The increasing trend of carbapenem resistance observed in Gram-negative bacteria is mainly related to the dissemination of carbapenemase-encoding genes.1 A particular threat are those encoding MBLs, since production of MBLs leads to very limited treatment options.1 MBLs of the NDM group have been largely disseminated in human, animals and in the environment, making them the most frequently identified acquired carbapenemases worldwide.1,2 NDM-like β-lactamases hydrolyse all β-lactams (BLs) except monobactams, and are not inactivated by most of the recently developed β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) (avibactam, relebactam, vaborbactam, nacubactam or zidebactam).3 The newly developed cyclic boronate BLI, taniborbactam, alias VNRX-5313, is one of the few BLIs possessing significant inhibitory activity against MBLs, with the exception of IMP-like enzymes, and is currently in clinical development in combination with cefepime (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03840148).4 Hence, the combination cefepime/taniborbactam displays excellent in vitro activity against NDM-producing Gram-negative isolates worldwide.
However, using a panel of isogenic recombinant Escherichia coli strains producing a variety of MBLs, including NDM enzymes, we recently showed that NDM-9, differing from NDM-1 by a single amino acid substitution (E152K), was not inhibited by taniborbactam.5
Here we report the in vitro activity of cefepime/taniborbactam in comparison with other recently developed BL/BLI combinations against a collection of NDM-9 producers. Our collection included four different bacterial species: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola and Acinetobacter baumannii, recovered either from human or water origins and from four different countries (France, Switzerland, South Korea, USA) located in three different continents.
Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and interpreted according to the EUCAST guidelines for cefepime, aztreonam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem, meropenem/vaborbactam and cefiderocol (using an iron-depleted medium for the latter). Susceptibility testing with BL/BLI combinations including cefepime/taniborbactam, cefepime/zidebactam and meropenem/nacubactam were interpreted according to the breakpoint criteria for the BL alone. Zidebactam, avibactam, nacubactam, relebactam and taniborbactam were tested at a fixed concentration of 4 mg/L, whereas vaborbactam was tested at 8 mg/L.6 Susceptibility testing of nacubactam and zidebactam were also determined alone, as well as at a 1:1 ratio with their respective BL partner (cefepime/zidebactam 1:1 and meropenem/nacubactam 1:1) considering the significant antibacterial activity of those BLIs.6E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as a WT reference strain.
As expected for NDM-producing isolates, they all showed high resistance to ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefepime, imipenem and imipenem/relebactam, and a reduced susceptibility to meropenem and meropenem/vaborbactam (Table 1). However, all NDM-9 producers displayed high MICs of cefepime/taniborbactam.5 Interestingly, MICs of combinations including zidebactam either at a fixed concentration or at a 1:1 ratio with cefepime were very low for E. coli strains (≤0.5 mg/L), although high (8 mg/L) in Klebsiella spp. and A. baumannii (>32 mg/L). These results are in line with the MICs observed for zidebactam alone in these different species, therefore highlighting the potent antibacterial activity of that BLI (Table 1).6 Similarly, combinations including nacubactam, namely meropenem/nacubactam (4 mg/L) or meropenem/nacubactam 1:1, showed higher MICs when testing A. baumannii and Klebsiella spp. than for E. coli, also highlighting the direct antibacterial activity of nacubactam, as previously published.6
Table 1.
Susceptibility testing of NDM-9-producing isolates for the different BL/BLI combinations tested
| Strain | MICs (mg/L)a | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST | Country of isolation/ and year | Origin | BL(s) | CAZ | CZA | FEP | FEP-TAN | FEP-ZID | FEP-ZID 1:1 | IMP | I/R | MEM | MVB | MEM-NAC | MEM-NAC 1 :1 | ATM | AZA | ZID | NAC | FDC | |
| E. coli | 167 | USA 2015 | Clinical | NDM-9, CTX-M-65 | >256 | >128 | >256 | >128 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | >256 | >128 | 64 | 64 | ≤0.125 | 1 | >128 | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | >64 |
| E. coli | 167 | USA 2015 | Clinical | NDM-9, CTX-M-65, TEM-1 | >256 | >128 | >256 | >128 | ≤0.125 | 0.125 | >256 | >128 | 32 | 32 | ≤0.125 | 1 | >128 | ≤0.125 | 0.25 | 1 | 32 |
| K. pneumoniae | 147 | Switzerland 2018 | Water | NDM-9, SHV-11, CTX-M-15, OXA-9, TEM-1 | >256 | >128 | 256 | 128 | 4 | 4 | 128 | 128 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4 | >128 | ≤0.125 | 8 | 8 | 0.125 |
| K. pneumoniae | 147 | Italy 2020 | Clinical | NDM-9, CTX-M-15, OXA-1, OXA-9, TEM-1A | >256 | >128 | >256 | 128 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 128 | 128 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | >128 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 8 | 2 |
| K. variicola GJ1 | 363 | South Korea 2016 | Water | NDM-9, LEN-13 | >256 | >128 | 128 | 128 | 8 | 8 | 256 | >128 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 16 | >128 | ≤0.125 | >8 | >8 | 0.25 |
| K. variicola GJ2 | 363 | South Korea 2016 | Water | NDM-9, LEN-13, TEM-1B | >256 | >128 | 128 | 128 | 4 | 4 | >256 | >128 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 128 | ≤0.125 | >8 | >8 | 0.25 |
| K. variicola GJ3 | 363 | South Korea 2016 | Water | NDM-9, LEN-13, CTX-M-65, TEM-1B | >256 | >128 | 128 | 128 | 4 | 4 | >256 | >128 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 16 | 128 | ≤0.125 | >8 | >8 | 0.25 |
| A. baumannii | 52 | Switzerland 2021 | Clinical | NDM-9, OXA-58 | >256 | >128 | >256 | >128 | >128 | >32 | >256 | >128 | 128 | 128 | 128 | >32 | 128 | 128 | >8 | >8 | 1 |
| K. pneumoniae | 147 | Switzerland 2022 | Clinical | NDM-1, TEM-1, OXA-9, CTX-M-224, CTX-M-54 | >256 | >128 | >256 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ≤0.125 | 2 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.125 | 0.5 | 2 | 1 |
| E. coli ATCC 27922 | NA | — | — | — | ≤0.25 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.03 | ≤0.25 | 0.25 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.125 | ≤0.03 | ≤0.25 | ≤0.125 | 0.06 | 1 | ≤0.06 |
, no BL; ZID, zidebactam; NAC, nacubactam, FEP-ZID 1:1, cefepime/zidebactam at 1:1 ratio; MEM-NAC 1:1, meropenem/nacubactam at 1:1 ratio.
CAZ, ceftazidime; CZA, ceftazidime/avibactam; FEP, cefepime; FEP-ZID, cefepime/zidebactam; FEP-TAN, cefepime/taniborbactam; IMP, imipenem; I/R, imipenem/relebactam; MEM, meropenem; MVB, meropenem/vaborbactam; MEM-NAC, meropenem/nacubactam; ATM, aztreonam; AZA, aztreonam/avibactam; FDC, cefiderocol. In those BL/BLI combinations, zidebactam, nacubactam, relebactam, avibactam were used at fixed concentration of 4 µg/mL. Vaborbactam were used at fixed concentration of 8 µg/mL.
Among these NDM-9 producers, aztreonam/avibactam remained highly effective against all Enterobacterales strains, except for a single E. coli isolate, likely related to a PBP3 modification, as previously reported.7 Cefiderocol also showed high activity against those NDM producers, expect for the two E. coli strains. Of note, the NDM-9-producing A. baumannii was resistant to all BLs and recently developed BL/BLI combinations, and with an MIC of cefiderocol at 1 mg/L (currently no available EUCAST breakpoint for that species).
This study firstly highlights the in vitro ineffectiveness of cefepime/taniborbactam against NDM-9-producing isolates, regardless of the species of concern. It highlights that NDM-9-producing Gram-negative isolates are already circulating worldwide, even though such a last-line BL/BLI combination is still not commercially available. In addition, some other worldwide reports indicated a large variety of bacterial species that includes E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, K. variicola, Cronobacter sakazakii and A. baumannii as carriers of the blaNDM-9 gene. They have been recovered from humans but also from animals (chickens) and the environment (rivers), and in many different countries including China, French Polynesia, Italy, South Korea, Tunisia and Switzerland.8–10 Of particular concern is the report of an MDR NDM-9-producing ST147 K. pneumoniae (included in this study) that was clonally related to other NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae isolates being part of a nosocomial outbreak involving patients hospitalized in the same region of Italy.10 It remains to determine what kind of selection factor(s) might have driven such NDM-1 to NDM-9 evolution.
We show here that the future effectiveness of cefepime/taniborbactam, but also of any other BL/BLI combination supposed to include taniborbactam as BLI, might be compromised by the circulation of the NDM-9 enzyme. Worryingly, the potential of the NDM-9-encoding gene to successfully spread among many different species and many different environments is proven here, as a good example of a One Health critical issue.
Contributor Information
Christophe Le Terrier, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Division of Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Patrice Nordmann, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute for Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chloé Buchs, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
Doris Yoong Wen Di, School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
Gian Maria Rossolini, Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Roger Stephan, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Mariana Castanheira, JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA, USA.
Laurent Poirel, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 18, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, Fribourg, Switzerland.
Funding
This work was financed by the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, the NARA, and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant FNS 310030_1888801).
Transparency declarations
None to declare.
Author contributions
C.L.T. and L.P. designed the study. C.L.T. performed the experiments. C.L.T., P.N., D.Y.W.D., G.M.R., M.C., S.R., R.C. and L.P. provided the isolates. All authors contributed to data interpretation. P.N. provided the financial support. C.L.T., P.N. and L.P. originally drafted the manuscript. All authors completed the final version of the manuscript.
Data availability
All data from this study can be made available upon request, without limitation in time.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data from this study can be made available upon request, without limitation in time.