Abstract
目的
分析术中输血的非心脏手术患者其术后初始(术后24 h)血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)值与预后之间的关系,为手术合理用血提供参考。
方法
回顾性分析四川大学华西医院2012–2018年所有非心脏手术、术中输血且年龄≥18岁的患者。以术后初始Hb分组,共划分为6组:Hb<75 g/L,75 g/L≤Hb<85 g/L,85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L,95 g/L≤Hb<105 g/L,105 g/L≤Hb<115 g/L和Hb≥115 g/L。采用多元线性回归分析比较各组患者住院时间的差异,二元logistic回归分析比较其住院死亡率、自动出院率、急性缺血性损伤(包括急性肾损伤、心肌梗死和脑梗死)发生率、住院时间>28 d患者比例的差异,同时分析术后初始Hb与手术类型、术中红细胞输注量(输注量<8 U vs. 输注量≥8 U)和术前是否贫血(术前Hb<100 g/L vs. 术前Hb≥100 g/L)的多重交互作用对术后住院时间的影响。
结果
本研究共纳入7528例患者,以95 g/L≤Hb<105 g/L组患者为参照组,Hb<75 g/L组患者的住院时间增加,死亡率〔比值比(odds ratio, OR)=2.562〕和自动离院率(OR=1.681)增加;75 g/L≤Hb<85 g/L组患者住院时间增加,急性缺血性损伤发生率增高(OR=1.778)。交互项分析结果显示,术后初始Hb与手术类型之间存在显著交互作用且影响术后住院时间。
结论
非心脏手术的输血患者,术后初始Hb<85 g/L与较差的预后相关,然而更高的术后初始Hb并未带来更好的获益,提示85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L可能是合理的术中用血的靶血红蛋白值。
Keywords: 输血, 手术, 合理用血, 血红蛋白
Abstract
Objective
To analyze the relationship between initial (within 24 hours) postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) value and prognosis in non-cardiac surgery patients receiving intraoperative blood transfusion, and to provide support for sensible blood use in surgery.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients aged 18 or older who underwent non-cardiac surgeries and who received intraoperative blood transfusion at West China Hospital, Sichuan University from 2012 to 2018. According to their initial postoperative Hb levels, the patients were divided into 6 groups, including Hb<75 g/L, 75 g/L≤Hb<85 g/L, 85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L, 95 g/L≤Hb<105 g/L, 105 g/L≤Hb<115 g/L, and Hb≥115 g/L goups. Multivariate linear regression was performed to examine the differences in the length-of-stay between the groups and binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the differences between the groups in inpatient mortality, the rate of patient voluntary discharge against medical advice, incidence of acute ischemic injury, including acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction, and cerebral infarction, and length-of-stay longer than 28 days. In addition, the effects of multiple interactions between initial postoperative Hb and the types of surgery, the amount of intraoperative red blood cell infusion (red blood cell<8 U vs. red blood cell≥8 U), and preoperative anemia status (Hb<100 g/L vs. Hb≥100 g/L) on postoperative length-of-stay were analyzed.
Results
A total of 7528 patients were included in this study. Compared to those of the reference group, the 95 g/L≤Hb<105 g/L group, the length-of-stay of patients with initial postoperative Hb<75 g/L increased and the mortality (odds ratio [OR]=2.562) and the rate of voluntary discharge against medical advice (OR=1.681) increased significantly. Patients in the 75 g/L≤Hb<85 g/L group had increased length-of-stay and increased incidence of acute ischemic injury (OR=1.778) relative to the reference group. The interaction analysis showed that there was significant interaction between initial postoperative Hb and the types of surgery, which influenced the postoperative length-of-stay.
Conclusion
In non-cardiac surgery patients who have receive blood transfusion, initial postoperative Hb<85 g/L is associated with poorer prognosis. However, those patients with higher initial postoperative Hb did not gain more benefits, suggesting that 85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L may be the target Hb value for sensible intraoperative transfusion.
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Surgery, Rational use of blood, Hemoglobin
输血是择期手术患者常见的治疗手段之一,也是保障手术安全进行的前提,但输血在挽救患者生命的同时也面临诸多风险[1]。研究证据表明,输血患者的风险包括:发生输血不良反应、住院时间延长、感染输血相关传染性疾病和增加患者的死亡率[2-5]。调查数据显示输血仍是现代医学中最过度使用的治疗方法之一[6]。因此开展合理用血是医疗机构保障患者安全和节约宝贵的血液资源的重要工作。
尽管这一领域已有了广泛的研究,但最佳的围手术期输血策略仍未完全确定。近年来,一些随机试验分析了限制性和宽松性输血策略,绝大多数研究显示,限制性输血患者〔输血前血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)70~80 g/L〕的预后并不亚于宽松性输血策略(输血前Hb<100 g/L时即输血)[7-11]。然而在手术环境中,输血前Hb值作为输血阈值的使用有一定的局限性,因为在手术环境中,患者存在活动性出血。因此,基于输血前Hb值的输血策略可能导致出血患者复苏不足,而将其作为手术用血合理性的评估指标也欠妥[12]。术后初始Hb值通常是在急性手术失血和液体复苏的影响下经过一段时间的平衡后获得的,所以可考虑将其作为评估术中输血合理性的依据。目前有研究显示术后初始Hb值与患者预后有关[13-17],但尚未确定最佳的术后Hb靶值来指导术中输血。因此,本研究拟分析术后初始Hb值与临床患者预后之间的关系,为需要术中输血的非心脏手术患者确定一个最佳的术后Hb目标,从而减少不必要的输血,保障患者安全。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
从四川大学华西医院大数据平台检索2012年1月1日–2018年12月31日所有接受手术的患者。为保证能提取所有手术患者信息,本研究检索策略是病案首页患者手术名称和手术时间不为空。该大数据平台融合了病历信息系统、实验室信息系统等全院患者的临床数据,本研究从中提取患者人口学特征、实验室检查结果(凝血常规、血常规和肌酐)、诊断、输血记录和手术记录等相关结果。以住院号为唯一识别信息,根据患者手术时间和出院时间,提取患者术后初始Hb,术前(手术日期前7 d内最后一次)实验室检查结果和出院Hb(出院日期前7 d内最后一次),术中和术后用血量。上述数据的清洗和整理采用Python软件(V3.9, Welcome to Python.org)完成。
纳入标准:2012年1月1日–2018年12月31日在四川大学华西医院接受非心脏手术且术中输注红细胞患者。排除标准:①手术日期缺失;②年龄<18岁;③单纯介入手术或有创操作;④无术后初始Hb值;⑤地震或康复医疗单元的患者。本研究通过四川大学华西医院伦理管理委员会批准(2021年审516号)。
1.2. 分组
以术后24 h内患者Hb定义为术后初始Hb。按术后初始Hb值将研究对象分为6组:Hb<75 g/L,75 g/L≤Hb<85 g/L,85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L,95 g/L≤Hb<105 g/L,105 g/L≤Hb<115 g/L和Hb≥115 g/L。
1.3. 结局指标
主要结局指标为术后住院天数。次要结局指标包括:住院死亡率、自动离院率、住院天数超过28 d和急性缺血性损伤的发生率。急性缺血性损伤包括:急性肾损伤(acute kidney injure, AKI)、心肌梗死和脑梗死。急性缺血性损伤的诊断依据为患者入院诊断名称中无相应字段,但出院诊断名称中存在该诊断的相应名称。
1.4. 统计学方法
计数资料用频数和%表示,计量资料非正态分布用中位数和四分位数表示。连续变量采用方差分析(符合正态分布)或秩和检验(不符合正态分布),分类变量采用卡方检验。不同组间住院时间差异比较用多元线性回归分析;住院死亡率、自动离院率、急性缺血性损伤和住院时间大于28 d发生率的比较采用二元logistic回归。在多变量回归分析中校正了性别、年龄、体质量、术前结果〔Hb、血小板(platelet, PLT)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time, TT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)、肌酐(creatinine, Cre)〕、入院途径(急诊与否)、术中输血(红细胞悬液、血浆、血小板、冷沉淀、自体输血)、是否患(糖尿病、高血压、冠心病)和手术类型对结局指标的影响。在结局指标的组间差异分析中,有不同比例的患者其凝血功能(0.54%)、肌酐(4.7%)、血常规(4.4%)、体质量(23.3%)数据缺失,对缺失数据采用均值填补。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。对术后初始Hb与下列因素做多重交互分析:①手术类型;②术中红细胞输注量(输注量<8 U vs. 输注量≥8 U);③术前是否贫血(术前Hb<100 g/L vs.术前Hb≥100 g/L)。交互项差异有统计学意义,表明术后初始Hb对结局的影响受到上述因素的改变。
2. 结果
2.1. 研究对象的纳入
2012年1月1日–2018年12月31日接受非心脏手术输血患者共17920例,其中共有7528例患者符合纳入排除标准,具体流程参见图1。
图 1.
Subject enrollment and group assignment flow chart
研究对象的纳入及分组流程
2.2. 患者基本特征分析
患者中位年龄52岁,男性4237例(56.3%),术中中位红细胞输注量为3.0 U,75.2%的患者术后初始Hb<105 g/L。纳入患者的手术类型以普通外科为主,占40.6%,耳鼻喉科及烧伤整形科患者比例最低,均占1.1% (图2)。不同手术类型术后初始Hb中位数除胸外科略高于100 g/L,其余均为90 g/L左右(图3)。10%~45%的患者于术后输注了红细胞,其中烧伤整形科术后红细胞输注率最高(45%),骨科次之(35%)(图4)。
图 2.
Distribution of the types of surgeries among the patients included
纳入患者手术类型分布
Hd/Nck: head and neck; Ortho: orthopedic.
图 3.
Distribution of initial postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) values by surgical types
不同手术类型的患者术后初始Hb值分布
Hd/Nck: head and neck; Ortho: orthopedic.
图 4.
Percentage of patients who received postoperative RBC transfusion by surgical types
不同手术类型的患者术后红细胞输注情况
Hd/Nck: head and neck; Ortho: orthopedic; RBC: red blood cell.
以术后初始Hb进行分组,术后初始Hb低值组较高值组有更多的急诊入院患者和术中输RBC量及更高的输血小板率、冷沉淀率,同时术前中位Hb值和出院Hb值也在术后初始Hb低值组中较低;此外,不同组可能由于手术类型分布不同和/或凝血是否异常等原因,未体现明显的低值组输血浆量大的特点。术后初始Hb值在骨科类、普外科、神经外科类、血管科类、胸外科类手术类型中的分布差异有统计学意义。各组患者基本特征见表1。
表 1. Baseline and clinical data of the study cohort.
不同术后初始Hb患者的基本特征
Factor | Total (n=7528) |
Initial postoperative hemoglobin/(g/L) | P | |||||
<75 (n=1149) |
75-84 (n=1423) |
85-94 (n=1688) |
95-104 (n=1398) |
105-114 (n=867) |
≥115 (n=1003) |
|||
Pre-op: pre-operation; Hd/Nck: head and neck; Ortho: orthopedic. * Numbers indicate median (Q1, Q3) for continuous data elements. | ||||||||
Demographics | ||||||||
Male/case (%) | 4237 (56.3) | 707 (61.5) | 817 (57.4) | 915 (54.2) | 721 (51.6) | 453 (52.2) | 624 (62.2) | <0.001 |
Age/yr.* | 52 (42, 65) | 50 (40, 63) | 51 (41, 64) | 53 (42, 66) | 53 (43, 65) | 54 (43, 66) | 53 (43, 65) | 0.001 |
Body mass/kg* | 59.0 (50.1, 66.0) | 59.0 (50.0, 67.1) | 59.0 (50.0, 66.0) | 58.0 (50.0, 65.0) | 58.0 (50.0, 65.0) | 59.0 (51.0, 65.0) | 60.0 (53.0, 68.0) | <0.001 |
Intraoperative transfusions | ||||||||
RBC/U* | 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 3.5 (2.0, 7.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.5) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.5) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.5) | 3.0 (2.0, 4.5) | <0.001 |
Plasma/mL* | 300 (0, 600) | 200 (0, 700) | 200 (0, 600) | 200 (0, 550) | 250 (0, 550) | 300 (0, 450) | 350 (0, 600) | <0.05 |
PLT/case (%) | 169 (2.2) | 50 (4.4) | 39 (2.7) | 32 (1.9) | 25 (1.8) | 12 (1.4) | 11 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Cryoprecipitate/case (%) | 256 (3.4) | 74 (6.4) | 57 (4.0) | 56 (3.3) | 37 (2.6) | 16 (1.8) | 16 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Cell salvage/case (%) | 795 (10.6) | 87 (7.6) | 137 (9.6) | 187 (11.1) | 162 (11.6) | 98 (11.3) | 124 (12.4) | <0.001 |
Emergency admission/case (%) | 2669 (35.5) | 579 (50.4) | 612 (43.0) | 599 (35.5) | 447 (32.0) | 232 (26.8) | 200 (19.9) | <0.001 |
Surgical type/case (%) | ||||||||
Ortho | 1976 (26.2) | 342 (29.8) | 495 (34.8) | 483 (28.6) | 335 (24.0) | 177 (20.4) | 144 (14.4) | <0.001 |
General | 3057 (40.6) | 411 (35.8) | 548 (38.5) | 692 (41.0) | 591 (42.3) | 386 (44.5) | 429 (42.8) | <0.001 |
Neuro | 602 (8.0) | 83 (7.2) | 90 (6.3) | 134 (7.9) | 134 (9.6) | 81 (9.3) | 80 (8.0) | <0.05 |
Urology | 693 (9.2) | 102 (8.9) | 119 (8.4) | 152 (9.0) | 136 (9.7) | 90 (10.4) | 94 (9.4) | 0.644 |
Vascular | 596 (7.9) | 154 (13.4) | 110 (7.7) | 106 (6.3) | 92 (6.6) | 52 (6.0) | 82 (8.2) | <0.001 |
Thoracic | 437 (5.8) | 33 (2.9) | 32 (2.2) | 76 (4.5) | 78 (5.6) | 62 (7.2) | 156 (15.6) | <0.001 |
Hd/Nck | 90 (1.2) | 14 (1.2) | 18 (1.3) | 23 (1.4) | 16 (1.1) | 11 (1.3) | 8 (0.8) | 0.866 |
Plastic | 77 (1.0) | 10 (0.9) | 11 (0.8) | 22 (1.3) | 16 (1.1) | 8 (0.9) | 10 (1.0) | 0.739 |
Pre-op Hb/(g/L)* | 107 (86, 129) | 90 (74, 109) | 95 (80, 117) | 101 (84, 120) | 108 (89, 127) | 120 (102, 135) | 133 (118, 147) | <0.001 |
Pre-op PLT/(×109 L-1)* | 107 (86, 129) | 90 (74, 109) | 95 (80, 117) | 101 (84, 120) | 108 (89, 127) | 120 (102, 135) | 133 (118, 147) | <0.001 |
Discharge Hb/(g/L)* | 94 (84, 105) | 85 (74, 98) | 87 (79, 98) | 91 (84, 100) | 96 (88, 103) | 100 (90, 109) | 108 (98, 119) |
2.3. 不同术后初始Hb患者预后结局的差异
术后初始Hb<75 g/L组术后住院时间中位数为12 d,余5组均为10 d。不同术后初始Hb组间住院天数差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。以术后初始Hb为95~104 g/L患者为参照组,术后初始Hb≥105 g/L两组患者的住院时间与之相比差异无统计学意义,而术后初始Hb<95 g/L三组患者的住院天数与之相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且随术后初始Hb降低,住院时间延长(表2)。
表 2. Differences in length-of-stay of patients with different initial postoperative hemoglobin.
不同术后初始Hb组住院时间的差异
Hb/(g/L) | n | Length-of-stay/d, median (Q1, Q3) |
a P<0.05, vs. 95-104 g/L Hb. | ||
<75 | 1149 | 12 (7, 22)a |
75-84 | 1423 | 10 (7, 18.25)a |
85-94 | 1688 | 10 (7, 17)a |
95-104 | 1398 | 10 (7, 15) |
105-114 | 867 | 10 (7, 14) |
≥115 | 1003 | 10 (7, 14) |
不同术后初始Hb组间住院死亡率和自动离院率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。以术后初始Hb为95~104 g/L患者为参照组,术后初始Hb<75 g/L的患者更易出现住院期间死亡(OR=2.562,P<0.001),更易自动离院(OR=1.681,P=0.004)。见表3。
表 3. Differences in inpatient mortality and the rate of voluntary discharge against medical advice of patients with different initial postoperative hemoglobin.
不同术后初始Hb组死亡率及自动离院率的差异
Hb/(g/L) | Mortality | Voluntary discharge against medical advice | |||||||
Case (%) | OR | P | 95% CI | Case (%) | OR | P | 95% CI | ||
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. | |||||||||
<75 | 65 (5.66) | 2.562 | <0.001 | 1.514, 4.337 | 107 (9.31) | 1.681 | 0.004 | 1.183, 2.389 | |
75-84 | 38 (2.67) | 1.463 | 0.178 | 0.841, 2.544 | 91 (6.39) | 1.313 | 0.129 | 0.924, 1.865 | |
85-94 | 41 (2.43) | 1.529 | 0.121 | 0.894, 2.617 | 108 (6.40) | 1.408 | 0.044 | 1.009, 1.966 | |
95-104 | 24 (1.72) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 65 (4.65) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
105-114 | 11 (1.27) | 0.779 | 0.512 | 0.368, 1.647 | 38 (4.38) | 1.032 | 0.887 | 0.671, 1.586 | |
≥115 | 15 (1.50) | 1.015 | 0.965 | 0.510, 2.019 | 42 (4.19) | 1.103 | 0.652 | 0.720, 1.691 |
共有145例(1.93%)患者发生急性缺血性损伤,其中AKI 78例(1.04%),心肌梗死5例(0.07%),脑梗死63例(0.84%)。不同术后初始Hb组间急性缺血性损伤、AKI、脑梗死发生率和住院天数超过28 d的患者比例差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。与参照组相比,术后初始Hb为75~84 g/L的患者更易发生急性缺血性损伤(OR=1.778,P<0.05)和脑梗死(OR=2.549,P<0.05)。术后住院时间超过28 d的患者共655例(8.70%);与参照组相比,术后初始Hb<95 g/L的患者更易出现术后住院时间超过28 d,且随术后初始Hb值降低,术后住院时间超过28 d的概率更高,术后初始Hb<75 g/L的患者出现术后住院时间超过28 d的概率是参照组的2.108倍(P<0.001)。见表4。
表 4. Differences in the incidence of acute ischemic injury and the proportion of patients with length-of-stay exceeding 28 days in groups with different initial postoperative Hb.
不同术后初始Hb组急性缺血性损伤发生率和住院天数超过28 d患者比例的差异
Hb/(g/L) | Acute ischemic injury | Acute kidney injury | Cerebral ischemia | Length-of-stay>28 d | |||||||
Case (%) | OR (95% CI) | Case (%) | OR (95% CI) | Case (%) | OR (95% CI) | Case (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
a P<0.001,b P<0.05. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. | |||||||||||
<75 | 30 (2.61) | 1.707 (0.926, 3.146) | 20 (1.74) | 1.297 (0.600, 2.802) | 9 (0.78) | 2.242 (0.793, 6.341) | 161 (14.01) | 2.108 (1.568, 2.833)a | |||
75-84 | 35 (2.46) | 1.778 (1.002, 3.155)b | 19 (1.33) | 1.356 (0.643, 2.858) | 16 (1.12) | 2.549 (1.018, 6.383)b | 157 (11.03) | 1.585 (1.188, 2.116)b | |||
85-94 | 29 (1.72) | 1.275 (0.710, 2.287) | 14 (0.83) | 0.933 (0.428, 2.030) | 15 (0.89) | 1.921 (0.769, 4.797) | 152 (9.00) | 1.383 (1.040, 1.838)b | |||
95-104 | 20 (1.43) | 1 | 13 (0.93) | 1 | 7 (0.50) | 1 | 90 (6.44) | 1 | |||
105-114 | 14 (1.61) | 1.094 (0.541, 2.210) | 5 (0.58) | 0.629 (0.217, 1.826) | 6 (0.69) | 1.213 (0.401, 3.673) | 46 (5.31) | 0.930 (0.636, 1.359) | |||
≥115 | 17 (1.69) | 1.165 (0.589, 2.306) | 7 (0.70) | 0.684 (0.261, 1.794) | 10 (1.00) | 2.117 (0.772, 5.806) | 49 (4.89) | 0.963 (0.658, 1.408) |
2.4. 交互项分析
术后初始Hb与手术类型之间存在显著交互作用影响术后住院时间。与参照组相比较,骨科、普通外科、泌尿外科手术术后初始Hb<85 g/L患者的住院时间延长,烧伤整形手术术后初始Hb<75 g/L患者的住院时间延长,耳鼻喉手术术后初始Hb≥115 g/L的患者住院时间延长,胸外科手术术后初始Hb为85~94 g/L的患者住院时间缩短(P均<0.05)。见表5。术后初始Hb与术中红细胞输注量(输注量<8 U vs. 输注量≥8 U)和术前是否贫血(术前Hb<100 g/L vs.术前Hb≥100 g/L)的交互作用分析中,未观察到差异有统计学意义。
表 5. Association between initial postoperative Hb and length-of-stay by surgery types.
不同手术类型术后初始Hb与住院时间的关系
Hb/(g/L) | Ortho (n=1976) |
General (n=3057) |
Neuro (n=602) |
Urology (n=693) |
Vascular (n=596) |
Thoracic (n=437) |
Hd/Nck (n=90) |
Plastic (n=77) |
Median (Q1, Q3) for hospital days. a P<0.05, vs. 95-104 g/L Hb. Hd/Nck: head and neck; Ortho: orthopedic. | ||||||||
<75 | 16 (8, 26)a | 10 (7, 19)a | 15.5 (7.5, 32) | 15 (7, 26)a | 8 (5, 14) | 11 (8, 18) | 10 (6, 16.75) | 45 (11, 85)a |
75-84 | 11 (7, 21)a | 10 (7, 17)a | 11 (6.75, 26.25) | 11.5 (7, 22)a | 8 (5, 12.75) | 10 (8, 15.5) | 11 (7.5, 16.5) | 29 (7, 36) |
85-94 | 11 (7, 19) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (6, 17.75) | 11 (7, 21) | 8 (5, 13) | 11 (9, 16.25)a | 13 (7.5, 14) | 26 (12.5, 47.5) |
95-104 | 10 (7, 15) | 10 (7, 14) | 8 (6, 14.75) | 9 (7, 14.5) | 9 (7, 15.25) | 12 (9, 20) | 11.5 (8.25, 14) | 20 (12, 56) |
105-114 | 9 (7, 13) | 9.5 (7, 14) | 9 (6.75, 16.25) | 10 (8, 16.25)a | 8 (6.25, 12) | 11 (9, 15) | 9 (6, 14) | 15 (10.5, 29) |
≥115 | 9 (7, 13) | 9 (7, 13) | 11.5 (7, 15) | 8.5 (7, 12) | 9 (7, 13) | 11 (8, 15.25) | 14 (11.5, 29.75)a | 23.5 (6.5, 49.75) |
3. 讨论
本研究在7528例术中接受至少1个单位异体红细胞输注的非心脏手术患者中,观察到:以术后初始Hb值为95~104 g/L的患者为参照组,术后初始Hb<85 g/L的患者与不良预后增加有关。术后初始Hb<75 g/L的患者与参照组相比,其住院时间增加、住院死亡率(OR=2.562)和自动离院率(OR=1.681)增加;术后初始Hb为75~84 g/L的患者住院时间增加,急性缺血性损伤发生率增高(OR=1.778);而术后初始Hb高于参照组的患者并未有更好的预后结局。该结果提示85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L可能是合理的术中用血的靶Hb值,可用于指导术中输血实践。临床工作中我们可以通过主观视觉量化法,同时结合床旁快速Hb检测及利用连续总血红蛋白(SpHb)装置[18]评估失血量,结合术前Hb以及术中失血量来评估输血量从而达到目标Hb值。本研究结果与美国梅奥诊所WILL等[17]的研究结果相似。他们发现在输血的非心脏手术患者中,以术后初始Hb 95~104 g/L组患者为参照,术后初始Hb<75 g/L的患者住院时间延长、死亡率增加(OR=2.10)。这可能表明Hb阈值较低,低于此阈值,红细胞的载氧能力不再足以满足组织代谢需求,但他们同时也发现术后初始Hb≥105 g/L的患者较参照组患者的住院时间延长。这表明存在较高的血红蛋白阈值,超过该阈值,额外的红细胞可能导致过度输血,而不是提供额外的治疗益处。本研究并未在术后初始Hb高值组发现较差的预后指标,这可能是因为四川大学华西医院术中用血指征跟麻醉医生推行基于围手术期输血指征评分(POTTS)的血液管理技术相关[19-20],避免了过度的血液输注带来的负面危害。
本研究作为一项单中心回顾性研究,虽然对影响患者结局的主要混杂因素进行了统计校正,但仍然有其他未知且影响结果的混杂因素如患者合并症、疾病严重程度、手术时间等干扰结果的准确性,因此在运用和推广该研究结果时应谨慎。最后,手术类型在某种意义上可以反映手术级别分布或术中失血量多少;本研究观察到:不同术后初始Hb值在骨科类、普外科类、神经外科类、血管科类、胸外科类手术类型中的分布差异有统计学意义,在住院时间上差异也有统计学意义,进而进行交互项分析,其结果显示在不同手术类型的患者中,骨科、普通外科、泌尿外科术后初始Hb<85 g/L住院时间明显延长,而烧伤整形科手术术后初始Hb<75 g/L、耳鼻喉科手术术后初始Hb≥115g/L的患者住院时间延长,这提示不同类型的手术患者可能适用不同的输血指征。但在按手术类型分组时,除骨科、普通外科外,其他手术类型占比均小于10%,其中耳鼻喉及烧伤整形不足5%,因此很难对这类患者得出明确的结论。个体患者对输血治疗的反应可能不同于研究人群的平均水平,因此一些患者可能受益于输血后更高或更低的Hb值。未来的调查需要进一步探讨患者对输血后Hb值反应的异质性。
综上所述,本研究通过大样本的回顾性研究显示术中输血的非心脏手术患者,术后初始Hb<85 g/L与较差的预后相关,然而更高的术后初始Hb并未带来更好的获益,这提示85 g/L≤Hb<95 g/L可能是合理的术中用血的靶Hb值。然而这一结果这还需要更多前瞻性、多中心的结果来进行验证。
* * *
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Funding Statement
四川省科学技术厅自然科学基金项目(No. 2021YJ0454)和四川大学华西医院卓越项目1.3.5(No. 2021HXFH048)资助
Contributor Information
文珠 陈 (Wen-zhu CHEN), Email: 545858487@qq.com.
莉 秦 (Li QIN), Email: qinli7@126.com.
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