, the study showed insufficient knowledge and attitude among the population toward COVID-19 vaccination. However, fortunately, education plays an essential role in improving the knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination.
Keywords: attitude, knowledge, vaccination, saudi arabia, general population
Introduction
Globally, healthcare organizations have wished for a safe and efficient vaccination for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1,2]. The development of vaccines takes a long time and involves several potency, effectiveness, and safety checks, especially in high-risk groups, including the elderly, pregnant women, and those with comorbid conditions and immunodeficiencies [3].
The acceptance of the recently introduced vaccine is another factor to be considered, as the population’s vaccination coverage rate is crucial for the success of an immunization program. With the COVID-19 vaccine being available just nine months after the virus was discovered, the program for its release has been hastened. Although some preliminary evidence points to the safety and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines, long-term efficacy and any potential adverse effects remain unclear [4].
Understandably, medical professionals and the general public are hesitant about the new vaccine’s reception [5]. A significant anti-vaccine movement has also gained ground, and the media has been inundated with several pseudoscientific conspiracy theories. These factors make vaccine reluctance one of the biggest obstacles to the COVID-19 vaccination program [6].
In most countries, vaccination against COVID-19 is optional; thus, before the vaccination program is implemented, it is crucial to establish the current perceptions of the local population. The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic brought the scientific community together to better comprehend the SARS-CoV-2 immune response and pathogenic mechanism. As a result, some vaccines succeeded and passed phase 3 clinical testing after a year of joint work [7]. After the COVID-19 vaccines were authorized in late 2020, vaccine manufacturers began shipping doses to various nations in early 2021. To prioritize the immunization of the elderly, individuals with chronic conditions, and medical professionals, PfizerBioNTech and AstraZeneca devised a system for online vaccination booking. These vaccines, in addition to Moderna and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) vaccines, were licensed in Saudi Arabia [8]. According to the authorities, all Saudi and foreign inhabitants are eligible for immunization. However, vaccine hesitancy is a hotly debated public issue that may impact the government’s immunization plan to halt the epidemic [9].
According to several studies, the population’s hesitancy to get the COVID-19 vaccination may pose a risk to public health worldwide [10,11]. However, the causes and contributors to vaccination hesitancy in the Saudi population need to be understood. The causes of this hesitation might range from false information about the effectiveness and safety of the vaccines to misunderstandings about the necessity of immunization. In addition, sociodemographic factors and culture may impact vaccine reluctance [12-14]. Therefore, this study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Materials and methods
Study design
This study used a descriptive survey design. Researchers can use correlation survey data to predict future trends and explain the characteristics of a population or variations among the general population of Jeddah. Further, the reliability of this design in preserving respondents’ anonymity, which motivates them to provide truthful responses, makes it appropriate for this study.
Study population
The questionnaire was distributed among the general population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Consent was taken from responders before proceeding with the questionnaire. Responders were informed of the study purpose and background on the first page of the questionnaire. Respondents were informed that they could withdraw without providing a reason at any time and that their information and opinions would remain anonymous.
Study instrument
A structured questionnaire called “Knowledge and Attitude of COVID-19 Vaccine Among the General Population in Jeddah” was used in the study, and several instrument components were self-developed. The attitude scale was adopted from Paul et al. [15] with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.91-0.94, and the knowledge scale was derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [16].
The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The first part concerned demographic information such as sex, age, education level, and vaccination status against COVID-19. The second part included six questions assessing the responder’s knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine. The third part included four questions assessing the responder’s attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Brislin’s back-translation model was used to translate the questionnaire into Arabic [17]. Two infection control and public health experts reviewed the questionnaire for validity.
Data collection
The participants were recruited using a chain-referral sampling technique. The questionnaire was distributed through links on various sites, including Twitter and WhatsApp. Responders were asked to distribute the questionnaire among their family, friends, and coworkers.
Statistical analysis
Data were simultaneously entered into a preform and updated. It was entered into Microsoft Excel (MS Office 2010) (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive analysis included the computation of frequencies and percentages. Numbers were used to represent categorical variables, whereas quantitative variables were described using mean ± standard deviation (SD).
The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine if the variable distribution was normal. When comparing parametric variables between study groups, one-way analysis was used, and when comparing non-parametric variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. An analysis of qualitative variables was conducted using the chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Responses were rated on a four-point scale ranging from 1, “strongly agree,” to 4, “strongly disagree.” The mean attitude score was calculated by multiplying the number of points on the scale by the number of responses divided by the total number of respondents.
Ethical consideration
The study approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (approval number: NRJ22J/011/01).
Results
A total of 544 participants were included in the present study. Table 1 shows that most participants were males (64.9%), and 35.1% were females. Most of the population had received three doses (83.6%) of the COVID-19 vaccine. About half of the participants had a university education (56.8%), 17.5% of respondents were postgraduates, and 14.2% had a secondary education.
Table 1. Demographic information of the respondents.
| Variable | Number | Percentage (%) |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18–24 | 135 | 24.8% |
| 25–30 | 88 | 16.2% |
| 31–35 | 66 | 12.1% |
| 36–40 | 62 | 11.4% |
| 41–45 | 53 | 9.7% |
| >45 | 140 | 25.7% |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 353 | 64.9% |
| Female | 191 | 35.1% |
| Have you received the novel COVID-19 vaccine? | ||
| No | 5 | 0.9% |
| Yes one dose | 2 | 0.4% |
| Yes two doses | 60 | 11% |
| Yes three doses | 455 | 83.6% |
| Yes four doses | 22 | 4% |
| Education level | ||
| Intermediate | 9 | 1.7% |
| Diploma | 54 | 9.9% |
| Secondary | 77 | 14.2% |
| University | 309 | 56.8% |
| Postgraduate | 95 | 17.5% |
Table 2 shows the knowledge of the respondents about the approved COVID-19 vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech (93.9%), AstraZeneca-Oxford (66.9%), Moderna (43.8%), and Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen (14%). The majority of respondents (70.4%) answered “No” when they were asked about the ability of the new COVID-19 vaccine to change the composition of genes inside the body. Half the study population (50%) thought the new vaccine could protect them from COVID-19. Overall, 21.7% of respondents felt they do not need the COVID-19 vaccine if they had contracted the disease before. Most participants (95.6%) thought that after taking the vaccine against COVID-19, they could become infected with the emerging COVID-19. Additionally, 35.5% of participants believed that the vaccine against COVID-19 might give them the emerging COVID-19.
Table 2. Knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine among the study participants.
| Knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination | Yes | No |
| Approved COVID-19 vaccines | ||
| AstraZeneca–Oxford COVID-19 vaccine | 364 (66.9%) | 180 (33.1%) |
| Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | 511 (93.9%) | 33 (6.1%) |
| Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 vaccine | 76 (14%) | 468 (86%) |
| Moderna COVID-19 vaccine | 238 (43.8%) | 306 (56.3%) |
| The COVID-19 vaccine can change the composition of genes inside my body | 161 (29.6%) | 383 (70.4%) |
| The COVID-19 vaccine can protect me from COVID-19 | 272 (50%) | 272 (50%) |
| I do not need the COVID-19 vaccine if I have had the disease before | 118 (21.7%) | 426 (78.3%) |
| After taking the COVID-19 vaccine, I can become infected with COVID-19 | 520 (95.6%) | 24 (4.4%) |
| The COVID-19 vaccine may infect me with the COVID-19 virus | 193 (35.5%) | 351 (64.5%) |
Table 3 shows the attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the study participants. Overall, 32.7% of respondents strongly disagreed that they do not trust the vaccine’s benefit against COVID-19. Moreover, 36.2% of participants agreed that they have concerns about the unexpected side effects of the vaccine. In addition, 28.3% of respondents strongly agreed that they were concerned about exploitative trading from manufacturers. Furthermore, 24.3 of respondents preferred natural immunity without vaccinations.
Table 3. The attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the study participants.
| The attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the study participants | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Agree | Strongly agree | Mean | SD |
| I do not trust the benefit of the vaccine against the coronavirus | 178 (32.7%) | 215 (39.5%) | 95 (17.5%) | 56 (10.3%) | 2.05 | 0.96 |
| I have concerns about the unexpected side effects of the vaccine | 74 (13.6%) | 151 (27.8%) | 197 (36.2%) | 122 (22.4%) | 2.67 | 0.97 |
| I have a concern about exploitative trading from manufacturers | 57 (10.5%) | 144 (26.5%) | 189 (34.7%) | 154 (28.3%) | 2.81 | 0.97 |
| I prefer natural immunity without vaccinations | 106 (19.5%) | 187 (34.4%) | 132 (24.3%) | 119 (21.9%) | 2.49 | 1.04 |
Table 4 shows that 41.4% of the population had a low knowledge level about COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, 58.5% of participants had a low attitude about COVID-19 vaccination.
Table 4. Overall knowledge and attitude levels about COVID-19 vaccination.
| Variable | Number (%) |
| Knowledge level | |
| High | 319 (58.6%) |
| Low | 225 (41.4%) |
| Attitude level | |
| High | 226 (41.5%) |
| Low | 318 (58.5%) |
Table 5 shows receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the population’s knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, the education level substantially affected the knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination.
Table 5. Correlation of knowledge and attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccination scores with other variables.
P: p-value. The significance level was set at p-values <0.05.
| Variable | Knowledge | Attitude | |
| Age | P | 0.224 | 0.259 |
| Have you received the novel COVID-19 vaccine? | P | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Education level | P | 0.022 | 0.010 |
Table 6 shows that receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination; 87.1% of the population with high knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had taken three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, the education level significantly (p = 0.040) affected the knowledge level of COVID-19 vaccination. Participants with a university education level (57.4%) had a high knowledge level. Additionally, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with the attitude toward the vaccine.
Table 6. Relations of the knowledge level of COVID-19 vaccination with the basic characteristics.
The significance level was set at p-values <0.05.
| Knowledge level | |||
| High | Low | P-value | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–24 | 83 (26%) | 52 (23.1%) | 0.401 |
| 25–30 | 55 (17.2%) | 33 (14.7%) | |
| 31–35 | 37 (11.6%) | 29 (12.9%) | |
| 36–40 | 37 (11.6%) | 25 (11.1%) | |
| 41–45 | 24 (7.5%) | 29 (12.9%) | |
| >45 | 83 (26%) | 57 (25.3%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 208 (65.2%) | 145 (64.4%) | 0.855 |
| Female | 111 (34.8%) | 80 (35.6%) | |
| Have you received the novel COVID-19 vaccine? | |||
| No | 0 (0) | 5 (2.2%) | 0.000 |
| Yes one dose | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Yes two doses | 22 (6.9%) | 38 (16.9%) | |
| Yes three doses | 278 (87.1%) | 177 (78.7%) | |
| Yes four doses | 18 (5.6%) | 4 (1.8%) | |
| Education level | |||
| Intermediate | 2 (0.6%) | 7 (3.1%) | 0.040 |
| Diploma | 31 (9.7%) | 23 (10.2%) | |
| Secondary | 39 (12.2%) | 38 (16.9%) | |
| University | 183 (57.4%) | 126 (56%) | |
| Postgraduate | 64 (20.1%) | 31 (13.8%) | |
| Attitude level | |||
| High | 73 (22.9%) | 153 (68%) | 0.000 |
| Low | 246 (77.1%) | 72 (32%) | |
Receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine was significantly (p = 0.004) associated with the population’s attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had a significant correlation (p = 0.036) with the attitude toward the vaccine.
Discussion
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is home to 34.81 million people. Since March 2020, when the first COVID-19-positive case was reported, KSA has had the second-highest number of COVID-19 infections in the Gulf region. The government has implemented several preventative steps to stop the spread of the disease, including providing free vaccinations to everyone over 12 years of age [18]. Every new medical procedure has a different rate of public acceptance. One significant problem with the populace is vaccine reluctance. Numerous elements were necessary, including the media environment, communication, and public perception. It has been noted that the information provided by these sites influences people’s attitudes and knowledge of vaccinations, impeding mass immunization campaigns [19]. A scientific method for developing solutions to problems and accomplishing the authorities’ intended goals in society is to analyze people’s knowledge and other perception issues based on facts and statistics on practices [19].
This study included 544 participants with ages ranging between 18 and older than 45 years. Most of the study population had received three doses (83.6%) of the novel COVID-19 vaccine. Most of them had knowledge about the approved COVID-19 vaccines, such as Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca-Oxford, and Moderna. In an Ethiopian study by Abebe et al. (2021), most responders (83.3%) were aware of the efficacy of the newly developed COVID-19 vaccination [20]. The percentage of males (64.9%) was higher than females (35.1%) in our study, which is different from a survey conducted by Almaghaslah et al., which reported a higher percentage of females (54.5%) than males (45.5%) [11]. Most participants (74.3%) had a university education and above, which is consistent with a study conducted in KSA, which reported 67.5% of the participants with a university education and above [11].
In this study, age, education level, and receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine significantly affected the knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Al-Marshoudi et al. (2021) reported that a history of chronic disease, source of vaccine knowledge, and education level affected the willingness to accept the vaccine [21]. Previously, a cross-sectional e-survey by Islam et al. (2021) observed that in a majority of female respondents, higher education, living nuclear families, and past vaccination usage were associated with considerably more positive attitudes toward vaccination [22].
Recently, age was found to be a significant predictor of vaccination status by Alatrany et al. (2023), with older age being linked to a higher chance of immunization. Furthermore, receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine was significantly associated with the knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination; 87.1% of the population with high knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had taken three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Additionally, knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine is highly influenced by the level of education. Participants with a university education level (57.4%) had a higher knowledge level. Additionally, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination significantly correlated with the attitude toward the vaccine. In Bangladesh, Rahman et al. (2022) showed that 58.13% and 64.81% of university students reported positive knowledge and attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine, respectively [23]. Additionally, in a study by Hammour et al. (2022), with a median knowledge score of 4 out of 8, the participants had insufficient knowledge. Participants who were over 45 years of age, had undergraduate or graduate degrees, or had degrees in the medical field scored better on understanding COVID-19 vaccinations than the other participants. Higher knowledge ratings were achieved by those who showed a willingness to acquire the vaccination, registered to do so, and had already received it [24]. Chilongola et al. (2022) observed poor vaccination rates of 6.9% due to unfavorable attitudes about COVID-19 immunization despite a reasonable understanding of the disease and good preventative measures. Reluctance to vaccination appears to be significantly influenced by false information about COVID-19 [25]. In Italy, Kibi et al. (2023) indicated that demographic data, in particular, age, gender, experience with influenza vaccine, and knowledge about the disease, were significant determinants for choosing to vaccinate against COVID-19 [26].
There are many limitations of our study. One of the limitations is the use of an online survey, which could have restricted the representativeness of the study sample. Another limitation is the study’s hypothetical design, which allows the study findings to vary from real-world experience, and individual responses may contribute to information bias.
Conclusions
This study showed that 58% of the respondents had high knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine, while 41% of the respondents had a positive attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine and education level were significantly associated with the level of knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination levels significantly correlated with the attitude toward the vaccine. Therefore, despite the high prevalence of the population who received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in Jeddah city, this study showed insufficient knowledge and attitude among the population toward COVID-19 vaccination. But, fortunately, education played an essential role in improving the knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination.
Appendices
Table 7. Demographic information.
| Demographic information | Choose one |
| Age | |
| 18–24 | |
| 25–30 | |
| 31–35 | |
| 36–40 | |
| 41–45 | |
| >45 | |
| Gender | |
| Male | |
| Female | |
| Have you received the novel coronavirus vaccine? | |
| No | |
| Yes one dose | |
| Yes two doses | |
| Yes three doses | |
| Yes four doses | |
| Education level | |
| Intermediate | |
| Diploma | |
| Secondary | |
| University | |
| Postgraduate | |
Table 8. Knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination.
| Knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination | Yes | No |
| Approved COVID-19 vaccines | ||
| AstraZeneca–Oxford COVID-19 vaccine | ||
| Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | ||
| Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 vaccine | ||
| Moderna COVID-19 vaccine | ||
| The new Corona vaccine can change the composition of genes inside my body | ||
| The new Corona vaccine can protect me from corona disease | ||
| I do not need the Corona vaccine if I have had the disease before | ||
| After taking the vaccine against the coronavirus, I can become infected with the emerging corona disease | ||
| The vaccine against the coronavirus may give me the emerging corona disease |
Table 9. Attitude of COVID-19 vaccination.
| Attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine | Yes | No |
| I do not trust the benefit of the vaccine against the coronavirus | ||
| I have concerns about the unexpected side effects of the vaccine | ||
| I have a concern about exploitative trading from manufacturers | ||
| I prefer natural immunity without vaccinations |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Human Ethics
Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) issued approval NRJ22J/011/01
Animal Ethics
Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.
References
- 1.COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Chakraborty I, Maity P. Sci Total Environ. 2020;728:138882. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Knowledge and attitude toward coronavirus disease 19 pandemic among Saudi Arabia population: a cross-sectional study. Shaikhain T, Al-Husayni F, Bukhari G, et al. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:20503121211052421. doi: 10.1177/20503121211052421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020. WHO SAGE Roadmap for Prioritizing Uses of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Context of Limited Supply: An Approach to Inform Planning and Subsequent Recommendations Based on Epidemiological Setting and Vaccine Supply Scenarios. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Neumann-Böhme S, Varghese NE, Sabat I, et al. Eur J Health Econ. 2020;21:977–982. doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.COVID-19 vaccine knowledge and attitude among healthcare workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Althaqafi A, Munshi A, Mujalled MK, et al. Cureus. 2023;15:0. doi: 10.7759/cureus.41070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: beliefs and barriers associated with vaccination among the general population in India. Sharun K, Rahman F, Haritha V, Jose B, Tiwari R, Dhama K. https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-994753 J Experiment Biol Agricult Sci. 2020;8:210–218. [Google Scholar]
- 7.COVID-19: a review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Izda V, Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Clin Immunol. 2021;222:108634. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.General Authority for Statistics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [ Jun; 2021 ]. 2021. https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/node https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/node
- 9.A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, et al. Nat Med. 2021;27:225–228. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and its related determinants among the general adult population in Kuwait. Alqudeimat Y, Alenezi D, AlHajri B, et al. Med Princ Pract. 2021;30:262–271. doi: 10.1159/000514636. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among young adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional web-based study. Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:330. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9040330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among the Saudi population. Alfageeh EI, Alshareef N, Angawi K, Alhazmi F, Chirwa GC. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:226. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9030226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: a cross-sectional study from Jordan. El-Elimat T, AbuAlSamen MM, Almomani BA, Al-Sawalha NA, Alali FQ. PLoS One. 2021;16:0. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Sallam M. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:160. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: implications for public health communications. Paul E, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;1:100012. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.CDC. Myths and facts about COVID-19 vaccines. [ Jun; 2021 ]. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/facts.html
- 17.Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Brislin RW. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1970;1:185–216. [Google Scholar]
- 18.COVID-19 and African Americans. Yancy CW. JAMA. 2020;323:1891–1892. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia: a web-based national survey. Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1657–1663. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S276771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Understanding of COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitude, acceptance, and determinates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among adult population in Ethiopia. Abebe H, Shitu S, Mose A. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:2015–2025. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S312116. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 vaccine in Oman: a pre-campaign cross-sectional study. Al-Marshoudi S, Al-Balushi H, Al-Wahaibi A, et al. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:602. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations: a cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh. Islam MS, Siddique AB, Akter R, Tasnim R, Sujan MS, Ward PR, Sikder MT. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1851. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11880-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Knowledge, attitude, and hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccine among university students of Bangladesh. Rahman MM, Chisty MA, Alam MA, et al. PLoS One. 2022;17:0. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Factors affecting the public's knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines and the influence of knowledge on their decision to get vaccinated. Abu Hammour K, Abu Farha R, Manaseer Q, Al-Manaseer B. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022;62:309–316. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.06.021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, practices, and vaccination hesitancy in Moshi, Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania. Chilongola JO, Rwegoshola K, Balingumu O, Semvua HS, Kwigizile ET. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1917974 Tanzania J Health Res. 2022;13:1–2. [Google Scholar]
- 26.Knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward COVID-19 vaccination in young Italians. Kibi S, Shaholli D, Barletta VI, et al. Vaccines (Basel) 2023;11:183. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11010183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]