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. 2023 Jun 18;41(10):1287–1388. doi: 10.1007/s40273-023-01285-4

Catalogues of EQ-5D-3L Health-Related Quality of Life Scores for 199 Chronic Conditions and Health Risks for Use in the UK and the USA

Michael Falk Hvidberg 1,2,✉, Mónica Hernández Alava 3
PMCID: PMC10492737  PMID: 37330973

Abstract

Background

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures are essential in economic evaluation, but sometimes primary sources are unavailable, and information from secondary sources is required. Existing HRQoL UK/US catalogues are based on earlier diagnosis classification systems, amongst other issues. A recently published Danish catalogue merged EQ-5D-3L data from national health surveys with national registers containing patient information on ICD-10 diagnoses, healthcare activities and socio-demographics.

Aims

To provide (1) UK/US EQ-5D-3L-based HRQoL utility population catalogues for 199 chronic conditions on the basis of ICD-10 codes and health risks and (2) regression models controlling for age, sex, comorbidities and health risks to enable predictions in other populations.

Methods

UK and US EQ-5D-3L value sets were applied to the EQ-5D-3L responses of the Danish dataset and modelled using adjusted limited dependent variable mixture models (ALDVMMs).

Results

Unadjusted mean utilities, percentiles and adjusted disutilities based on two ALDVMMs with different control variables were provided for both countries. Diseases from groups M, G, and F consistently had the smallest utilities and the largest negative disutilities: fibromyalgia (M797), sclerosis (G35), rheumatism (M790), dorsalgia (M54), cerebral palsy (G80-G83), post-traumatic stress disorder (F431), dementia (F00-2), and depression (F32, etc.). Risk factors, including stress, loneliness, and BMI30+, were also associated with lower HRQoL.

Conclusions

This study provides comprehensive catalogues of UK/US EQ-5D-3L HRQoL utilities. Results are relevant in cost-effectiveness analysis, for NICE submissions, and for comparing and identifying facets of disease burden.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40273-023-01285-4.

Key Points for Decision-Makers

Two main types of catalogues are supplied for both the UK and the USA: 1. unadjusted sample mean utilities for 199 chronic conditions and health risks and 2. corresponding regression models for the USA and UK that can be used to make utility predictions in other populations.
Results indicate that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) varies across disease groups but is lowest for renal disease, mental and behavioural disorders, some cancers, blood diseases, digestive system diseases, and nervous system diseases.
Health risks and lifestyle factors, including loneliness, perceived stress, and high BMIs, are associated significantly with low HRQoL after controlling for chronic diseases.
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Introduction

Economic evaluations are routinely used in appraisals of health technologies, such as those used by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England or the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) in the USA [1, 2]. These economic evaluations often measure benefits through the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The QALY combines quality and length of life considerations in a single measure [3, 4], and is usually based on generic patient-reported outcome measures such as EQ-5D. The EQ-5D is considered the most widely used generic health utility measure in the world [4], and it is the preferred health benefit measure of NICE for its technology appraisals [1]. It is applied in numerous research and clinical practice settings, such as cost-utility analysis (CUA), clinical trials, patient surveillance or monitoring, and population health measurement [5–8].

The EQ-5D instrument describes health using five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. There are currently two instrument versions: the original EQ-5D version, now named EQ-5D-3L [9], and the newer EQ5D-5L version [10]. Both include the same five health dimensions but differ in the number of levels of severity. In EQ-5D-3L, each dimension has three possible levels (no problems, some problems, extreme problems), and it can describe 243 unique health states [9, 11–13]. EQ-5D-5L incorporates two additional levels in each dimension to improve the sensitivity of the original three-level version. Separate studies have estimated country-specific utility value sets for the health states described by both instruments on the basis of general population values [11–15]. Utility values are anchored at an upper value of one equivalent to perfect health and zero for states considered equivalent to being ‘dead’. Negative values representing health states considered worse than dead are also possible [16]. NICE currently recommends using the three-level (3L) version in the UK [17]. However, mapping algorithms (crosswalks) exist to convert EQ-5D-3L to EQ-5D-5L values [18–20] which will allow for the translation of the EQ-5D-3L values in this catalogue to EQ-5D-5L utilities once the new UK EQ-5D-5L value set is released and additional countries, such as the USA, are included.

The importance of ensuring comparability across economic evaluation studies of technologies and over time has been stressed by health economists and organisations such as the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine (PCEHM) and NICE [17, 21–24]. The PCEHM recommended ‘the collection of a national catalogue of preference weights that could be used by CEA researchers without the burden of primary data collection’ given the large variability in the literature of utility values associated with different medical conditions [24, 25]. In response, Sullivan et al. (2006, 2011) published two separate EQ-5D-3L catalogues for the USA and the UK [24, 26–28], both based on regression estimation using representative US samples of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). They included 157 mostly self-reported chronic conditions classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). The US catalogue was based on pooled 2000–2002 MEPS data and used the US utility value set [12]. The UK catalogue included an additional year of the MEPS dataset (2000–2003) and used the UK EQ-5D-3L value set [11]. The statistical models included gender, age, income, ethnicity, education, the number of comorbidities and the primarily self-reported chronic conditions but did not incorporate health risks. A number of less comprehensive catalogues are also available. For example, Finland (2006) [29] and Korean (2009) catalogues cover fewer than 30 conditions [30]. In 2019, a systematic review of 207 studies collated EQ-5D-3L estimates among fifteen ICD-10 disease groups [31]. However, the included studies used value sets for different countries (some failed to report the specific value set used) and even different versions of EQ-5D. These issues, coupled with heterogeneity in the quality of the studies, limit the practical usefulness of the estimates found in the review. Recently, a Danish study published a catalogue of Danish EQ-5D-3L preference scores for 199 chronic conditions based on newer, improved methodology, including the use of ICD-10-based conditions and regression models appropriate for EQ-5D [32, 33].

The current study is based on and broadly replicates the most recent Danish study, but applies the UK and US EQ-5D-3L value sets to convert the responses to the EQ-5D-3L instrument into utility scores to enable the use of these data in the UK and the USA. The objectives are: (1) to create population-level off-the-shelf catalogues of UK and US EQ-5D-3L preference-based scores for 199 ICD-10 defined chronic conditions to improve on existing UK and US catalogues and (2) to provide two separate statistical models to allow researchers to predict utilities in their own population of interest for any combination of chronic disease. This first catalogue supplies unadjusted, national sample population estimates of UK and US norm-based mean utilities for the 199 chronic conditions, socioeconomic covariates, and health risks. A second catalogue is also provided as a reference, and it presents UK and US regression-based utility estimates and marginal effects for the same 199 chronic diseases, socioeconomic covariates and health risks, adjusting for the sample composition allowing for direct comparisons across chronic diseases for the same representative individual. To construct this second catalogue, two alternative EQ-5D-3L model specifications are estimated, one with a core set of covariates and the second one including additional health risks and socioeconomic controls. To supplement the second catalogue, we also provide a Stata do file and a user guide in the online supplementary materials to enable health professionals to estimate EQ-5D-3L in their specific settings and populations. In combination with previous publications and details on the prevalence [34], multimorbidity associations [35], socioeconomic differences [36], and health risks disparities [37] of the same 199 chronic conditions, these estimates can provide valuable information for future resource allocation in the UK and the USA.

In common with the recently published Danish catalogue [32], there are several important differences with earlier studies. First, most previous studies rely partly on self-reported health conditions, which raises questions about accuracy [38–41]. Second, we use the newer ICD-10 classification system and include 199 ICD-10-based chronic conditions. Third, behavioural risk factors such as smoking, body mass index (BMI), stress and social networks have been suggested as potentially necessary controls [42]. These are missing from existing catalogues but are found important in explaining EQ-5D-3L in the Danish catalogue. Fourth, acknowledging the biases caused by model misspecification and the now well-documented idiosyncrasies of the distribution of EQ-5D, we use the adjusted limited dependent variable mixture model (ALDVMM) to model EQ-5D [43–48]. Using traditional linear models, preceding catalogues have been mainly developed to provide population-based utility estimates of individual chronic conditions and cannot be directly transferred to the populations of interest in economic evaluations where decrements in utility from developing a new chronic condition in these less healthy populations would not be expected to mirror the decrements observed in a healthier population. This has led to research into possible ways of combining utilities for individual chronic diseases estimated on separate disease-specific samples (multiplicative, additive and minimum estimators are a few common choices) [49–52]. However, the ALDVMM, a nonlinear model reflecting the characteristics of EQ-5D utility data, allows utility decrements to be dependent on the combinations of comorbidities and other covariates in the model, enabling researchers to estimate realistic, real-world multimorbid health states of their specific interest.

Methods

Data

Following Sullivan et al. [28], we use the responses from a large representative sample from a single country (Denmark) and derive the associated utility values using each country’s value sets. This is in line with patient reporting from multinational clinical trials where the same value set is used across data from all countries and mapping studies of EQ-5D, which often apply utility value sets that differ from the country’s data collection when, for example, country-specific population data are not accessible for researchers. The dataset combines three national health survey samples with seven national registers containing patient-level information on diagnoses, healthcare activity and socio-demographics using a civil registration number that uniquely identifies Danish citizens [33].

A brief summary of the data is presented below. Full details of the methodology, samples, variables, weighting and data handling, and content of all registers can be found in these references [32, 33, 53–55]. Details on variable names can also be found in the online Supplementary Material 1 (Appendix 1). Responses to the five items of the EQ-5D-3L questionnaire were included in three of the Danish National Public Health Survey (NPHS) samples [53, 56–58], and 55,616 unique responses were obtained using the last two consecutive waves (2010 and 2013), which incorporated the EQ5D-3L questionnaire [53]. Details on dataset and respondent characteristics can be found in Table 1 of an earlier publication [32] and in the online Supplementary Material 1 (Appendix 2) in the current study. The survey data based on randomly assigned nationals comprised self-reported data on HRQoL, health behaviours (e.g. lifestyle factors), BMI, education, stress, loneliness, etc. Data from the surveys were combined with patient-level register data on diagnoses, healthcare activity, and socio-demographics from seven national registers based on the unique civil registration number [34, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60]. The registers contained information from somatic [61] and psychiatric hospital contacts [62], primary healthcare [63], prescribed medicines [64], gender, age, and ethnicity,1 and residence place [65]. The aim was to derive each respondent’s ICD-10-based doctor-reported diagnosis, medicine and other relevant variables from identifying chronic conditions. A medical review team identified and grouped the chronic conditions from ICD-10 codes, and definitions, algorithms and methodology identifying the chronic conditions were clinically validated separately [54, 55]. EQ-5D-3L responses were converted to utility values using Dolan’s (1997), and Shaw et al. (2005) value sets for EQ-5D-3L for the UK and USA, respectively [11, 12].

Statistical analysis

We first compute sample means, medians and interquartile ranges for each country and the corresponding standard errors of EQ-5D-3L for the 199 chronic conditions and other socio-economic and health risk variables. These statistics are thus not adjusted for the potentially different sample composition of the chronic conditions groups but provide estimates of the population values instead.

Subsequently, we conduct regression analyses controlling for several variables, as detailed below. Utilities originating from measures such as the EQ-5D have specific characteristics that challenge statistical regression modelling. The values are bounded between the minimum value, which differs by country, and the value of one (or full health). The data distribution is often multimodal and highly skewed, with a large group of observations around one, followed by a gap to the first possible utility value below full health [44, 45]. The minimum values in the UK and US EQ-5D-3L utility scores are –0.594 and –0.102, and the highest utility scores below one are 0.883 and 0.86, respectively. Figure 1 shows histograms of the distributions of EQ-5D-3L using the UK and US value sets. There are a large number of individuals in full health. In both cases, the distributions present two rough additional modes and skewness.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Histograms of EQ-5D-3L using the UK and US value sets

The ALDVMM was developed to model the UK EQ-5D-3L value set utility scores. It has been shown to offer several advantages and perform better than standard models, which do not take into account the characteristics of utility data when modelling not only EQ-5D-3L, but other generic preference-based measures such as EQ-5D-5L, SF-6D and HUI3 as well [43–48, 66]. The ALDVMM is a very flexible semi-parametric model which uses mixtures of Tobit-like components and can accommodate all the idiosyncrasies of the EQ-5D-3L distribution, such as the upper and lower boundaries, the mass of observations at full health, the gap between full health and the next feasible value in the value set, and can approximate the skewness and multimodality often present in this type of data.

Estimating mixture models is challenging, but even more so for extensive models such as the current study. They require a comprehensive search procedure to identify the global maximum because the likelihood is not globally concave. At the same time, the number of components in the mixture is unknown and requires selection as well. This involves estimating models with an increasingly higher number of components and using graphical methods and standard fit statistics to select the optimal model [66]. We used the community-contributed Stata ALDVMM command available for free download and published in the Stata Journal [44, 45].

Two separate ALDVMM regression models were estimated as follows for each of the UK and US EQ-5D-3L models:

  • Base model: EQ-5D-3L as a function of the 199 chronic conditions, sex, age, samples (to adjust for regional differences) and the number of comorbidities. This model is helpful for economic evaluations in which the extra controls included in the full model below are not available or required.

  • Full model: includes additional controls to adjust for common health risks and socioeconomic variables. The added variables are: family equalised income (£ and $), education (no education or training, students/training, short, middle bachelor equivalent, or higher education such as a master’s degree or higher, ethnicity origin (Danish, western or non-western), partnership status (partner or not), home living children (yes/no), social network (often feeling lonely or not), perceived stress (Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale, 20% most stressed or not), BMI groups (< 18.5; 18.5–25; > 25 < 30; ≥ 30 < 35; ≥ 35), daily smoking (yes/no), alcohol intake grater national recommendations (yes/no), nationally recommended exercise and fruit intake (yes/no), SF-12 self-reported general health [67] (‘excellent’; ‘very good’; ‘good’; ‘fair’; ‘poor’; ‘missing’), and self-reported long-term illness or disability (‘none’; ‘yes’). See the online Supplementary Material 1 (Appendix 1) for model variable notations and details on model specifications.

Quadratic terms for family-equalised income and age were included in all estimated models where the levels of those variables were included.2 Non-response and population weights standardising by age, sex and education were used when calculating EQ-5D-3L sample statistics. The estimated ALDVMMs did not use weights but incorporated controls for variables comparable to those used in the weighting procedure.

After model estimation, marginal effects (ME) for the chronic conditions and other variables included in the model were also calculated. The structure of linear regression models implies that the expected decrease in EQ-5D-3L due to developing a chronic condition (the ME) is the same for every individual regardless of, for example, how many other chronic conditions the individual has. This ME is simply the coefficient of the chronic condition in the linear regression model. However, in nonlinear models, such as the ALDVMM, the ME is a function of that specific health condition and all the other covariates incorporated in the model, such as the presence of other chronic conditions, age, sex, etc. In this case, the decrease in EQ-5D due to a new chronic condition will be different for individuals with no previous chronic conditions and those with other chronic conditions already present. A user-written program was developed to handle the links between the 199 chronic conditions variables and the variable accounting for the number of comorbidities.

Preliminary data management of registers and surveys was conducted in SAS9.4 in a secure server at Statistics Denmark research server facilities following legal regulations. Data analysis was carried out in STATA15 using the same secure research servers. Online supplemental materials are provided, including documentation and Stata programs to facilitate the use of the estimated models by analysts to calculate predictions. The parameter estimates and the (co)variance matrices of the models are also made available to allow the use of probabilistic sensitivity analysis within economic evaluations [68].

Results

Sample-based estimates of the EQ-5D-3L

Table 1 provides a one-page overview of the UK and US EQ-5D-3L sample mean scores for the overall sample and sex and age intervals for 20 chronic disease groups, overweight and commonly prescribed medicines. The overall sample means of EQ-5D-3L utility scores are 0.829 and 0.869 for the UK and USA, respectively. These differences reflect the differences in the EQ-5D-3L countries’ value sets. Among the seven highest prevalent disease groups (E, G, H, I, J; M, F), chronic diseases within the respiratory system [J; scores 0.776 (UK); 0.831 (USA)], endocrine disorders [E; scores 0.742 (UK); 0.807 (USA)], diseases in the circulatory system [I; scores 0.741(UK); 0.807 (USA)] and diseases of the eye and adnexa [H; scores 0.736 (UK); 0.803 (USA)] had the highest HRQoL sample mean scores. Furthermore, highly prevalent diseases of the musculoskeletal system [M; scores 0.705 (UK); 0.782 (USA)], diseases of the nervous system [G; scores 0.697 (UK); 0.775 (USA)] and mental conditions [F; scores 0.651 (UK); 0.742 (USA)] had the lowest EQ-5D-3L sample mean scores. Finally, less prevalent disease groups such as genitourinary conditions [N; scores 0.625 (UK); 0.725 (USA)], benign neoplasm and diseases of the blood [group D; scores 0.687 (UK); 0.768 (USA)], and diseases in the digestive system [group K; scores 0.692 (UK); 0.773 (USA)] showed even lower HRQoL scores. In all cases, utilities based on the US value set were higher than those based on the UK value set. Although the differences in utilities between the UK and the USA were not constant, the ranking according to utilities was preserved across these broad disease groups. The sample of men appeared to have higher mean scores than the sample of women in most cases, and utilities tended to decrease with age in both the UK and US samples.

Table 1.

Overview of EQ-5D-3L UK and US sample utility scores, mean age and mean number of chronic conditions (NCC) across overall disease groups, prescribed medicine, gender and age

Name ICD-10 or medication code Population frequencies and meansa Sample EQ-5D-3L UK mean scores Sample EQ-5D-3L US mean scores
n Age mean NCC mean All Men Women Age 16–44 Age 45–74 Age 75+ All Men Women Age 16–44 Age 45–74 Age 75+
B—viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease B18, B20–B24 31 43.5 2.9 0.726 0.714 0.738 0.713 0.740 n/a 0.799 0.789 0.808 0.793 0.805 n/a
C—malignant neoplasms C00-C99; D32–D33; D35.2–D35.4; D42–D44 2947 64.7 5.3 0.736 0.752 0.724 0.814 0.754 0.659 0.803 0.814 0.794 0.856 0.816 0.749
D—in situ, benign and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, etc. D00-D09; D55–D59; D60–D67; D80–D89 1254 59.2 6.0 0.687 0.662 0.701 0.812 0.697 0.530 0.768 0.814 0.794 0.856 0.775 0.658
E—endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases E00–E14; E20–E29; E31–35; E70–E78; E84–E85; E88–E89 12,412 63.5 4.9 0.742 0.762 0.725 0.788 0.757 0.674 0.807 0.821 0.795 0.839 0.818 0.759
G—Diseases of the nervous system G00–G14; G20–G32; G35–G37; G40–47; G50–64; G70–73; G80–G83; G90–G99 6698 55.1 4.8 0.697 0.708 0.690 0.752 0.694 0.586 0.775 0.783 0.771 0.813 0.774 0.697
H—diseases of the eye and adnexa and diseases of the ear and mastoid process H02–H06; H17–H18; H25–H28; H31–H32; H34–H36; H40–55; H57; H80, H810; H93, H90–H93 6309 65.8 5.2 0.736 0.767 0.705 0.819 0.765 0.659 0.803 0.824 0.781 0.861 0.823 0.749
I—diseases of the circulatory system I05–I06; I10–28; I30–33; I36–141; I44–I52; I60–I88; I90–I94; I96–I99 16,990 62.9 4.6 0.741 0.760 0.726 0.798 0.756 0.668 0.807 0.820 0.796 0.847 0.817 0.755
J—diseases of the respiratory system J30.1; J40–J47; J60–J84; J95, J97–J99 14,087 51.5 4.0 0.776 0.803 0.757 0.845 0.753 0.641 0.831 0.851 0.818 0.880 0.815 0.736
K—Diseases of the digestive system K25–K27; K40, K43, K50–52; K58–K59; K71–K77; K86–K87 4462 56.8 5.2 0.692 0.721 0.669 0.780 0.692 0.558 0.773 0.792 0.756 0.833 0.772 0.678
L—diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue L40 722 56.0 4.3 0.749 0.769 0.730 0.832 0.733 0.647 0.813 0.827 0.799 0.869 0.804 0.738
M—diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue M01–M25: M30–M36; M40–M54; M60.1–M99 13,163 57.0 4.4 0.705 0.732 0.683 0.754 0.704 0.630 0.782 0.801 0.767 0.817 0.782 0.729
N—diseases of the genitourinary system N18 224 66.3 8.1 0.625 0.656 0.579 0.616 0.653 0.592 0.725 0.746 0.695 0.727 0.744 0.700
Q—congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities Q00–Q56; Q60–Q99 1323 44.1 3.7 0.782 0.807 0.764 0.833 0.730 0.651 0.836 0.854 0.823 0.872 0.799 0.742
F—mental and behavioural disorders F00–99 6106 50.7 4.6 0.651 0.665 0.642 0.711 0.636 0.504 0.742 0.750 0.736 0.782 0.733 0.639
Diagnosed overweight, admitted E66 (doctor diagnosed) 2761 46,2 3.6 0.726 0.683 0.737 0.780 0.671 0.601 0.797 0.769 0.805 0.835 0.760 0.707
Having no chronic conditions – 18,136 37.7 0.0 0.908 0.914 0.900 0.913 0.900 0.828 0.926 0.931 0.920 0.930 0.920 0.868
Having one or more chronic conditions – 37,480 53.2 3.2 0.783 0.803 0.767 0.827 0.777 0.687 0.836 0.850 0.824 0.867 0.832 0.768
Depression medicineb ATC: N06A 5835 52.5 4.5 0.620 (0.0049) 0.620 0.620 0.663 0.618 0.507 0.720 (0.0033) 0.720 0.720 0.749 0.720 0.641
Antipsychotic medicineb ATC: N05A 1127 53.2 5.5 0.559 (0.0123) 0.576 0.546 0.576 0.575 0.445 0.678 (0.0081) 0.688 0.671 0.690 0.689 0.598
Indication prescribed anxiety medicineb All prescriptions with indication codes 163 or 371 (for anxiety) 1035 49.3 4.4 0.607 (0.0115) 0.614 0.604 0.634 0.613 0.458 0.711 (0.0075) 0.714 0.709 0.728 0.717 0.609
Heart failure medicationb ATC: C01AA05, C03, C07 or C09A w.indo code 430 58 69.6 8.0 0.607 (0.0396) 0.631 0.571 n/a 0.603 0.593 0.707 (0.0276) 0.724 0.679 n/a 0.699 0.699
Ischemic heart medicationb ATC: C01A, C01B, C01D, C01E 2035 72.0 6.8 0.637 (0.0080) 0.668 0.604 0.704 0.673 0.591 0.734 (0.0055) 0.756 0.710 0.778 0.759 0.701
All population 55,616 47.6 2.1 0.829 0.849 0.809 0.873 0.807 0.694 0.869 0.883 0.854 0.901 0.854 0.773
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n/a not available, all means weighted, n is not weighted. All population estimates in bold

aEstimates adapted from Hvidberg et al. [69]

bTwo-year inclusion times. Standard error (SE) in brackets included only for medicine variables as they are not provided in any other tables

Table 2 presents a more disaggregated level of information and includes the sample mean EQ-5D-3L utility estimates and percentiles, mean age and number of chronic conditions (NCC) of all 199 chronic conditions and socio-economic and health risk variables for the UK and USA, respectively. The ten diseases with the lowest mean EQ-5D-3L scores are systemic sclerosis [M34; scores 0.362; 0.533 (USA)], fibromyalgia [M797; scores 0.369; 0.558 (USA)], unspecified rheumatism [M790; scores 0.390; 0.575 (USA)], dementia [F00, G30 etc.; scores 0.415 (UK); 0.572 (USA)], systemic atrophies [G10–G14, G30–G32; scores 0.475 (UK); 0.618 (USA)], post-traumatic stress disorder [F431; scores 0.482 (UK); 0.627 (USA)], cerebral palsy [G80–G83; scores 0.512 (UK); 0.646 (USA)], other inflammatory spondylopathies [M46; scores 0.522 (UK); 0.661 (USA)], dorsalgia [M54; scores 0.528 (UK); 0.662 (USA)], and spondylosis [M47; scores 0.538 (UK); 0.666 (USA)]. Furthermore, Table 2 presents that mean EQ-5D-3L scores are lower for groups with a higher number of comorbidities [0.908 versus 0.558 (UK); 0.926 versus 0.680 (USA) for 7+ conditions], lower in older age groups [from 0.891 to 0.694 (UK); 0.914 to 0.773 (USA)], lower for the lower educational groups excluding students [ranging from 0.75 to 0.898 (UK); 0.814 to 0.919 (USA)], average HRQoL is lower for women than men [0.809 versus 0.849 (UK); 0.854 versus 0.883 (USA)] and non-western immigrants [0.832 versus 0.758 (UK); 0.871 versus 0.819 (USA)]. Larger differences are found within health risk and lifestyle factors such as loneliness [0.630 versus 0.841 (UK); 0.728 versus 0.877 (USA)], high perceived stress [0.638 versus 0.881 (UK); 0.732 versus 0.906 (USA)], non-exercise [0.690 versus 0.858 (UK); 0.771 versus 0.889 (US)], BMI (normal weight 0.855 (UK); 0.887 (USA) versus BMI 35+ 0.707 (UK); 0.783 (USA)], daily smokers [0.774 versus 0.841 (UK); 0.830 versus 0.878 (USA)], but less so for those reporting excessive alcohol intake [0.813 versus 0.835 (UK); 0.857 versus 0.873 (USA)] and fruit intake below recommendations [0.829 versus 0.847 (UK); 0.869 versus 0.882 (USA)]. These averages do not consider potential differences in the composition of the groups; therefore, part of the differences between groups might be explained by the presence/absence of other comorbidities, health risks, etc. Below we present estimates that adjust for these potential differences.

Table 2.

Sample EQ-5D-3L mean scores, percentiles, n, mean number chronic conditions and percentiles for the 199+ chronic conditions, socioeconomic variables, and health risks for the UK and US

No Name of chronic condition or variable ICD-10 code Population frequencies and meansA UK EQ-5D-3L unadjusted sample utilities US EQ-5D-3L unadjusted sample utilities
n Mean age Mean NCC NCC SE EQ-5D utility EQ-5D SE EQ-5D 25% EQ-5D 50% EQ-5D 75% EQ-5D utility EQ-5D SE EQ-5D 25% EQ-5D 50% EQ-5D 75%
B—viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease B18, B20–B24 31 43.5 2.9 0.2938 0.726 0.0668 0.656 0.727 1 0.799 0.0448 0.748 0.810 1
1 Chronic viral hepatitis B18 17 44.7 2.9 0.5118 0.755 0.0443 0.689 0.725 1 0.820 0.0324 0.767 0.800 1
2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease B20–24 14 42.4 2.8 0.3139 0.696 0.1274 0.620 0.883 1 0.778 0.0843 0.706 0.860 1
C—malignant neoplasms C00–C99; D32–D33; D35.2–D35.4; D42–D44 2947 64.7 5.3 0.0699 0.736 0.0058 0.689 0.796 1 0.803 0.0040 0.767 0.827 1
3 Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified localisations C00–C14; C30–C33; C37–C42; C45–C49; C69; C73–74; C754–C759 248 61.2 6.0 0.2729 0.727 0.0217 0.689 0.796 1 0.796 0.0148 0.767 0.827 1
4 Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs C15–C17; C22–C26 64 68.4 5.5 0.4174 0.607 0.0497 0.383 0.689 0.796 0.711 0.0351 0.576 0.767 0.827
5 Malignant neoplasm of colon C18 262 71.3 5.8 0.2398 0.720 0.0175 0.623 0.760 1 0.790 0.0123 0.706 0.816 1
6 Malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus and anal canal C19–C21 174 70.6 5.8 0.2662 0.739 0.0247 0.689 0.796 1 0.806 0.0170 0.767 0.827 1
7 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung C34 159 67.9 7.1 0.3313 0.613 0.0313 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.719 0.0211 0.594 0.777 0.827
8 Malignant melanoma of skin C43 220 58.4 4.5 0.2171 0.812 0.0165 0.727 0.796 1 0.855 0.0116 0.810 0.827 1
9 Other malignant neoplasms of skin C44 122 71.5 6.4 0.3756 0.737 0.0280 0.691 0.796 1 0.805 0.0190 0.777 0.827 1
1 Malignant neoplasm of breast C50 681 64.5 4.9 0.1391 0.715 0.0118 0.689 0.760 0.848 0.786 0.0080 0.767 0.816 0.844
11 Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs C51–C52; C56–C58 113 63.1 5.2 0.3169 0.718 0.0311 0.689 0.760 1 0.795 0.0208 0.767 0.816 1
12 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, corpus uteri and part unspecified C53–C55 140 62.6 5.0 0.3140 0.742 0.0252 0.691 0.796 1 0.809 0.0171 0.777 0.827 1
13 Malignant tumour of the male genitalia C60, C62–C63 54 46.3 3.0 0.3342 0.831 0.0311 0.725 1 1 0.873 0.0223 0.800 1 1
14 Malignant neoplasm of prostate C61 440 72.4 5.6 0.1775 0.754 0.0142 0.691 0.796 1 0.815 0.0098 0.777 0.827 1
15 Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract C64-C68 166 71.5 5.9 0.2721 0.705 0.0282 0.620 0.760 1 0.783 0.0194 0.706 0.816 1
16 Brain cancera C71, C75.1–C75.3, D33.0–D33.2, D35.2–D35.4, D43.0–D43.2, D44.3–D44.5 (brain). C70, D32, D42 (brain membrane). C72, D33.3–D33.9, D43.3–D43.9 (cranial nerve, spinal cord) 202 54.4 5.8 0.2964 0.758 0.0238 0.689 0.796 1 0.819 0.0166 0.767 0.827 1
17 Malignant neoplasms of ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites, and of independent (primary) multiple sites C76–C80, C97 326 64.0 5.9 0.1953 0.709 0.0166 0.639 0.760 0.814 0.782 0.0115 0.706 0.816 0.843
18 Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue C81–C96 213 62.3 5.7 0.2828 0.719 0.0203 0.620 0.796 0.883 0.788 0.0137 0.706 0.827 0.860
D—in situ, benign and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism D00–D09; D55–D59; D60–D67; D80–D89 1254 59.2 6.0 0.1270 0.687 0.0102 0.620 0.760 1 0.768 0.0070 0.706 0.816 1
19 In situ neoplasms D00–D09 289 55.3 4.3 0.2018 0.784 0.0154 0.691 0.796 1 0.835 0.0108 0.777 0.827 1
20 Haemolytic anaemias D55–D59 20 52.6 6.4 1.0464 0.770 0.0564 0.760 0.796 0.883 0.822 0.0381 0.816 0.827 0.860
21 Aplastic and other anaemias D60–D63 167 64.6 7.7 0.3523 0.581 0.0311 0.293 0.691 0.796 0.697 0.0213 0.527 0.777 0.827
22 Other anaemias D64 463 67.3 7.5 0.2227 0.593 0.0187 0.364 0.691 0.796 0.702 0.0129 0.576 0.777 0.827
23 Coagulation defects, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions D65–D69 216 50.9 5.4 0.2931 0.737 0.0250 0.689 0.796 1 0.803 0.0172 0.767 0.827 1
24 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs D70–D77 81 56.0 5.9 0.4067 0.708 0.0276 0.620 0.691 0.796 0.782 0.0199 0.706 0.777 0.827
25 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism D80–D89 102 50.2 5.4 0.3896 0.729 0.0339 0.689 0.796 1 0.800 0.0228 0.767 0.827 1
E—endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases E00–E14; E20–E29; E31–35; E70–E78; E84–E85; E88-E89 12,412 63.5 4.9 0.0308 0.742 0.0029 0.691 0.796 1 0.807 0.0020 0.777 0.827 1
26 Diseases of the thyroida E00–E04, E06, E07 1515 60.1 4.9 0.0936 0.739 0.0083 0.689 0.796 1 0.805 0.0057 0.767 0.827 1
27 Thyrotoxicosisa E05 714 61.0 4.6 0.1182 0.725 0.0135 0.689 0.796 1 0.795 0.0093 0.767 0.827 1
28 Diabetes type 1a E10 284 45.1 4.4 0.2139 0.769 0.0190 0.689 0.796 1 0.826 0.0130 0.767 0.827 1
29 Diabetes type 2a E11 3253 65.6 5.8 0.0626 0.701 0.0061 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.779 0.0042 0.706 0.816 0.860
30 Diabetes othersa E12–E14 18 59.5 5.4 0.8595 0.664 0.0699 0.516 0.691 0.883 0.755 0.0458 0.594 0.777 0.860
31 Disorders of other endocrine glands E20–E35, except E30 252 44.9 5.0 0.2608 0.690 0.0223 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.770 0.0151 0.706 0.816 0.860
32 Metabolic disorders E70–E77; E79–E83; E85, E88–E89; 224 56.8 6.2 0.3054 0.681 0.0234 0.620 0.760 0.848 0.766 0.0158 0.706 0.816 0.844
33 Disturbances in lipoprotein circulation and other lipidsa E78 9685 65.8 5.2 0.0351 0.743 0.0032 0.691 0.796 1 0.808 0.0022 0.777 0.827 1
34 Cystic fibrosisa E84 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
G—diseases of the nervous system G00–G14; G20–G32; G35–G37; G40–47; G50–64; G70–73; G80–G83; G90–G99 6698 55.1 4.8 0.0473 0.697 0.0045 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.775 0.0031 0.706 0.816 0.860
35 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system G00–G09 66 52.0 5.0 0.5228 0.690 0.0451 0.516 0.760 1 0.766 0.0313 0.594 0.816 1
36 Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system and other degenerative diseases G10–G14, G30–G32 70 69.6 6.4 0.5117 0.475 0.0518 0.258 0.587 0.796 0.618 0.0352 0.498 0.687 0.827
37 Parkinson’s diseasea G20, G21, G22, F02.3 611 62.8 6.6 0.1637 0.584 0.0162 0.362 0.691 0.796 0.697 0.0110 0.550 0.777 0.827
38 Extrapyramidal and movement disorders G23–G26 107 60.1 7.0 0.4221 0.636 0.0328 0.585 0.725 0.796 0.733 0.0226 0.677 0.800 0.827
39 Sclerosis G35 155 49.1 4.4 0.2975 0.584 0.0310 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.689 0.0225 0.594 0.777 0.827
40 Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system G36–G37 62 49.0 4.5 0.3909 0.628 0.0470 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.721 0.0330 0.706 0.810 0.827
41 Epilepsya G40–G41 585 51.9 5.8 0.1776 0.647 0.0160 0.587 0.725 0.85 0.742 0.0110 0.687 0.800 0.854
42 Migrainea G43 2042 49.2 4.0 0.0743 0.736 0.0074 0.689 0.796 1 0.804 0.0050 0.767 0.827 1
43 Other headache syndromes G44 143 44.8 5.1 0.3383 0.640 0.0339 0.587 0.725 0.848 0.740 0.0227 0.687 0.800 0.844
44 Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes and vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases G45–G46 623 68.0 6.6 0.1690 0.689 0.0149 0.620 0.760 1 0.771 0.0101 0.706 0.816 1
45 Sleep disorders G47 453 53.7 5.2 0.1967 0.727 0.0155 0.689 0.796 1 0.795 0.0106 0.767 0.827 1
46 Disorders of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve disorders G50–G51 207 56.3 5.2 0.2405 0.706 0.0273 0.689 0.760 1 0.783 0.0185 0.767 0.816 1
47 Disorders of other cranial nerves, cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere, nerve root and plexus disorders and nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere G52–G55 109 59.1 5.6 0.4117 0.616 0.0420 0.433 0.691 0.796 0.724 0.0285 0.593 0.777 0.827
48 Mononeuropathies of upper limb G56 1460 57.4 5.0 0.1029 0.715 0.0088 0.689 0.796 0.883 0.789 0.0060 0.767 0.827 0.860
49 Mononeuropathies of lower limb, other mononeuropathies and mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere G57–G59 193 56.9 4.9 0.2683 0.685 0.0257 0.620 0.727 0.85 0.768 0.0178 0.706 0.810 0.854
50 Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system G60–G64 296 61.5 6.4 0.2665 0.596 0.0235 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.706 0.0161 0.594 0.777 0.827
51 Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle G70–G73 56 50.9 4.8 0.3841 0.600 0.0490 0.383 0.692 0.796 0.711 0.0329 0.574 0.781 0.827
52 Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes G80–G83 113 47.9 5.0 0.2800 0.512 0.0404 0.159 0.691 0.796 0.646 0.0282 0.446 0.775 0.827
53 Other disorders of the nervous system G90–G99 257 53.8 5.7 0.2311 0.652 0.0230 0.585 0.727 0.814 0.745 0.0158 0.677 0.810 0.843
H—diseases of the eye and adnexa and diseases of the ear and mastoid process H02–H06; H17–H18; H25–H28; H31–H32; H34–H36; H40–55; H57; H80,H810; H93, H90-H93 6309 65.8 5.2 0.0468 0.736 0.0043 0.689 0.796 1 0.803 0.0030 0.767 0.827 1
54 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit H02–H06 257 62.3 5.5 0.2078 0.745 0.0191 0.689 0.796 1 0.808 0.0133 0.767 0.827 1
55 Corneal scars and opacities H17 34 60.6 5.8 0.7866 0.751 0.0608 0.691 0.760 1 0.819 0.0414 0.777 0.816 1
56 Other disorders of cornea H18 132 60.1 5.1 0.3893 0.760 0.0311 0.689 0.796 1 0.820 0.0218 0.767 0.827 1
57 Diseases of the eye lens (cataracts) H25–H28 928 73.5 6.1 0.1210 0.713 0.0110 0.620 0.760 1 0.786 0.0076 0.706 0.816 1
58 Disorders of the choroid and retina H31–H32 36 59.1 6.5 1.1796 0.666 0.1063 0.689 0.796 1 0.751 0.0752 0.767 0.827 1
59 Retinal vascular occlusions H34 115 73.2 6.4 0.3273 0.719 0.0350 0.691 0.796 1 0.788 0.0248 0.775 0.827 1
60 Other retinal disorders H35 749 72.0 6.2 0.1601 0.691 0.0144 0.620 0.760 1 0.773 0.0100 0.706 0.814 1
61 Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere H36 175 58.5 7.1 0.3437 0.695 0.0317 0.689 0.760 0.848 0.772 0.0221 0.767 0.816 0.844
62 Glaucomac H40–H42 858 70.8 5.4 0.1259 0.732 0.0106 0.689 0.796 1 0.801 0.0074 0.767 0.827 1
63 Disorders of the vitreous body and globe H43–H45 136 56.7 5.4 0.4032 0.676 0.0357 0.620 0.727 0.812 0.760 0.0251 0.706 0.810 0.833
64 Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways H46–H48 74 53.1 5.7 0.3592 0.657 0.0499 0.556 0.727 0.883 0.746 0.0340 0.626 0.810 0.860
65 Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction H49–H52 294 43.9 3.4 0.1717 0.837 0.0139 0.760 0.848 1 0.873 0.0099 0.816 0.844 1
66 Visual disturbances H53 360 55.8 5.9 0.2253 0.716 0.0188 0.656 0.796 1 0.789 0.0129 0.761 0.827 1
67 Blindness and partial sight H54 58 60.9 5.8 0.4786 0.676 0.0533 0.364 0.796 1 0.764 0.0369 0.576 0.827 1
68 Nystagmus and other irregular eye movements and other disorders of eye and adnexa H55, H57 80 54.9 4.8 0.3937 0.755 0.0354 0.689 0.796 1 0.819 0.0251 0.767 0.827 1
69 Otosclerosis H80 161 61.5 4.9 0.2926 0.803 0.0211 0.725 0.814 1 0.848 0.0148 0.800 0.843 1
70 Ménière’s diseasea H810 143 66.4 6.2 0.3259 0.718 0.0257 0.689 0.796 0.85 0.787 0.0178 0.767 0.827 0.854
71 Other diseases of the inner ear H83 882 68.3 6.0 0.1175 0.747 0.0110 0.691 0.796 1 0.811 0.0075 0.777 0.827 1
72 Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss H90 566 64.5 6.0 0.1722 0.742 0.0142 0.691 0.796 1 0.807 0.0097 0.777 0.827 1
73 Other hearing loss and other disorders of ear, not elsewhere classified H910, H912, H913, H918, H930, H932, H933 114 61.5 6.1 0.3573 0.714 0.0301 0.689 0.796 1 0.788 0.0206 0.767 0.827 1
74 Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) H911 1477 79.3 6.4 0.0956 0.697 0.0089 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.775 0.0061 0.706 0.816 0.860
75 Hearing loss, unspecified H919 1149 66.7 6.0 0.1060 0.731 0.0105 0.689 0.796 1 0.800 0.0071 0.767 0.827 1
76 Tinnitus H931 769 63.6 5.8 0.1303 0.734 0.0121 0.691 0.796 1 0.801 0.0082 0.777 0.827 1
77 Other specified disorders of ear H938 350 66.6 5.9 0.2202 0.734 0.0178 0.689 0.796 1 0.801 0.0123 0.767 0.827 1
I—diseases of the circulatory system I05–I06; I10–28; I30–33;I36–141; I44–I52; I60–I88; I90–I94; I96–I99 16,990 62.9 4.6 0.0260 0.741 0.0025 0.691 0.796 1 0.807 0.0017 0.775 0.827 1
78 Aortic and mitral valve diseasea I05, I06, I34, I35 426 72.3 7.5 0.1964 0.684 0.0149 0.620 0.727 0.848 0.764 0.0102 0.706 0.810 0.844
79 Hypertensive diseasesa I10–I15 14,504 64.8 4.8 0.0285 0.732 0.0027 0.689 0.796 1 0.801 0.0019 0.767 0.827 1
80 Heart failurea I11.0, I13.0, I13.2, I42.0, I42.6, I42.7, I42.9, I50.0, I50.1, I50.9 369 72.4 8.4 0.2128 0.603 0.0193 0.433 0.691 0.814 0.709 0.0133 0.593 0.777 0.843
80A Ischaemic heart diseases I20–I25 2017 67.9 7.5 0.0906 0.660 0.0083 0.620 0.725 0.814 0.750 0.0057 0.706 0.800 0.843
81 Angina pectoris I20 1253 66.3 7.3 0.1144 0.667 0.0100 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.755 0.0068 0.706 0.800 0.827
82 Acute myocardial infarction and subsequent myocardial infarction I21–I22 494 68.0 7.9 0.1866 0.682 0.0165 0.620 0.760 1 0.766 0.0113 0.706 0.816 1
83 AMI complex/other I23–I24 28 67.8 8.6 0.6266 0.603 0.0717 0.364 0.691 0.796 0.714 0.0465 0.576 0.777 0.827
84 Chronic ischaemic heart disease I25 1234 69.7 8.3 0.1145 0.648 0.0106 0.587 0.691 0.796 0.742 0.0072 0.687 0.777 0.827
85 Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation I26–I28 154 67.9 7.3 0.3405 0.604 0.0305 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.709 0.0206 0.594 0.777 0.827
86 Acute pericarditis I30 53 53.8 4.9 0.4336 0.836 0.0338 0.725 0.814 1 0.876 0.0237 0.800 0.843 1
87 Other forms of heart disease I31–I43, except I34–I35 and I42 85 58.8 7.2 0.4830 0.714 0.0294 0.623 0.760 0.883 0.786 0.0196 0.742 0.816 0.860
88 Atrioventricular and left bundle-branch block I44 178 71.0 7.0 0.3626 0.721 0.0310 0.639 0.796 1 0.791 0.0212 0.706 0.827 1
89 Other conduction disorders I45–46 129 62.7 6.4 0.3714 0.756 0.0223 0.689 0.796 1 0.814 0.0159 0.767 0.827 1
90 Paroxysmal tachycardia I47 593 63.4 6.4 0.1655 0.720 0.0128 0.689 0.760 1 0.793 0.0087 0.767 0.816 1
91 Atrial fibrillation and flutter I48 1480 71.9 6.9 0.1032 0.689 0.0091 0.620 0.727 0.727 0.770 0.0063 0.706 0.810 0.860
92 Other cardiac arrhythmias I49 423 67.3 6.9 0.2076 0.709 0.0173 0.689 0.760 0.848 0.783 0.0117 0.767 0.816 0.844
93 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease and other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere I51–52 50 71.1 8.9 0.5591 0.586 0.0449 0.516 0.689 0.76 0.697 0.0304 0.594 0.767 0.816
94 Stroke I60, I61, I63–I64, Z501 (rehabilitation) 812 68.6 7.0 0.1344 0.641 0.0124 0.516 0.710 0.848 0.733 0.0086 0.594 0.777 0.844
95 Cerebrovascular diseases I62, I65–I68 180 63.8 7.4 0.2833 0.604 0.0283 0.433 0.710 0.796 0.708 0.0188 0.593 0.777 0.827
96 Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease I69 513 70.0 8.3 0.1842 0.555 0.0168 0.260 0.689 0.796 0.675 0.0116 0.508 0.767 0.827
97 Atherosclerosis I70 397 71.2 8.6 0.2239 0.563 0.0203 0.260 0.691 0.796 0.682 0.0140 0.508 0.777 0.827
98 Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection I71 121 70.7 7.5 0.3367 0.699 0.0236 0.620 0.710 0.796 0.777 0.0161 0.706 0.777 0.827
99 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries I72, I74, I77–I79 142 61.2 6.6 0.3864 0.731 0.0254 0.691 0.796 1 0.801 0.0175 0.777 0.827 1
100 Other peripheral vascular diseases I73 391 68.3 7.7 0.2142 0.615 0.0188 0.585 0.691 0.796 0.721 0.0126 0.677 0.777 0.827
101 Phlebitis, thrombosis of the portal vein and others I80–I82 439 60.9 5.8 0.1940 0.706 0.0164 0.656 0.760 0.883 0.782 0.0111 0.748 0.816 0.860
102 Varicose veins of lower extremities I83 494 55.2 3.7 0.1448 0.811 0.0136 0.727 0.796 1 0.855 0.0096 0.810 0.827 1
103 Haemorrhoidsa I84 1048 50.7 4.0 0.1059 0.760 0.0099 0.691 0.796 1 0.819 0.0069 0.777 0.827 1
104 Oesophageal varices (chronic), varicose veins of other sites, other disorders of veins, nonspecific lymphadenitis, other noninfective disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system I85–I99, except I89 and I95 145 50.0 4.8 0.3354 0.746 0.0236 0.656 0.796 1 0.808 0.0165 0.748 0.827 1
J—diseases of the respiratory system J30.1; J40–J47; J60–J84; J95, J97–J99 14,087 51.5 4.0 0.0288 0.776 0.0026 0.691 0.796 1 0.831 0.0018 0.777 0.827 1
105 Respiratory allergya J30, except J30.0 9792 50.2 3.8 0.0337 0.788 0.0030 0.725 0.796 1 0.840 0.0021 0.800 0.827 1
105A Chronic lower respiratory diseasesa J40–J43, J47 5046 55.0 5.2 0.0522 0.740 0.0046 0.689 0.796 1 0.807 0.0032 0.767 0.827 1
106

Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, simple and

mucopurulent chronic bronchitis and unspecified chronic bronchitis

 J40-J42 182 67.3 8.9 0.3503 0.569 0.0343 0.364 0.691 0.796 0.686 0.0236 0.576 0.777 0.827
107 Emphysema J43 76 62.9 7.6 0.4699 0.622 0.0405 0.312 0.691 0.812 0.728 0.0267 0.525 0.777 0.833
108 Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)a J44, J96, J13–J18 2435 61.3 6.4 0.0851 0.680 0.0076 0.620 0.760 0.848 0.763 0.0052 0.706 0.816 0.844
109 Asthma, status asthmaticusa J45–J46 4107 52.3 5.3 0.0583 0.736 0.0053 0.689 0.796 1 0.803 0.0037 0.767 0.827 1
110 Bronchiectasis J47 52 58.6 6.8 0.6295 0.694 0.0602 0.362 0.796 1 0.780 0.0405 0.566 0.827 1
111 Other diseases of the respiratory system J60–J84; J95, J97–J99 217 62.2 7.1 0.2852 0.617 0.0271 0.364 0.725 0.812 0.720 0.0185 0.576 0.794 0.833
K—diseases of the digestive system K25–K27; K40, K43, K50–52; K58–K59; K71–K77; K86–K87 4462 56.8 5.2 0.0602 0.692 0.0053 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.773 0.0036 0.706 0.816 0.860
112 Ulcersa K25–K27 2245 59.6 5.8 0.0893 0.644 0.0078 0.587 0.725 0.796 0.739 0.0053 0.687 0.800 0.827
113 Inguinal hernia K40 480 58.1 4.0 0.1605 0.812 0.0124 0.725 0.796 1 0.857 0.0086 0.800 0.827 1
114 Ventral hernia K43 134 60.4 5.7 0.3646 0.690 0.0280 0.587 0.760 0.848 0.774 0.0191 0.687 0.816 0.844
115 Crohn's disease K50 212 47.2 4.6 0.2653 0.715 0.0252 0.620 0.796 1 0.787 0.0177 0.706 0.827 1
116 Ulcerative colitis K51 371 50.9 4.7 0.2182 0.731 0.0194 0.689 0.796 1 0.800 0.0133 0.767 0.827 1
117 Other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis K52 209 61.8 6.9 0.3066 0.627 0.0270 0.552 0.691 0.796 0.726 0.0180 0.671 0.777 0.827
118 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) K58 566 49.3 5.1 0.1826 0.722 0.0136 0.689 0.796 1 0.793 0.0093 0.767 0.827 1
119 Other functional intestinal disorders K59 542 58.8 6.3 0.1840 0.635 0.0175 0.587 0.725 0.796 0.731 0.0120 0.687 0.800 0.827
120 Diseases of liver, biliary tract and pancreas K71–K77; K86–K87 274 57.3 6.0 0.2602 0.671 0.0193 0.620 0.725 0.796 0.758 0.0131 0.706 0.800 0.827
L—diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue L40 722 56.0 4.3 0.1248 0.749 0.0119 0.691 0.796 1 0.813 0.0082 0.777 0.827 1
121 Psoriasisa L40 722 56.0 4.3 0.1248 0.749 0.0119 0.691 0.796 1 0.813 0.0082 0.777 0.827 1
M—diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue M01–M25: M30–M36; M40–M54; M60.1–M99 13,163 57.0 4.4 0.0311 0.705 0.0029 0.689 0.760 0.85 0.782 0.0020 0.767 0.816 0.854
122 Infectious arthropathies M01-M03 101 47.6 4.7 0.4562 0.737 0.0350 0.689 0.796 0 0.804 0.0244 0.767 0.827 1
122A Inflammatory polyarthropathies and ankylosing spondylitisa M05–M14, M45 2008 60.3 5.7 0.0909 0.666 0.0075 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.755 0.0051 0.706 0.810 0.827
123 Rheumatoid arthritisa M05, M06, M07.1, M07.2, M07.3, M08, M09 919 56.8 5.7 0.1351 0.646 0.0115 0.587 0.725 0.796 0.741 0.0079 0.687 0.800 0.827
124 Inflammatory polyarthropathies—except rheumatoid arthritisa M074–M079, M10–M14, M45 1478 61.3 5.9 0.1062 0.662 0.0090 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.752 0.0061 0.706 0.810 0.827
125 Polyarthrosis (arthrosis) M15 169 67.5 7.4 0.3209 0.543 0.0301 0.228 0.691 0.796 0.672 0.0200 0.463 0.777 0.827
126 Coxarthrosis (arthrosis of hip) M16 1458 70.7 5.8 0.0968 0.663 0.0083 0.620 0.692 0.796 0.752 0.0056 0.706 0.777 0.827
127 Gonarthrosis (arthrosis of knee) M17 2590 63.3 5.2 0.0730 0.688 0.0065 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.771 0.0044 0.706 0.810 0.827
128 Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint and other arthrosis M18–M19 1036 61.2 5.7 0.1309 0.673 0.0101 0.620 0.727 0.727 0.760 0.0069 0.706 0.810 0.827
129 Acquired deformities of fingers and toes M20 616 56.1 5.0 0.1511 0.735 0.0126 0.689 0.796 1 0.803 0.0086 0.767 0.827 1
130 Other acquired deformities of limbs M21 275 52.5 5.5 0.2333 0.702 0.0227 0.689 0.760 0.883 0.782 0.0151 0.767 0.816 0.860
131 Disorders of patella (kneecap) M22 496 36.0 3.3 0.1242 0.749 0.0154 0.691 0.796 1 0.813 0.0104 0.777 0.827 1
132 Internal derangement of knee M230, M231, M233, M235, M236, M238 128 44.5 4.0 0.2667 0.715 0.0244 0.691 0.796 0.796 0.790 0.0163 0.777 0.827 0.827
133 Derangement of meniscus due to old tear or injury M232 497 48.3 3.8 0.1510 0.775 0.0131 0.691 0.796 1 0.832 0.0090 0.777 0.827 1
134 Internal derangement of knee, unspecified M239 382 44.3 3.3 0.1495 0.790 0.0126 0.725 0.796 1 0.842 0.0087 0.800 0.827 1
135 Other specific joint derangements M24, except M240–M241 58 40.3 3.7 0.4177 0.720 0.0411 0.620 0.760 1 0.795 0.0285 0.706 0.816 1
136 Other joint disorders, not elsewhere classified M25 193 48.6 4.6 0.2656 0.673 0.0253 0.620 0.760 0.796 0.759 0.0169 0.706 0.816 0.827
137 Systemic connective tissue disorders M30–M36, except M32, M34 463 61.5 6.4 0.1995 0.633 0.0181 0.516 0.727 0.796 0.734 0.0122 0.594 0.810 0.827
138 Systemic lupus erythematosus M32 45 51.5 7.2 0.5933 0.603 0.0595 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.710 0.0411 0.594 0.777 0.827
139 Dermatopolymyositis M33 15 60.0 7.1 0.9106 0.667 0.0917 0.620 0.760 0.85 0.753 0.0617 0.706 0.816 0.854
140 Systemic sclerosis M34 13 62.4 8.9 2.9138 0.362 0.2482 -0.319 0.620 0.796 0.533 0.1746 0.053 0.706 0.827
141 Kyphosis, lordosis M40 54 53.2 5.3 0.6530 0.632 0.0504 0.620 0.691 0.796 0.736 0.0341 0.706 0.777 0.827
142 Scoliosis M41 164 40.8 4.3 0.3292 0.671 0.0307 0.620 0.760 1 0.759 0.0214 0.706 0.816 1
143 Spinal osteochondrosis M42 69 47.7 4.7 0.4656 0.593 0.0550 0.364 0.691 0.796 0.711 0.0368 0.576 0.777 0.827
144 Other deforming dorsopathies M43 275 56.8 5.8 0.2341 0.577 0.0228 0.260 0.691 0.796 0.697 0.0151 0.463 0.777 0.827
145 Other inflammatory spondylopathies M46 62 53.5 6.7 0.5913 0.522 0.0540 0.159 0.620 0.796 0.661 0.0352 0.446 0.706 0.827
146 Spondylosis M47 924 63.3 6.5 0.1451 0.538 0.0123 0.189 0.689 0.76 0.669 0.0082 0.446 0.767 0.816
147 Other spondylopathies and spondylopathies in diseases classified elsewhere M48, M49 483 67.7 7.5 0.2112 0.539 0.0167 0.208 0.689 0.76 0.668 0.0111 0.457 0.767 0.816
148 Cervical disc disorders M50 131 50.8 4.7 0.2913 0.613 0.0291 0.362 0.691 0.796 0.723 0.0193 0.566 0.777 0.827
149 Other intervertebral disc disorders M51 501 51.3 5.0 0.1734 0.557 0.0165 0.228 0.691 0.796 0.683 0.0109 0.463 0.777 0.827
150 Other dorsopathies, not elsewhere classified M53 92 49.4 4.9 0.3938 0.575 0.0394 0.264 0.691 0.76 0.693 0.0268 0.467 0.777 0.816
151 Dorsalgia M54 621 50.6 5.3 0.1649 0.528 0.0159 0.197 0.689 0.76 0.662 0.0105 0.446 0.767 0.816
152 Soft tissue disorders M60–M63, except M60.0 133 48.2 5.2 0.3852 0.663 0.0333 0.656 0.760 0.796 0.753 0.0224 0.748 0.816 0.827
153 Synovitis and tenosynovitis M65 270 50.8 4.4 0.2146 0.738 0.0200 0.691 0.760 1 0.803 0.0141 0.777 0.816 1
154 Disorders of synovium and tendon M66–68 238 43.6 3.8 0.2025 0.742 0.0215 0.691 0.796 1 0.811 0.0145 0.777 0.827 1
155 Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure M70 175 53.2 5.2 0.3170 0.665 0.0272 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.758 0.0184 0.706 0.810 0.827
156 Fibroblastic disorders M72 521 62.1 4.6 0.1432 0.761 0.0140 0.691 0.796 1 0.822 0.0097 0.777 0.827 1
157 Shoulder lesions M75 899 52.3 4.3 0.1174 0.696 0.0116 0.689 0.760 0.796 0.776 0.0078 0.767 0.816 0.827
158 Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot M76 111 43.9 3.4 0.2444 0.718 0.0297 0.656 0.760 0.85 0.794 0.0196 0.761 0.816 0.854
159 Other enthesopathies M77 156 47.7 4.1 0.2912 0.669 0.0276 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.760 0.0184 0.706 0.810 0.827
160 Rheumatism, unspecified M790 113 53.3 6.4 0.3457 0.390 0.0382 0.088 0.362 0.691 0.575 0.0250 0.397 0.566 0.777
161 Myalgia M791 107 53.6 5.6 0.4644 0.632 0.0326 0.516 0.760 0.796 0.731 0.0217 0.594 0.816 0.827
162 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified M792–M794; M798–M799 81 53.0 5.4 0.4018 0.571 0.0439 0.255 0.691 0.796 0.691 0.0292 0.506 0.777 0.827
163 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified: pain in limb M796 250 50.8 5.1 0.2466 0.653 0.0237 0.620 0.760 0.796 0.747 0.0157 0.706 0.816 0.827
164 Fibromyalgia M797 36 48.4 7.8 0.6511 0.369 0.0620 0.055 0.364 0.691 0.558 0.0397 0.360 0.576 0.777
165 Osteoporosisa M80–M81 1817 71.8 6.1 0.0907 0.648 0.0085 0.620 0.725 0.796 0.742 0.0058 0.704 0.800 0.827
166 Osteoporosis in diseases classified elsewhere M82 16 61.4 9.9 1.1443 0.541 0.1106 0.053 0.691 0.796 0.666 0.0786 0.368 0.777 0.827
167 Adult osteomalacia and other disorders of bone density and structure M83, M85, except M833 582 62.6 5.4 0.1485 0.709 0.0132 0.656 0.760 0.848 0.784 0.0091 0.748 0.816 0.844
168 Disorders of continuity of bone M84 29 44.5 5.0 0.8657 0.633 0.0748 0.195 0.760 1 0.736 0.0497 0.457 0.816 1
169 Other osteopathies M86–M90 160 56.7 5.6 0.3518 0.647 0.0314 0.620 0.760 0.796 0.744 0.0212 0.706 0.816 0.827
170 Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue M95–M99 253 52.2 5.3 0.2724 0.679 0.0212 0.620 0.760 0.848 0.764 0.0142 0.706 0.816 0.844
N—diseases of the genitourinary system N18 224 66.3 8.1 0.2867 0.625 0.0237 0.516 0.691 0.814 0.725 0.0161 0.594 0.777 0.843
171 Chronic renal failure (CRF)a N18 224 66.3 8.1 0.2867 0.625 0.0237 0.516 0.691 0.814 0.725 0.0161 0.594 0.777 0.843
Q—congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities Q00–Q56; Q60–Q99 1323 44.1 3.7 0.0881 0.782 0.0087 0.691 0.796 1 0.836 0.0060 0.777 0.827 1
172 Congenital malformations: of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory system; cleft palate and cleft lip, urinary tract, bones and muscles, other and chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere classified Q00–Q07; Q20–Q37; Q60–Q99 863 43.6 3.9 0.1138 0.757 0.0118 0.691 0.796 1 0.819 0.0081 0.777 0.827 1
173 Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck Q10–Q18 205 37.9 2.8 0.1329 0.847 0.0144 0.796 0.848 1 0.879 0.0103 0.825 0.844 1
174 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system Q38–Q45 80 57.3 4.8 0.4178 0.779 0.0312 0.691 0.796 1 0.833 0.0223 0.777 0.827 1
175 Congenital malformations of the sexual organs Q50–Q56 198 47.2 3.3 0.2240 0.816 0.0176 0.725 0.812 1 0.858 0.0126 0.800 0.833 1
F—mental and behavioural disorders F00–99 6106 50.7 4.6 0.0453 0.651 0.0047 0.620 0.725 0.848 0.742 0.0031 0.706 0.800 0.844
176 Dementiaa F00, G30, F01, F02.0, F03.9, G31.8B, G31.8E, G31.9, G31.0B 179 80.9 6.9 0.2702 0.415 0.0305 0.159 0.516 0.691 0.572 0.0210 0.399 0.594 0.777
177 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F04–F09 160 60.1 6.8 0.3135 0.604 0.0316 0.516 0.691 0.796 0.707 0.0214 0.594 0.777 0.827
178 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol F10 382 47.5 5.4 0.2005 0.638 0.0182 0.516 0.691 0.812 0.735 0.0123 0.594 0.777 0.833
179 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use F11–F19 368 48.0 5.1 0.1795 0.664 0.0190 0.620 0.743 0.848 0.753 0.0129 0.706 0.810 0.844
180 Schizophreniaa F20 143 44.7 5.6 0.2907 0.608 0.0330 0.331 0.725 0.812 0.714 0.0216 0.512 0.794 0.833
181 Schizotypal and delusional disorders F21–F29 193 48.2 6.7 0.2960 0.637 0.0265 0.378 0.725 0.848 0.733 0.0174 0.550 0.800 0.844
182 Bipolar affective disordera F30–F31 132 52.8 6.5 0.3870 0.597 0.0341 0.378 0.689 0.812 0.700 0.0222 0.550 0.767 0.833
183 Depressiona F32, F33, F34.1, F06.32 4619 52.5 4.9 0.0535 0.631 0.0055 0.516 0.725 0.848 0.727 0.0037 0.610 0.800 0.844
184 Mood (affective) disorders F340, F348–F349, F38–F39 44 48.5 7.4 0.6371 0.596 0.0614 0.378 0.621 0.812 0.698 0.0426 0.550 0.732 0.833
185 Phobic anxiety disorders F40 78 36.8 4.7 0.3321 0.550 0.0391 0.255 0.689 0.76 0.677 0.0250 0.506 0.767 0.816
186 Other anxiety disorders F41 226 43.5 5.9 0.2747 0.568 0.0247 0.258 0.689 0.812 0.686 0.0162 0.506 0.767 0.833
187 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)a F42 70 34.2 5.1 0.4303 0.685 0.0342 0.620 0.725 0.848 0.763 0.0230 0.706 0.800 0.844
188 Post-traumatic stress disorder F431 73 45.4 5.1 0.3710 0.482 0.0468 0.197 0.620 0.725 0.627 0.0313 0.467 0.706 0.800
189 Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders F432–F439 386 39.7 5.1 0.1663 0.640 0.0184 0.516 0.725 0.848 0.735 0.0121 0.594 0.800 0.844
190 Dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and other neurotic disorders F44, F45, F48 170 49.2 6.4 0.3434 0.576 0.0309 0.293 0.689 0.796 0.692 0.0207 0.527 0.767 0.827
191 Eating disorders F50 54 27.5 4.5 0.4739 0.683 0.0436 0.656 0.812 0.848 0.761 0.0291 0.761 0.833 0.844
192 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F51–F59 58 41.9 4.6 0.4904 0.698 0.0519 0.689 0.760 1 0.780 0.0355 0.767 0.816 1
193 Emotionally unstable personality disorder F603 112 39.3 6.1 0.3266 0.596 0.0309 0.320 0.689 0.796 0.705 0.0204 0.506 0.767 0.827
194 Specific personality disorders F602, F604–F609 363 43.1 5.6 0.1860 0.586 0.0201 0.291 0.689 0.812 0.698 0.0132 0.512 0.767 0.833
195 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour F61–F69 119 43.9 6.1 0.3491 0.592 0.0333 0.293 0.689 0.812 0.702 0.0214 0.527 0.767 0.833
196 Mental retardation F70–F79 44 38.8 5.4 0.7177 0.694 0.0507 0.585 0.796 1 0.768 0.0355 0.677 0.827 1
197 Disorders of psychological development F80–F89 44 24.1 3.7 0.3364 0.685 0.0581 0.689 0.760 0.848 0.766 0.0389 0.767 0.816 0.844
198 Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD)a F90 193 31.7 4.0 0.2147 0.694 0.0214 0.620 0.760 0.848 0.770 0.0142 0.706 0.816 0.844
199 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence F91–F99 244 38.4 5.7 0.2425 0.622 0.0255 0.309 0.725 0.848 0.724 0.0170 0.517 0.794 0.844
Extra conditions
Ischaemic heart diseases broad I05–I06; I11–I13; I20–I28; I30–I52 4221 67.5 6.5 0.0600 0.693 0.0054 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.773 0.0037 0.706 0.816 0.860
Arthritis M01–M03; M5–M9; M7–M14; M15–M20; M45 612 61.9 5.1 0.0460 0.695 0.0040 0.623 0.760 0.814 0.775 0.0027 0.742 0.816 0.833
Arthrosis M15–M19 4589 64.2 5.2 0.0555 0.684 0.0048 0.62 0.727 0.796 0.767 0.0033 0.706 0.810 0.827
Back conditions M32–34; M41–M43; M46–49; M50–51; M53–M54 2620 55.4 5.3 0.0819 0.589 0.0074 0.364 0.691 0.796 0.704 0.0049 0.576 0.777 0.827
Overweight, clinical diagnosed (BMI > 35) E66 2761 46.2 3.6 0.0712 0.726 0.0067 0.689 0.796 1 0.797 0.0046 0.767 0.827 1
Endometriosis N80 428 44.7 2.7 0.1504 0.726 0.0164 0.689 0.796 1 0.798 0.0110 0.767 0.827 1
NCCs
Having no chronic conditions 18,136 37.7 0.0 n/a 0.908 0.0014 0.796 1 1 0.926 0.0010 0.827 1 1
Having 1 chronic condition 11,303 44.4 1.0 n/a 0.868 0.0020 0.796 1 1 0.895 0.0014 0.827 1 1
Comorbidity: 2 conditions 7657 50.1 2.0 n/a 0.826 0.0029 0.760 0.796 1 0.866 0.0021 0.816 0.827 1
Comorbidity: 3 conditions 5698 54.6 3.0 n/a 0.792 0.0037 0.725 0.796 1 0.842 0.0026 0.800 0.827 1
Comorbidity: 4 conditions 3959 58.7 4.0 n/a 0.752 0.0045 0.691 0.796 1 0.813 0.0031 0.777 0.827 1
Comorbidity: 5 conditions 2805 61.8 5.0 n/a 0.708 0.0061 0.656 0.760 0.848 0.783 0.0042 0.761 0.816 0.844
Comorbidity: 6 conditions 1915 63.8 6.0 n/a 0.679 0.0079 0.620 0.727 0.796 0.762 0.0054 0.706 0.810 0.827
Comorbidity: 7 or more conditions 4143 67.1 9.0 0.0406 0.558 0.0061 0.293 0.689 0.796 0.680 0.0041 0.517 0.767 0.827
One or more chronic conditions 37,480 53.2 3.2 0.0150 0.783 0.0015 0.691 0.796 1 0.836 0.0011 0.777 0.827 1
Gender
Women 29,268 48.2 2.3 0.0152 0.809 0.0017 0.725 0.796 1 0.854 0.0012 0.800 0.827 1
Men 26,348 47.0 1.8 0.0167 0.849 0.0016 0.796 1 1 0.883 0.0011 0.827 1 1
Age
Age 16–24 years 5993 19.9 0.6 0.0169 0.891 0.0028 0.796 1 1 0.914 0.0020 0.827 1 1
Age 25–34 years 5388 29.7 1.0 0.0220 0.882 0.0028 0.796 1 1 0.906 0.0020 0.827 1 1
Age 35–44 years 8516 39.8 1.3 0.0220 0.852 0.0027 0.796 1 1 0.886 0.0019 0.827 1 1
Age 45–54 years 1657 49.6 1.9 0.0248 0.813 0.0028 0.725 0.725 1 0.857 0.0019 0.800 0.827 1
Age 55–64 years 11,198 59.8 2.6 0.0282 0.805 0.0027 0.725 0.796 1 0.852 0.0019 0.800 0.827 1
Age 65–74 years 8840 69.1 3.6 0.0360 0.803 0.0028 0.725 0.796 1 0.850 0.0020 0.800 0.827 1
Age 75+ years 5024 81.3 4.9 0.0518 0.694 0.0048 0.620 0.760 0.883 0.773 0.0033 0.706 0.816 0.860
Education
No education/training 14,603 58.2 3.1 0.0287 0.750 0.0027 0.691 0.796 1 0.814 0.0019 0.777 0.827 1
Students or in training 4968 21.8 0.7 0.0212 0.892 0.0028 0.796 1 1 0.914 0.0021 0.827 1 1
Short education 24,455 48.7 2.0 0.0172 0.834 0.0017 0.760 0.848 1 0.873 0.0012 0.816 0.844 1
Middle education (e.g. bachelor’s degree) 8315 47.5 1.8 0.0273 0.866 0.0024 0.796 1 1 0.895 0.0017 0.827 1 1
High education (master’s degree or higher) 3028 45.0 1.4 0.0382 0.898 0.0035 0.796 1 1 0.919 0.0026 0.827 1 1
Missing 247 56.8 2.5 0.2225 0.670 0.0244 0.587 0.727 0.85 0.752 0.0172 0.687 0.810 0.854
Ethnicity
Danish 53,268 48.1 2.1 0.0124 0.832 0.0011 0.760 0.848 1 0.871 0.0008 0.816 0.844 1
Other Western 1144 44.0 1.4 0.0728 0.815 0.0084 0.725 0.848 1 0.857 0.0059 0.800 0.844 1
Non-Western 1204 38.4 1.5 0.0699 0.758 0.0100 0.691 0.796 1 0.819 0.0070 0.777 0.827 1
Family equalised income
< £20,000 5066 41.0 1.8 0.0392 0.798 0.0045 0.725 0.848 1 0.872 0.0038 0.816 0.844 1
£20,000–39,999 26,123 50.5 2.5 0.0197 0.799 0.0018 0.725 0.796 1 0.830 0.0015 0.777 0.827 1
£40,000–59,999 17,368 45.1 1.6 0.0171 0.868 0.0015 0.796 1 1 0.889 0.0011 0.827 1 1
£60,000–79,999 4961 48.4 1.6 0.0301 0.884 0.0026 0.796 1 1 0.902 0.0015 0.827 1 1
£80,000+ 2098 51.0 1.6 0.0472 0.887 0.0040 0.796 1 1 0.910 0.0021 0.827 1 1
Family equalised income quartiles
1st quartile 14.248 50.5 2.7 0.0294 0.770 0.0028 0.691 0.796 1 0.827 0.0020 0.777 0.827 1
2nd quartile 14.244 47.4 2.1 0.0240 0.818 0.0023 0.727 0.848 1 0.861 0.0016 0.810 0.844 1
3rd quartile 14.247 44.3 1.6 0.0196 0.860 0.0018 0.796 1 1 0.891 0.0013 0.827 1 1
4th quartile 14.247 47.6 1.6 0.0183 0.879 0.0016 0.796 1 1 0.905 0.0012 0.827 1 1
Socio-economic position
Retired, age 12,408 74.9 4.3 0.0325 0.750 0.0028 0.691 0.796 0 0.812 0.0020 0.777 0.827 1
Retirement, free 2414 63.1 2.7 0.0545 0.839 0.0042 0.760 0.796 1 0.874 0.0030 0.816 0.827 1
Early retirement, health reasons 2227 52.1 4.7 0.0778 0.547 0.0079 0.255 0.689 0.76 0.674 0.0053 0.506 0.767 0.816
Seek leave and other leave 507 39.1 2.6 0.1343 0.654 0.0167 0.516 0.760 0.848 0.747 0.0112 0.594 0.816 0.844
Unemployed, social benefits longer term 555 37.3 2.8 0.1199 0.547 0.0168 0.195 0.689 0.796 0.676 0.0111 0.467 0.767 0.827
Unemployed minimum 6 months, ordinary 673 43.3 1.6 0.0872 0.838 0.0091 0.725 0.848 1 0.874 0.0065 0.800 0.844 1
In training or education 3472 19.8 0.5 0.0198 0.899 0.0036 0.796 1 1 0.919 0.0026 0.827 1 1
Employed 32,262 42.2 1.3 0.0100 0.878 0.0011 0.796 1 1 0.904 0.0008 0.827 1 1
Others not in workforce 1098 36.1 1.4 0.0661 0.795 0.0090 0.725 0.848 1 0.845 0.0063 0.800 0.844 1
Partnership
Having a partner 28,055 50.1 2.1 0.0172 0.829 0.0016 0.760 0.848 1 0.869 0.0011 0.816 0.844 1
Not married/not in a relationship 27,561 45.3 2.0 0.0171 0.828 0.0016 0.760 0.848 1 0.868 0.0012 0.816 0.844 1
Children home
No children home 41,004 51.7 2.4 0.0155 0.815 0.0014 0.725 0.812 1 0.859 0.0010 0.800 0.833 1
Having children living home under 15 years 13,959 37.1 1.2 0.0156 0.867 0.0020 0.796 1 1 0.896 0.0014 0.827 1 1
Missing 653 41.3 2.0 0.1136 0.762 0.0157 0.691 0.796 1 0.820 0.0108 0.777 0.827 1
Social network – loneliness
Not lonely or seldom lonely 52,523 47.3 2.0 0.0119 0.841 0.0011 0.760 0.848 1 0.877 0.0008 0.816 0.844 1
Often lonely, self-reported 2407 49.0 3.2 0.0778 0.630 0.0081 0.516 0.725 0.848 0.728 0.0055 0.594 0.800 0.844
Missing 686 59.3 3.5 0.1301 0.769 0.0121 0.691 0.796 1 0.828 0.0085 0.777 0.827 1
Stress – Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale
80% least stressed 43,466 47.1 1.8 0.0119 0.881 0.0009 0.796 1 1 0.906 0.0007 0.827 1 1
20% most stressed (cut point 18) 9851 47.0 3.0 0.0357 0.638 0.0036 0.587 0.725 0.814 0.732 0.0024 0.687 0.800 0.843
Missing 2299 57.8 3.0 0.0686 0.763 0.0073 0.691 0.796 1 0.823 0.0051 0.777 0.827 1
Body mass index (kg/m2), self-reported
BMI < 18.5 1193 39.9 1.9 0.0827 0.783 0.0098 0.725 0.848 1 0.836 0.0069 0.800 0.844 1
BMI > 18.5 < 25 25,087 44.4 1.7 0.0159 0.855 0.0016 0.796 1 1 0.887 0.0011 0.827 1 1
BMI > 25 < 30 19,387 50.6 2.2 0.0206 0.831 0.0019 0.760 0.848 1 0.870 0.0013 0.816 0.844 1
BMI ≥ 30 < 35 6317 50.3 2.7 0.0410 0.780 0.0038 0.691 0.796 1 0.834 0.0026 0.777 0.827 1
BMI ≥ 35 2015 47.9 3.2 0.0816 0.707 0.0078 0.656 0.760 0.883 0.783 0.0053 0.761 0.816 0.860
Missing 1617 58.5 3.2 0.0859 0.747 0.0087 0.689 0.796 1 0.811 0.0060 0.767 0.827 1
Daily smoker
Do not smoke daily 45,779 47.3 2.0 0.0131 0.841 0.0012 0.760 0.848 1 0.878 0.0009 0.816 0.844 1
Smoking daily 8968 47.6 2.2 0.0314 0.774 0.0033 0.691 0.796 1 0.830 0.0023 0.777 0.827 1
Missing 869 59.7 3.4 0.1119 0.749 0.0110 0.691 0.796 1 0.813 0.0077 0.777 0.827 1
Alcohol intake
Do not exceed National Board of Health’s recommendations 46,937 47.4 2.0 0.0129 0.835 0.0012 0.760 0.848 1 0.873 0.0009 0.816 0.844 1
Exceed recommendations with more than 7 drinks a week/woman or 14 drinks a week/man 4274 43.9 1.9 0.0418 0.813 0.0045 0.725 0.848 1 0.857 0.0031 0.800 0.844 1
Missing 4405 52.7 2.9 0.0508 0.781 0.0048 0.691 0.796 1 0.835 0.0033 0.777 0.827 1
Exercise
Exercise at least 4 h a week 45,913 46.2 1.8 0.0117 0.858 0.0010 0.796 1 1 0.889 0.0008 0.827 1 1
Do not exercise during the week 8457 52.4 3.1 0.0404 0.690 0.0041 0.620 0.760 1 0.771 0.0028 0.706 0.816 1
Missing 1246 62.3 3.6 0.1009 0.735 0.0104 0.689 0.796 1 0.802 0.0073 0.767 0.827 1
Fruit intake
Do not meet National Board of Health’s recommendations 50,958 47.3 2.0 0.0126 0.829 0.0012 0.760 0.848 1 0.869 0.0008 0.816 0.844 1
5 or more portions of fruit a day as recommended 3486 47.0 2.0 0.0449 0.847 0.0043 0.760 1 1 0.882 0.0030 0.816 1 1
Missing 1172 58.8 3.3 0.0947 0.770 0.0092 0.691 0.796 1 0.827 0.0064 0.777 0.827 1
SF-12 General Health (self-reported)
Excellent 6231 37.9 0.7 0.0174 0.972 0.0013 1 1 1 0.976 0.0010 1 1 1
Very good 20,840 42.7 1.2 0.0121 0.924 0.0010 0.796 1 1 0.936 0.0008 0.827 1 1
Good 21,183 51.8 2.3 0.0188 0.817 0.0014 0.727 0.796 1 0.856 0.0010 0.800 0.827 1
Fair 6846 56.7 4.4 0.0468 0.554 0.0039 0.364 0.689 0.725 0.676 0.0025 0.574 0.767 0.800
Poor 1341 56.8 5.8 0.1182 0.210 0.0101 -0.016 0.157 0.516 0.448 0.0068 0.307 0.420 0.594
Missing 547 60.7 3.3 0.1644 0.749 0.0217 0.691 0.796 1 0.812 0.0147 0.777 0.827 1
Long-term illness or disability (self-reported)
No long-term illness 36,747 44.4 1.2 0.0098 0.905 0.0009 0.796 1 1 0.923 0.0007 0.827 1 1
Long term illness 18,488 52.6 3.6 0.0262 0.676 0.0025 0.620 0.743 0.796 0.760 0.0017 0.706 0.810 0.827
Missing 1753 63.5 3.6 0.0890 0.754 0.0087 0.691 0.796 1 0.816 0.0060 0.777 0.827 1
Samples
NDR sample 40,816 47.6 2.1 0.0144 0.826 0.0014 0.760 0.848 1 0.867 0.0010 0.816 0.844 1
DK sample 14,800 47.6 2.0 0.0225 0.835 0.0020 0.760 0.848 1 0.873 0.0014 0.816 0.844 1
All population – 55,616 47.6 2.1 0.0121 0.829 0.0012 0.760 0.848 1 0.869 0.0008 0.816 0.844 1
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Note: n = 55,616 in all models. All NCC means and unadjusted EQ-5D estimates are weighted. Frequencies (n) are not weighted. Conditions no. marked with ‘A’ are overlapping other conditions, usually due to complex register definition [54]. Bold text signifies aggregated disease groups, health variables and total population estimates

ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases version 10, n/a not availableAEstimates adapted from Hvidberg et al. [69]

aComplex defined conditions

Model-based adjusted estimates of the base and full model

Even though the underlying EQ-5D-3L response data are the same for both models and the distributions of the UK and USA, EQ-5D-3L (Fig. 1) show some similarities in terms of skewness and the number of modes, and the use of different value sets translates into some differences in the overall distribution, making it important to carry out the estimation procedure separately for the UK and the USA. Extensive searches were carried out for both countries’ ALDVMMs. A three-component model was chosen for the UK on the basis of sample fit measures, information criteria (AIC and BIC) and graphical methods. A two-component model was selected using the same methodological procedure for the USA. Searches for a third component did not yield any model that improved fit over the two-component models. Table 3 presents measures of fit and information criteria for the selected models for the UK and USA, respectively. Including the additional covariates in the model substantially improves the measures of fit. However, even the basic model, including all 199 chronic conditions and controlling for age and sex, shows a relatively good fit to the data (see Figs. 2 and 3 for plots of the cumulative distribution of EQ-5D-3L implied by the models versus the data). The online Supplementary Materials 2 and 3 provides the full set of parameter estimates of the selected models as Stata and Excel file downloads.

Table 3.

Summary measures of fit for the UK and US base and full ALDVMMs

AIC BIC Mean absolute error Root mean squared error
UK base model
1 component 31,698.45 33,590.81 0.1394863 0.18995961
2 components 17,218.26 21,092.24 0.1399875 0.19214219
3 components 10,982.12 16,855.58 0.13895 0.18989694
UK full model
1 component 30,691.11 32,663.8 0.1379652 0.18803380
2 components 3018.952 7544.548 0.114237 0.1504211
3 components – 12,349.21 – 5458.163 0.1063071 0.14735358
US base model
1 component – 815.7213 1076.639 0.1045412 0.13479988
2 components – 26,770.45 – 22,887.54 0.1043856 0.13512545
US full model
1 component – 9718.437 – 7567.216 0.0954433 0.12264923
2 components – 42,413.68 – 37,888.08 0.0872551 0.10835724
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Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Cumulative percentage plots of UK models

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Cumulative percentage plots of US models

The parameters of nonlinear models cannot be interpreted directly in the same way as the parameters of linear models. In nonlinear models, the effect of the conditioning variable depends on the value of the other variables in the model. For example, in our case, the disutility of a chronic condition will generally be different for a person who has no other chronic conditions and a person who already has some other chronic conditions. To interpret and compare the models and conditions meaningfully, we calculate the MEs for two representative 50-year-old individuals, male and female, with no chronic conditions. We set the rest of the variables to the mean sample values for continuous variables and the mode for discrete variables. The MEs for age are calculated by varying the age of the same individuals while maintaining the rest of the characteristics. Tables 4 and 5 present the predictions and marginal effects for the base and the full UK models. Tables 6 and 7 present the same information for the US models.

Table 4.

ALDVMM predictions and marginal effects of representative 50-year-olds by sex: UK base model—chronic conditions and age

No. Condition or covariable Representative 50-year-old male with no chronic conditions Representative 50-year-old female with no chronic conditions
Model prediction Marginal effect Model prediction Marginal effect
β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value
No conditions 0.8958 0.0016 0.000 0.9098 0.0015 0.000
1 Chronic viral hepatitis 0.8228 0.0218 0.000 − 0.0730 0.0218 0.001 0.8412 0.0185 0.000 − 0.0686 0.0185 0.000
2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 0.8125 0.0316 0.000 − 0.0833 0.0316 0.009 0.8326 0.0287 0.000 − 0.0772 0.0287 0.007
3 Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified localizations 0.8734 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0063 0.000 0.8879 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0055 0.000
4 Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs 0.8190 0.0117 0.000 − 0.0768 0.0117 0.000 0.8409 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0689 0.0104 0.000
5 Malignant neoplasm of colon 0.8729 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0229 0.0064 0.000 0.8875 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0223 0.0058 0.000
6 Malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus and anal canal 0.8807 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0151 0.0076 0.046 0.8943 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0154 0.0070 0.027
7 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung 0.8622 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0335 0.0081 0.000 0.8785 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0072 0.000
8 Malignant melanoma of skin 0.8796 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0162 0.0052 0.002 0.8934 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0163 0.0046 0.000
9 Other malignant neoplasms of skin 0.8832 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0126 0.0048 0.009 0.8964 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0133 0.0044 0.003
10 Malignant neoplasm of breast 0.8639 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0037 0.000 0.8796 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0302 0.0033 0.000
11 Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs 0.8638 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0320 0.0063 0.000 0.8785 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0312 0.0058 0.000
12 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, corpus uteri and part unspecified 0.8684 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0274 0.0069 0.000 0.8840 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0258 0.0062 0.000
13 Malignant tumour of the male genitalia 0.8649 0.0089 0.000 − 0.0309 0.0090 0.001 0.8790 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0308 0.0079 0.000
14 Malignant neoplasm of prostate 0.8714 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0244 0.0048 0.000 0.8865 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0232 0.0043 0.000
15 Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract 0.8672 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0286 0.0064 0.000 0.8826 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0272 0.0058 0.000
16 Brain cancera 0.8771 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0187 0.0067 0.006 0.8915 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0183 0.0061 0.003
17 Malignant neoplasms of ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites, and of independent (primary) multiple sites 0.8560 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0398 0.0071 0.000 0.8732 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0365 0.0061 0.000
18 Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue 0.8727 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0231 0.0074 0.002 0.8880 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0066 0.001
19 In situ neoplasms 0.8763 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0195 0.0044 0.000 0.8905 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0193 0.0039 0.000
20 Haemolytic anaemias 0.9133 0.0198 0.000 0.0175 0.0198 0.376 0.9245 0.0183 0.000 0.0148 0.0183 0.420
21 Aplastic and other anaemias 0.8649 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0309 0.0071 0.000 0.8810 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0064 0.000
22 Other anaemias 0.8552 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0406 0.0049 0.000 0.8721 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0376 0.0045 0.000
23 Coagulation defects, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions 0.8782 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0063 0.006 0.8927 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0170 0.0059 0.004
24 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs 0.8549 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0409 0.0084 0.000 0.8707 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0390 0.0072 0.000
25 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 0.8670 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0086 0.001 0.8830 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0267 0.0078 0.001
26 Diseases of the thyroida 0.8662 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0296 0.0030 0.000 0.8816 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0281 0.0027 0.000
27 Thyrotoxicosisa 0.8685 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0273 0.0036 0.000 0.8836 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0261 0.0033 0.000
28 Diabetes type 1a 0.8630 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0328 0.0055 0.000 0.8785 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0049 0.000
29 Diabetes type 2a 0.8582 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0376 0.0027 0.000 0.8747 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0351 0.0025 0.000
30 Diabetes othersa 0.8474 0.0199 0.000 − 0.0484 0.0200 0.015 0.8632 0.0180 0.000 − 0.0465 0.0181 0.010
31 Disorders of other endocrine glands 0.8573 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0385 0.0060 0.000 0.8741 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0357 0.0053 0.000
32 Metabolic disorders 0.8602 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0356 0.0065 0.000 0.8765 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0332 0.0057 0.000
33 Disturbances in lipoprotein circulation and other lipidsa 0.8739 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0219 0.0025 0.000 0.8882 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0215 0.0023 0.000
34 Cystic fibrosisa 0.8682 0.0132 0.000 − 0.0275 0.0132 0.037 0.8830 0.0124 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0123 0.030
35 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 0.8768 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0190 0.0082 0.020 0.8903 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0195 0.0074 0.009
36 Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system and other degenerative diseases 0.8479 0.0184 0.000 − 0.0479 0.0184 0.009 0.8661 0.0166 0.000 − 0.0436 0.0166 0.009
37 Parkinson’s diseasea 0.8424 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0534 0.0057 0.000 0.8610 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0488 0.0051 0.000
38 Extrapyramidal and movement disorders 0.8604 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0353 0.0095 0.000 0.8763 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0334 0.0085 0.000
39 Sclerosis 0.7579 0.0271 0.000 − 0.1379 0.0271 0.000 0.7824 0.0261 0.000 − 0.1273 0.0261 0.000
40 Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system 0.8576 0.0177 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0176 0.031 0.8748 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0349 0.0153 0.022
41 Epilepsya 0.8556 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0402 0.0050 0.000 0.8726 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0372 0.0045 0.000
42 Migrainea 0.8622 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0336 0.0030 0.000 0.8783 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0314 0.0027 0.000
43 Other headache syndromes 0.8559 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0114 0.000 0.8730 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0368 0.0099 0.000
44 Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes and vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases 0.8731 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0227 0.0037 0.000 0.8879 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0034 0.000
45 Sleep disorders 0.8605 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0353 0.0046 0.000 0.8766 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0332 0.0040 0.000
46 Disorders of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve disorders 0.8626 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0332 0.0060 0.000 0.8782 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0315 0.0052 0.000
47 Disorders of other cranial nerves, cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere, nerve root and plexus disorders and Nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8471 0.0134 0.000 − 0.0487 0.0134 0.000 0.8652 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0446 0.0119 0.000
48 Mononeuropathies of upper limb 0.8654 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0304 0.0030 0.000 0.8809 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0027 0.000
49 Mononeuropathies of lower limb, other mononeuropathies and mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8522 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0436 0.0084 0.000 0.8698 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0074 0.000
50 Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system 0.8478 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0480 0.0069 0.000 0.8656 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0441 0.0061 0.000
51 Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle 0.8148 0.0246 0.000 − 0.0810 0.0246 0.001 0.8355 0.0229 0.000 − 0.0742 0.0229 0.001
52 Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes 0.7924 0.0293 0.000 − 0.1034 0.0293 0.000 0.8153 0.0275 0.000 − 0.0945 0.0276 0.001
53 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.8536 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0422 0.0063 0.000 0.8709 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0389 0.0056 0.000
54 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit 0.8733 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0225 0.0060 0.000 0.8889 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0209 0.0053 0.000
55 Corneal scars and opacities 0.8745 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0213 0.0090 0.018 0.8874 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0079 0.004
56 Other disorders of cornea 0.8743 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0215 0.0084 0.011 0.8884 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0214 0.0078 0.006
57 Diseases of the eye lens (cataracts) 0.8665 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0293 0.0036 0.000 0.8818 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0280 0.0033 0.000
58 Disorders of the choroid and retina 0.8526 0.0135 0.000 − 0.0432 0.0135 0.001 0.8691 0.0125 0.000 − 0.0406 0.0124 0.001
59 Retinal vascular occlusions 0.8829 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0129 0.0095 0.173 0.8971 0.0089 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0088 0.151
60 Other retinal disorders 0.8655 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0303 0.0035 0.000 0.8808 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0290 0.0032 0.000
61 Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8704 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0254 0.0059 0.000 0.8852 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0053 0.000
62 Glaucomac 0.8665 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0293 0.0034 0.000 0.8817 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0280 0.0030 0.000
63 Disorders of the vitreous body and globe 0.8564 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0394 0.0090 0.000 0.8735 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0362 0.0080 0.000
64 Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways 0.8659 0.0159 0.000 − 0.0298 0.0159 0.060 0.8810 0.0160 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0159 0.071
65 Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction 0.8820 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0052 0.008 0.8958 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0046 0.003
66 Visual disturbances 0.8725 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0233 0.0059 0.000 0.8876 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0221 0.0055 0.000
67 Blindness and partial sight 0.8722 0.0116 0.000 − 0.0236 0.0115 0.040 0.8873 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0225 0.0103 0.029
68 Nystagmus and other irregular eye movements and other disorders of eye and adnexa 0.8674 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0284 0.0084 0.001 0.8821 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0277 0.0074 0.000
69 Otosclerosis 0.8866 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0099 0.351 0.8998 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0087 0.250
70 Ménière’s diseasea 0.8679 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0279 0.0068 0.000 0.8832 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0265 0.0059 0.000
71 Other diseases of the inner ear 0.8708 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0250 0.0037 0.000 0.8858 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0240 0.0033 0.000
72 Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss 0.8694 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0264 0.0039 0.000 0.8844 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0254 0.0035 0.000
73 Other hearing loss and other disorders of ear, not elsewhere classified 0.8584 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0374 0.0090 0.000 0.8754 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0343 0.0079 0.000
74 Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) 0.8735 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0223 0.0032 0.000 0.8882 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0216 0.0029 0.000
75 Hearing loss, unspecified 0.8699 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0259 0.0032 0.000 0.8847 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0251 0.0029 0.000
76 Tinnitus 0.8676 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0282 0.0038 0.000 0.8829 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0269 0.0034 0.000
77 Other specified disorders of ear 0.8648 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0310 0.0048 0.000 0.8803 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0294 0.0044 0.000
78 Aortic and mitral valve diseasea 0.8713 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0048 0.000 0.8862 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0235 0.0044 0.000
79 Hypertensive diseasesa 0.8647 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0311 0.0024 0.000 0.8803 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0294 0.0022 0.000
80 Heart failurea 0.8514 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0444 0.0070 0.000 0.8688 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0410 0.0064 0.000
81 Angina pectoris 0.8595 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0363 0.0037 0.000 0.8762 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0336 0.0033 0.000
82 Acute myocardial infarction and subsequent myocardial infarction 0.8705 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0253 0.0050 0.000 0.8854 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0244 0.0047 0.000
83 AMI complex/other 0.8256 0.0319 0.000 − 0.0702 0.0320 0.028 0.8456 0.0300 0.000 − 0.0641 0.0300 0.033
84 Chronic ischaemic heart disease 0.8635 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0323 0.0036 0.000 0.8788 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0309 0.0033 0.000
85 Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation 0.8611 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0347 0.0087 0.000 0.8778 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0078 0.000
86 Acute pericarditis 0.8682 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0276 0.0081 0.001 0.8826 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0272 0.0075 0.000
87 Other forms of heart disease 0.8689 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0269 0.0072 0.000 0.8830 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0267 0.0066 0.000
88 Atrioventricular and left bundle-branch block 0.8728 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0230 0.0070 0.001 0.8876 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0221 0.0064 0.001
89 Other conduction disorders 0.8734 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0063 0.000 0.8870 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0228 0.0056 0.000
90 Paroxysmal tachycardia 0.8685 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0273 0.0041 0.000 0.8836 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0261 0.0037 0.000
91 Atrial fibrillation and flutter 0.8631 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0327 0.0033 0.000 0.8786 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0311 0.0030 0.000
92 Other cardiac arrhythmias 0.8733 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0225 0.0043 0.000 0.8885 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0212 0.0038 0.000
93 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease and other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8580 0.0133 0.000 − 0.0378 0.0133 0.005 0.8741 0.0120 0.000 − 0.0356 0.0119 0.003
94 Stroke 0.8562 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0396 0.0047 0.000 0.8731 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0366 0.0042 0.000
95 Cerebrovascular diseases 0.8593 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0365 0.0087 0.000 0.8764 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0334 0.0078 0.000
96 Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease 0.8526 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0432 0.0059 0.000 0.8698 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0400 0.0053 0.000
97 Atherosclerosis 0.8563 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0395 0.0060 0.000 0.8736 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0362 0.0054 0.000
98 Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection 0.8495 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0463 0.0076 0.000 0.8663 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0435 0.0068 0.000
99 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries 0.8743 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0214 0.0066 0.001 0.8892 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0206 0.0058 0.000
100 Other peripheral vascular diseases 0.8492 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0465 0.0060 0.000 0.8667 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0431 0.0053 0.000
101 Phlebitis, thrombosis of the portal vein and others 0.8617 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0340 0.0049 0.000 0.8777 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0321 0.0044 0.000
102 Varicose veins of lower extremities 0.8786 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0172 0.0036 0.000 0.8922 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0033 0.000
103 Haemorrhoidsa 0.8661 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0297 0.0033 0.000 0.8820 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0277 0.0030 0.000
104 Oesophageal varices (chronic), varicose veins of other sites, other disorders of veins, nonspecific lymphadenitis, other non-infective disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system 0.8648 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0310 0.0076 0.000 0.8802 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0296 0.0071 0.000
105 Respiratory allergya 0.8711 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0247 0.0023 0.000 0.8859 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0239 0.0021 0.000
105A Chronic lower respiratory diseasesa 0.8665 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0293 0.0026 0.000 0.8819 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0279 0.0024 0.000
106 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis and unspecified chronic bronchitis 0.8645 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0064 0.000 0.8803 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0295 0.0058 0.000
107 Emphysema 0.8610 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0348 0.0091 0.000 0.8765 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0333 0.0081 0.000
108 Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)a 0.8591 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0367 0.0030 0.000 0.8756 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0341 0.0027 0.000
109 Asthma, status asthmaticusa 0.8676 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0282 0.0028 0.000 0.8830 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0025 0.000
110 Bronchiectasis 0.9037 0.0145 0.000 0.0079 0.0145 0.583 0.9159 0.0138 0.000 0.0061 0.0138 0.657
111 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.8674 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0284 0.0062 0.000 0.8828 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0270 0.0056 0.000
112 Ulcersa 0.8540 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0418 0.0030 0.000 0.8713 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0384 0.0027 0.000
113 Inguinal hernia 0.8707 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0251 0.0038 0.000 0.8853 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0035 0.000
114 Ventral hernia 0.8603 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0355 0.0097 0.000 0.8770 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0328 0.0085 0.000
115 Crohn’s disease 0.8582 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0376 0.0064 0.000 0.8747 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0350 0.0056 0.000
116 Ulcerative colitis 0.8624 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0334 0.0049 0.000 0.8783 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0315 0.0043 0.000
117 Other non-infective gastroenteritis and colitis 0.8656 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0302 0.0057 0.000 0.8812 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0286 0.0051 0.000
118 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 0.8652 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0306 0.0039 0.000 0.8807 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0290 0.0034 0.000
119 Other functional intestinal disorders 0.8563 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0395 0.0050 0.000 0.8734 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0364 0.0044 0.000
120 Diseases of liver, biliary tract and pancreas 0.8482 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0476 0.0065 0.000 0.8660 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0437 0.0058 0.000
121 Psoriasisa 0.8688 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0270 0.0036 0.000 0.8841 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0256 0.0033 0.000
122 Infectious arthropathies 0.8567 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0391 0.0084 0.000 0.8729 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0368 0.0073 0.000
123 Rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8447 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0511 0.0044 0.000 0.8628 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0470 0.0039 0.000
124 Inflammatory polyarthropathies, except rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8566 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0392 0.0032 0.000 0.8732 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0366 0.0029 0.000
125 Polyarthrosis (arthrosis) 0.8525 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0433 0.0078 0.000 0.8698 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0400 0.0069 0.000
126 Coxarthrosis (arthrosis of hip) 0.8549 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0409 0.0032 0.000 0.8716 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0029 0.000
127 Gonarthrosis (arthrosis of knee) 0.8537 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0421 0.0029 0.000 0.8707 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0391 0.0026 0.000
128 Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint and other arthrosis 0.8564 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0394 0.0038 0.000 0.8733 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0365 0.0033 0.000
129 Acquired deformities of fingers and toes 0.8694 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0264 0.0034 0.000 0.8841 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0257 0.0031 0.000
130 Other acquired deformities of limbs 0.8613 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0345 0.0047 0.000 0.8770 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0328 0.0041 0.000
131 Disorders of patella (kneecap) 0.8568 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0390 0.0051 0.000 0.8740 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0358 0.0045 0.000
132 Internal derangement of knee 0.8370 0.0124 0.000 − 0.0588 0.0124 0.000 0.8564 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0534 0.0111 0.000
133 Derangement of meniscus due to old tear or injury 0.8651 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0307 0.0040 0.000 0.8804 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0294 0.0035 0.000
134 Internal derangement of knee, unspecified 0.8602 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0356 0.0050 0.000 0.8762 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0335 0.0044 0.000
135 Other specific joint derangements 0.8306 0.0174 0.000 − 0.0652 0.0174 0.000 0.8498 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0599 0.0155 0.000
136 Other joint disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8491 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0467 0.0068 0.000 0.8667 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0431 0.0059 0.000
137 Systemic connective tissue disorders 0.8672 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0286 0.0042 0.000 0.8826 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0272 0.0037 0.000
138 Systemic lupus erythematosus 0.8753 0.0144 0.000 − 0.0205 0.0144 0.153 0.8910 0.0125 0.000 − 0.0187 0.0125 0.133
139 Dermatopolymyositis 0.8791 0.0258 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0258 0.518 0.8933 0.0238 0.000 − 0.0164 0.0238 0.491
140 Systemic sclerosis 0.8716 0.0169 0.000 − 0.0242 0.0169 0.151 0.8853 0.0157 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0157 0.118
141 Kyphosis, lordosis 0.8609 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0349 0.0074 0.000 0.8753 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0344 0.0065 0.000
142 Scoliosis 0.8475 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0483 0.0079 0.000 0.8651 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0446 0.0069 0.000
143 Spinal osteochondrosis 0.8154 0.0186 0.000 − 0.0804 0.0186 0.000 0.8365 0.0170 0.000 − 0.0733 0.0170 0.000
144 Other deforming dorsopathies 0.8336 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0622 0.0094 0.000 0.8529 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0568 0.0083 0.000
145 Other inflammatory spondylopathies 0.8287 0.0230 0.000 − 0.0671 0.0230 0.004 0.8488 0.0214 0.000 − 0.0610 0.0214 0.004
146 Spondylosis 0.8298 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0660 0.0066 0.000 0.8497 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0601 0.0060 0.000
147 Other spondylopathies and spondylopathies in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8579 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0379 0.0045 0.000 0.8740 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0357 0.0040 0.000
148 Cervical disc disorders 0.8434 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0524 0.0111 0.000 0.8616 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0482 0.0097 0.000
149 Other intervertebral disc disorders 0.8129 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0829 0.0103 0.000 0.8343 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0754 0.0094 0.000
150 Other dorsopathies, not elsewhere classified 0.8244 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0714 0.0153 0.000 0.8448 0.0139 0.000 − 0.0650 0.0139 0.000
151 Dorsalgia 0.7917 0.0099 0.000 − 0.1041 0.0100 0.000 0.8144 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0954 0.0094 0.000
152 Soft tissue disorders 0.8508 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0450 0.0104 0.000 0.8689 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0408 0.0090 0.000
153 Synovitis and tenosynovitis 0.8619 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0339 0.0056 0.000 0.8784 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0314 0.0049 0.000
154 Disorders of synovium and tendon 0.8591 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0367 0.0063 0.000 0.8753 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0344 0.0055 0.000
155 Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure 0.8441 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0517 0.0083 0.000 0.8624 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0474 0.0073 0.000
156 Fibroblastic disorders 0.8670 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0039 0.000 0.8823 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0275 0.0035 0.000
157 Shoulder lesions 0.8458 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0499 0.0051 0.000 0.8642 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0455 0.0045 0.000
158 Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot 0.8480 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0478 0.0111 0.000 0.8660 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0437 0.0099 0.000
159 Other enthesopathies 0.8302 0.0138 0.000 − 0.0656 0.0138 0.000 0.8500 0.0124 0.000 − 0.0598 0.0124 0.000
160 Rheumatism, unspecified 0.7622 0.0268 0.000 − 0.1336 0.0268 0.000 0.7861 0.0262 0.000 − 0.1236 0.0262 0.000
161 Myalgia 0.8579 0.0145 0.000 − 0.0379 0.0145 0.009 0.8753 0.0127 0.000 − 0.0345 0.0128 0.007
162 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8379 0.0198 0.000 − 0.0579 0.0197 0.003 0.8575 0.0181 0.000 − 0.0522 0.0181 0.004
163 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified: pain in limb 0.8489 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0469 0.0067 0.000 0.8667 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0430 0.0059 0.000
164 Fibromyalgia 0.6959 0.0481 0.000 − 0.1999 0.0481 0.000 0.7198 0.0489 0.000 − 0.1900 0.0489 0.000
165 Osteoporosisa 0.8599 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0359 0.0029 0.000 0.8763 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0335 0.0027 0.000
166 Osteoporosis in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8733 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0225 0.0103 0.029 0.8875 0.0095 0.000 − 0.0222 0.0094 0.018
167 Adult osteomalacia and other disorders of bone density and structure 0.8650 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0308 0.0038 0.000 0.8805 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0293 0.0034 0.000
168 Disorders of continuity of bone 0.8564 0.0180 0.000 − 0.0394 0.0180 0.029 0.8741 0.0161 0.000 − 0.0357 0.0161 0.026
169 Other osteopathies 0.8600 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0358 0.0068 0.000 0.8765 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0333 0.0059 0.000
170 Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 0.8594 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0364 0.0068 0.000 0.8759 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0339 0.0059 0.000
171 Chronic renal failure (CRF)a 0.8665 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0293 0.0079 0.000 0.8825 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0273 0.0072 0.000
172 Congenital malformations: of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory system; cleft palate and cleft lip, urinary tract, bones and muscles, other and chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere classified 0.8634 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0324 0.0035 0.000 0.8792 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0306 0.0032 0.000
173 Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck 0.8716 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0242 0.0054 0.000 0.8869 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0228 0.0048 0.000
174 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system 0.8715 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0243 0.0082 0.003 0.8860 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0238 0.0074 0.001
175 Congenital malformations of the sexual organs 0.8713 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0058 0.000 0.8861 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0236 0.0051 0.000
176 Dementiaa 0.8152 0.0151 0.000 − 0.0806 0.0151 0.000 0.8354 0.0139 0.000 − 0.0744 0.0138 0.000
177 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 0.8675 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0283 0.0096 0.003 0.8830 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0087 0.002
178 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol 0.8509 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0449 0.0060 0.000 0.8682 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0416 0.0053 0.000
179 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use 0.8605 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0353 0.0059 0.000 0.8770 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0328 0.0052 0.000
180 Schizophreniaa 0.8451 0.0133 0.000 − 0.0507 0.0133 0.000 0.8633 0.0118 0.000 − 0.0464 0.0118 0.000
181 Schizotypal and delusional disorders 0.8840 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0075 0.115 0.8977 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0120 0.0070 0.085
182 Bipolar affective disordera 0.8703 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0255 0.0097 0.009 0.8850 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0247 0.0090 0.006
183 Depressiona 0.8171 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0787 0.0036 0.000 0.8381 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0716 0.0035 0.000
184 Mood (affective) disorders 0.8657 0.0146 0.000 − 0.0300 0.0146 0.040 0.8798 0.0137 0.000 − 0.0299 0.0136 0.028
185 Phobic anxiety disorders 0.8378 0.0154 0.000 − 0.0580 0.0154 0.000 0.8570 0.0140 0.000 − 0.0528 0.0140 0.000
186 Other anxiety disorders 0.8523 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0435 0.0088 0.000 0.8702 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0395 0.0078 0.000
187 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)a 0.8616 0.0150 0.000 − 0.0342 0.0150 0.023 0.8786 0.0137 0.000 − 0.0312 0.0137 0.023
188 Post-traumatic stress disorder 0.8039 0.0197 0.000 − 0.0919 0.0196 0.000 0.8260 0.0179 0.000 − 0.0837 0.0179 0.000
189 Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders 0.8609 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0348 0.0072 0.000 0.8782 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0316 0.0065 0.000
190 Dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and other neurotic disorders 0.8360 0.0148 0.000 − 0.0598 0.0148 0.000 0.8552 0.0134 0.000 − 0.0546 0.0134 0.000
191 Eating disorders 0.8557 0.0218 0.000 − 0.0401 0.0217 0.065 0.8738 0.0202 0.000 − 0.0360 0.0202 0.074
192 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors 0.8672 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0286 0.0075 0.000 0.8817 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0280 0.0064 0.000
193 Emotionally unstable personality disorder 0.8450 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0508 0.0078 0.000 0.8615 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0483 0.0071 0.000
194 Specific personality disorders 0.8376 0.0100 0.000 − 0.0582 0.0100 0.000 0.8570 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0527 0.0092 0.000
195 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour 0.8559 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0155 0.010 0.8736 0.0141 0.000 − 0.0362 0.0141 0.011
196 Mental retardation 0.9142 0.0236 0.000 0.0184 0.0237 0.436 0.9277 0.0215 0.000 0.0179 0.0215 0.404
197 Disorders of psychological development 0.8468 0.0169 0.000 − 0.0490 0.0169 0.004 0.8651 0.0152 0.000 − 0.0447 0.0151 0.003
198 Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD)a 0.8456 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0502 0.0084 0.000 0.8634 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0463 0.0075 0.000
199 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence 0.8704 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0254 0.0061 0.000 0.8846 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0251 0.0057 0.000
Denmark sample (base) 0.8993 0.0017 0.000 0.9127 0.0015 0.000
North Denmark Region (sample 2-3) 0.8958 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0036 0.0008 0.000 0.9098 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0029 0.0006 0.000
Specific ages (dydx)
Age 16 0.9121 0.0023 0.000 0.0003 0.0003 0.215 0.9270 0.0020 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 0.594
Age 20 0.9121 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0002 0.114 0.9264 0.0017 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.009
Age 25 0.9097 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000 0.9236 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000
Age 30 0.9061 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0001 0.000 0.9198 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0001 0.000
Age 35 0.9024 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000 0.9161 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000
Age 40 0.8992 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000 0.9130 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000
Age 45 0.8970 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000 0.9109 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0000 0.000
Age 50 0.8958 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.015 0.9098 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.036
Age 55 0.8954 0.0016 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.742 0.9095 0.0014 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.800
Age 60 0.8953 0.0016 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.780 0.9098 0.0014 0.000 0.0001 0.0001 0.583
Age 65 0.8947 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.051 0.9098 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.403
Age 70 0.8922 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0002 0.000 0.9083 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0002 0.000
Age 75 0.8857 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0019 0.0003 0.000 0.9033 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0003 0.000
Age 80 0.8719 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0006 0.000 0.8920 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0032 0.0005 0.000
Age 85 0.8468 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0065 0.0010 0.000 0.8702 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0009 0.000
Open in a new tab

Note: n = 55,616 in all models

aComplex defined condition

Table 5.

ALDVMM predictions and marginal effects of representative 50-year-olds by sex: UK full model – chronic conditions, socio-economic, lifestyle and risk variables

No. Condition or covariable Representative 50-year-old male with no chronic conditions Representative 50-year-old female with no chronic conditions
Model prediction Marginal effect Model prediction Marginal effect
β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value
No conditions 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
1 Chronic viral hepatitis 0.8409 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0394 0.0118 0.001 0.8540 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0380 0.0110 0.001
2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 0.8294 0.0209 0.000 − 0.0509 0.0208 0.015 0.8433 0.0196 0.000 − 0.0486 0.0195 0.013
3 Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified localizations 0.8775 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0027 0.0049 0.574 0.8888 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0032 0.0046 0.486
4 Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs 0.8486 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0316 0.0066 0.000 0.8625 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0295 0.0060 0.000
5 Malignant neoplasm of colon 0.8676 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0067 0.061 0.8800 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0120 0.0063 0.058
6 Malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus and anal canal 0.8827 0.0102 0.000 0.0024 0.0101 0.812 0.8938 0.0097 0.000 0.0018 0.0096 0.849
7 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung 0.8737 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0066 0.0076 0.385 0.8853 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0067 0.0067 0.319
8 Malignant melanoma of skin 0.8769 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0034 0.0047 0.467 0.8886 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0034 0.0044 0.439
9 Other malignant neoplasms of skin 0.8843 0.0055 0.000 0.0040 0.0054 0.455 0.8953 0.0051 0.000 0.0034 0.0050 0.501
10 Malignant neoplasm of breast 0.8715 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0033 0.008 0.8835 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0085 0.0031 0.007
11 Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs 0.8675 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0128 0.0059 0.030 0.8793 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0055 0.021
12 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, corpus uteri and part unspecified 0.8728 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0052 0.154 0.8848 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0048 0.136
13 Malignant tumour of the male genitalia 0.8756 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0079 0.549 0.8868 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0074 0.481
14 Malignant neoplasm of prostate 0.8797 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0041 0.896 0.8909 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0011 0.0039 0.787
15 Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract 0.8783 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0020 0.0068 0.767 0.8896 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0023 0.0064 0.714
16 Brain cancera 0.8860 0.0057 0.000 0.0057 0.0057 0.317 0.8966 0.0055 0.000 0.0046 0.0054 0.398
17 Malignant neoplasms of ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites, and of independent (primary) multiple sites 0.8756 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0044 0.282 0.8868 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0042 0.218
18 Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue 0.8745 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0058 0.0060 0.338 0.8866 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0056 0.341
19 In situ neoplasms 0.8755 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0043 0.272 0.8873 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0039 0.231
20 Haemolytic anaemias 0.8862 0.0102 0.000 0.0059 0.0102 0.564 0.8972 0.0096 0.000 0.0053 0.0096 0.581
21 Aplastic and other anaemias 0.8698 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0105 0.0066 0.112 0.8819 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0101 0.0062 0.102
22 Other anaemias 0.8695 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0107 0.0051 0.033 0.8823 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0046 0.037
23 Coagulation defects, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions 0.8818 0.0061 0.000 0.0015 0.0061 0.806 0.8929 0.0058 0.000 0.0009 0.0057 0.871
24 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs 0.8570 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0233 0.0063 0.000 0.8697 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0223 0.0058 0.000
25 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 0.8696 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0107 0.0081 0.184 0.8816 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0104 0.0074 0.162
26 Diseases of the thyroida 0.8718 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0085 0.0025 0.001 0.8836 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0024 0.000
27 Thyrotoxicosisa 0.8723 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0033 0.015 0.8842 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0078 0.0031 0.013
28 Diabetes type 1a 0.8756 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0051 0.358 0.8869 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0048 0.290
29 Diabetes type 2a 0.8701 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0023 0.000 0.8822 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0098 0.0023 0.000
30 Diabetes othersa 0.8726 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0077 0.0118 0.515 0.8841 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0112 0.481
31 Disorders of other endocrine glands 0.8723 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0048 0.098 0.8844 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0045 0.091
32 Metabolic disorders 0.8600 0.0066 0.000 0.0203 0.0065 0.002 0.8734 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0058 0.001
33 Disturbances in lipoprotein circulation and other lipidsa 0.8775 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0028 0.0020 0.167 0.8888 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0032 0.0020 0.114
34 Cystic fibrosisa 0.8811 0.0115 0.000 0.0008 0.0115 0.941 0.8923 0.0110 0.000 0.0004 0.0110 0.974
35 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 0.8816 0.0096 0.000 0.0014 0.0096 0.886 0.8926 0.0091 0.000 0.0006 0.0090 0.943
36 Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system and other degenerative diseases 0.8686 0.0131 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0132 0.374 0.8824 0.0121 0.000 − 0.0096 0.0121 0.429
37 Parkinson’s diseasea 0.8664 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0041 0.001 0.8788 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0132 0.0038 0.001
38 Extrapyramidal and movement disorders 0.8642 0.0102 0.000 − 0.0161 0.0101 0.113 0.8769 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0093 0.104
39 Sclerosis 0.8501 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0302 0.0077 0.000 0.8638 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0282 0.0069 0.000
40 Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system 0.8690 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0113 0.0086 0.192 0.8811 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0109 0.0080 0.172
41 Epilepsya 0.8708 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0095 0.0037 0.010 0.8827 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0093 0.0035 0.008
42 Migrainea 0.8686 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0024 0.000 0.8810 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0110 0.0022 0.000
43 Other headache syndromes 0.8740 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0063 0.0065 0.333 0.8859 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0061 0.0059 0.302
44 Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes and vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases 0.8714 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0036 0.015 0.8836 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0034 0.014
45 Sleep disorders 0.8721 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0036 0.023 0.8840 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0034 0.018
46 Disorders of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve disorders 0.8717 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0086 0.0049 0.077 0.8833 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0044 0.049
47 Disorders of other cranial nerves, cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere, nerve root and plexus disorders and nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8685 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0065 0.069 0.8804 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0116 0.0059 0.051
48 Mononeuropathies of upper limb 0.8721 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0025 0.001 0.8838 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0024 0.001
49 Mononeuropathies of lower limb, other mononeuropathies and mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8685 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0051 0.022 0.8808 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0112 0.0047 0.018
50 Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system 0.8644 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0159 0.0048 0.001 0.8767 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0153 0.0045 0.001
51 Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle 0.8654 0.0156 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0156 0.338 0.8788 0.0138 0.000 − 0.0132 0.0137 0.335
52 Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes 0.8403 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0400 0.0096 0.000 0.8548 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0372 0.0087 0.000
53 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.8664 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0046 0.003 0.8787 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0133 0.0043 0.002
54 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit 0.8798 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0051 0.931 0.8916 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0048 0.932
55 Corneal scars and opacities 0.8666 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0137 0.0080 0.086 0.8788 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0132 0.0073 0.069
56 Other disorders of cornea 0.8647 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0097 0.109 0.8766 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0153 0.0091 0.093
57 Diseases of the eye lens (cataracts) 0.8720 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0083 0.0033 0.013 0.8837 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0083 0.0032 0.009
58 Disorders of the choroid and retina 0.8512 0.0137 0.000 − 0.0291 0.0137 0.034 0.8647 0.0125 0.000 − 0.0273 0.0125 0.029
59 Retinal vascular occlusions 0.8940 0.0128 0.000 0.0137 0.0128 0.283 0.9046 0.0123 0.000 0.0127 0.0123 0.302
60 Other retinal disorders 0.8718 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0032 0.009 0.8837 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0083 0.0031 0.007
61 Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8732 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0071 0.0052 0.172 0.8846 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0074 0.0049 0.136
62 Glaucomac 0.8696 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0106 0.0029 0.000 0.8816 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0104 0.0028 0.000
63 Disorders of the vitreous body and globe 0.8679 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0124 0.0089 0.163 0.8804 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0116 0.0079 0.146
64 Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways 0.8686 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0090 0.196 0.8805 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0085 0.173
65 Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction 0.8820 0.0052 0.000 0.0017 0.0051 0.740 0.8934 0.0049 0.000 0.0014 0.0048 0.766
66 Visual disturbances 0.8745 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0058 0.0052 0.263 0.8860 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0049 0.220
67 Blindness and partial sight 0.8818 0.0083 0.000 0.0016 0.0082 0.850 0.8928 0.0079 0.000 0.0009 0.0078 0.913
68 Nystagmus and other irregular eye movements and other disorders of eye and adnexa 0.8752 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0050 0.0058 0.383 0.8866 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0054 0.326
69 Otosclerosis 0.8844 0.0059 0.000 0.0041 0.0058 0.482 0.8951 0.0056 0.000 0.0031 0.0055 0.572
70 Ménière’s diseasea 0.8773 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0029 0.0057 0.608 0.8887 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0033 0.0054 0.536
71 Other diseases of the inner ear 0.8761 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0032 0.200 0.8876 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0044 0.0031 0.152
72 Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss 0.8730 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0037 0.052 0.8847 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0035 0.040
73 Other hearing loss and other disorders of ear, not elsewhere classified 0.8752 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0058 0.381 0.8866 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0055 0.329
74 Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) 0.8721 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0031 0.009 0.8842 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0078 0.0029 0.008
75 Hearing loss, unspecified 0.8750 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0031 0.084 0.8864 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0029 0.058
76 Tinnitus 0.8716 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0035 0.012 0.8836 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0032 0.009
77 Other specified disorders of ear 0.8700 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0103 0.0048 0.031 0.8818 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0045 0.024
78 Aortic and mitral valve diseasea 0.8748 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0055 0.0041 0.181 0.8866 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0039 0.168
79 Hypertensive diseasesa 0.8722 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0020 0.000 0.8840 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0019 0.000
80 Heart failurea 0.8648 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0155 0.0069 0.026 0.8771 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0065 0.022
81 Angina pectoris 0.8685 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0031 0.000 0.8809 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0111 0.0029 0.000
82 Acute myocardial infarction and subsequent myocardial infarction 0.8771 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0032 0.0049 0.509 0.8884 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0035 0.0046 0.444
83 AMI complex/other 0.8764 0.0201 0.000 − 0.0039 0.0200 0.846 0.8889 0.0174 0.000 − 0.0030 0.0173 0.860
84 Chronic ischaemic heart disease 0.8678 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0125 0.0033 0.000 0.8798 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0121 0.0031 0.000
85 Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation 0.8782 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0021 0.0085 0.805 0.8896 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0024 0.0081 0.765
86 Acute pericarditis 0.8709 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0103 0.362 0.8826 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0093 0.0096 0.329
87 Other forms of heart disease 0.8629 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0073 0.018 0.8756 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0164 0.0067 0.015
88 Atrioventricular and left bundle-branch block 0.8235 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0568 0.0109 0.000 0.8402 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0518 0.0105 0.000
89 Other conduction disorders 0.8668 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0135 0.0057 0.018 0.8786 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0134 0.0054 0.013
90 Paroxysmal tachycardia 0.8708 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0095 0.0035 0.008 0.8830 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0033 0.007
91 Atrial fibrillation and flutter 0.8713 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0030 0.003 0.8830 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0089 0.0029 0.002
92 Other cardiac arrhythmias 0.8769 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0034 0.0039 0.381 0.8886 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0033 0.0036 0.352
93 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease and other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8596 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0207 0.0104 0.047 0.8720 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0199 0.0098 0.041
94 Stroke 0.8701 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0044 0.020 0.8820 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0041 0.016
95 Cerebrovascular diseases 0.8762 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0076 0.592 0.8881 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0039 0.0069 0.578
96 Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease 0.8668 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0134 0.0062 0.030 0.8789 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0130 0.0058 0.026
97 Atherosclerosis 0.8636 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0058 0.004 0.8766 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0154 0.0054 0.005
98 Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection 0.8620 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0183 0.0059 0.002 0.8743 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0177 0.0055 0.001
99 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries 0.8811 0.0062 0.000 0.0008 0.0060 0.895 0.8928 0.0058 0.000 0.0008 0.0057 0.882
100 Other peripheral vascular diseases 0.8619 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0184 0.0047 0.000 0.8745 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0175 0.0043 0.000
101 Phlebitis, thrombosis of the portal vein and others 0.8708 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0042 0.025 0.8828 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0039 0.020
102 Varicose veins of lower extremities 0.8751 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0034 0.128 0.8866 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0032 0.094
103 Haemorrhoidsa 0.8722 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0028 0.004 0.8841 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0027 0.003
104 Oesophageal varices (chronic), varicose veins of other sites, other disorders of veins, nonspecific lymphadenitis, other non-infective disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system 0.8750 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0064 0.411 0.8865 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0055 0.0060 0.358
105 Respiratory allergya 0.8738 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0065 0.0019 0.001 0.8855 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0065 0.0019 0.001
105A Chronic lower respiratory diseasesa 0.8724 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0022 0.000 0.8841 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0022 0.000
106 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis and unspecified chronic bronchitis 0.8718 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0085 0.0064 0.183 0.8839 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0058 0.168
107 Emphysema 0.8751 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0104 0.616 0.8863 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0098 0.562
108 Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)a 0.8727 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0025 0.003 0.8845 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0024 0.002
109 Asthma, status asthmaticusa 0.8739 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0064 0.0023 0.006 0.8856 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0063 0.0022 0.005
110 Bronchiectasis 0.8854 0.0122 0.000 0.0051 0.0122 0.676 0.8960 0.0116 0.000 0.0040 0.0116 0.728
111 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.8751 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0058 0.374 0.8869 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0053 0.339
112 Ulcersa 0.8677 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0125 0.0025 0.000 0.8803 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0116 0.0024 0.000
113 Inguinal hernia 0.8721 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0036 0.021 0.8840 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0033 0.016
114 Ventral hernia 0.8743 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0066 0.366 0.8859 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0063 0.337
115 Crohn’s disease 0.8690 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0113 0.0048 0.018 0.8809 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0111 0.0045 0.014
116 Ulcerative colitis 0.8726 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0077 0.0037 0.040 0.8841 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0036 0.027
117 Other non-infective gastroenteritis and colitis 0.8787 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0016 0.0048 0.734 0.8899 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0020 0.0045 0.650
118 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 0.8727 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0033 0.022 0.8845 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0031 0.016
119 Other functional intestinal disorders 0.8708 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0035 0.007 0.8829 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0091 0.0032 0.005
120 Diseases of liver, biliary tract and pancreas 0.8602 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0201 0.0057 0.000 0.8738 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0181 0.0050 0.000
121 Psoriasisa 0.8723 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0031 0.011 0.8841 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0078 0.0030 0.008
122 Infectious arthropathies 0.8641 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0162 0.0078 0.039 0.8764 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0071 0.029
123 Rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8636 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0031 0.000 0.8760 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0160 0.0029 0.000
124 Inflammatory polyarthropathies, except rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8649 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0153 0.0028 0.000 0.8774 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0026 0.000
125 Polyarthrosis (arthrosis) 0.8606 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0197 0.0078 0.012 0.8740 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0180 0.0069 0.009
126 Coxarthrosis (arthrosis of hip) 0.8563 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0240 0.0032 0.000 0.8696 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0030 0.000
127 Gonarthrosis (arthrosis of knee) 0.8597 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0206 0.0025 0.000 0.8728 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0024 0.000
128 Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint and other arthrosis 0.8654 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0030 0.000 0.8781 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0027 0.000
129 Acquired deformities of fingers and toes 0.8694 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0109 0.0032 0.001 0.8814 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0106 0.0030 0.000
130 Other acquired deformities of limbs 0.8685 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0038 0.002 0.8804 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0116 0.0036 0.001
131 Disorders of patella (kneecap) 0.8681 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0122 0.0036 0.001 0.8805 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0033 0.001
132 Internal derangement of knee 0.8541 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0262 0.0092 0.004 0.8685 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0235 0.0080 0.003
133 Derangement of meniscus due to old tear or injury 0.8647 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0037 0.000 0.8769 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0151 0.0035 0.000
134 Internal derangement of knee, unspecified 0.8622 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0181 0.0044 0.000 0.8752 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0168 0.0039 0.000
135 Other specific joint derangements 0.8626 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0177 0.0064 0.006 0.8745 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0175 0.0061 0.004
136 Other joint disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8586 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0217 0.0105 0.039 0.8722 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0198 0.0088 0.024
137 Systemic connective tissue disorders 0.8766 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0036 0.314 0.8884 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0035 0.0034 0.292
138 Systemic lupus erythematosus 0.8941 0.0105 0.000 0.0138 0.0104 0.186 0.9047 0.0099 0.000 0.0127 0.0098 0.196
139 Dermatopolymyositis 0.8747 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0081 0.489 0.8857 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0063 0.0077 0.415
140 Systemic sclerosis 0.8731 0.0175 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0174 0.679 0.8850 0.0157 0.000 − 0.0070 0.0157 0.658
141 Kyphosis, lordosis 0.8545 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0258 0.0095 0.007 0.8680 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0240 0.0083 0.004
142 Scoliosis 0.8633 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0170 0.0070 0.016 0.8762 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0158 0.0061 0.010
143 Spinal osteochondrosis 0.8384 0.0109 0.000 − 0.0419 0.0108 0.000 0.8535 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0385 0.0097 0.000
144 Other deforming dorsopathies 0.8561 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0241 0.0057 0.000 0.8698 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0221 0.0050 0.000
145 Other inflammatory spondylopathies 0.8522 0.0135 0.000 − 0.0281 0.0135 0.037 0.8668 0.0122 0.000 − 0.0252 0.0122 0.039
146 Spondylosis 0.8583 0.0039 0.000 0.0220 0.0037 0.000 0.8717 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0203 0.0033 0.000
147 Other spondylopathies and spondylopathies in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8624 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0179 0.0041 0.000 0.8751 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0169 0.0037 0.000
148 Cervical disc disorders 0.8665 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0043 0.001 0.8782 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0041 0.001
149 Other intervertebral disc disorders 0.8558 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0045 0.000 0.8691 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0229 0.0040 0.000
150 Other dorsopathies, not elsewhere classified 0.8532 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0271 0.0088 0.002 0.8675 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0080 0.002
151 Dorsalgia 0.8478 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0325 0.0063 0.000 0.8625 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0295 0.0055 0.000
152 Soft tissue disorders 0.8722 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0053 0.127 0.8838 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0050 0.101
153 Synovitis and tenosynovitis 0.8680 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0123 0.0043 0.004 0.8804 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0116 0.0039 0.003
154 Disorders of synovium and tendon 0.8660 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0142 0.0047 0.002 0.8785 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0135 0.0042 0.001
155 Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure 0.8595 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0208 0.0074 0.005 0.8728 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0192 0.0065 0.003
156 Fibroblastic disorders 0.8698 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0105 0.0036 0.004 0.8817 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0103 0.0034 0.002
157 Shoulder lesions 0.8637 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0166 0.0036 0.000 0.8769 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0032 0.000
158 Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot 0.8582 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0220 0.0104 0.034 0.8714 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0206 0.0091 0.023
159 Other enthesopathies 0.8603 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0200 0.0066 0.003 0.8734 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0058 0.001
160 Rheumatism, unspecified 0.8539 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0264 0.0094 0.005 0.8663 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0257 0.0085 0.003
161 Myalgia 0.8771 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0032 0.0056 0.567 0.8883 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0052 0.475
162 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8649 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0154 0.0097 0.111 0.8784 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0085 0.108
163 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified: pain in limb 0.8639 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0164 0.0052 0.002 0.8768 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0152 0.0046 0.001
164 Fibromyalgia 0.5191 0.0343 0.000 − 0.3612 0.0345 0.000 0.5091 0.0365 0.000 − 0.3829 0.0368 0.000
165 Osteoporosisa 0.8690 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0113 0.0025 0.000 0.8811 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0109 0.0024 0.000
166 Osteoporosis in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8658 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0145 0.0111 0.190 0.8775 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0145 0.0105 0.166
167 Adult osteomalacia and other disorders of bone density and structure 0.8709 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0034 0.006 0.8828 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0091 0.0032 0.005
168 Disorders of continuity of bone 0.8748 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0055 0.0154 0.720 0.8871 0.0141 0.000 − 0.0049 0.0141 0.729
169 Other osteopathies 0.8709 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0059 0.110 0.8832 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0053 0.097
170 Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 0.8685 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0047 0.013 0.8806 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0114 0.0043 0.009
171 Chronic renal failure (CRF)a 0.8808 0.0092 0.000 0.0006 0.0092 0.951 0.8922 0.0088 0.000 0.0002 0.0087 0.979
172 Congenital malformations: of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory system; cleft palate and cleft lip, urinary tract, bones and muscles, other and chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere classified 0.8663 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0140 0.0031 0.000 0.8785 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0135 0.0030 0.000
173 Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck 0.8812 0.0048 0.000 0.0009 0.0047 0.848 0.8925 0.0046 0.000 0.0005 0.0045 0.915
174 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system 0.8762 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0071 0.561 0.8874 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0067 0.492
175 Congenital malformations of the sexual organs 0.8751 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0046 0.263 0.8867 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0044 0.223
176 Dementiaa 0.8423 0.0138 0.000 − 0.0380 0.0136 0.005 0.8559 0.0128 0.000 − 0.0361 0.0127 0.005
177 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 0.8672 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0067 0.050 0.8794 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0126 0.0062 0.043
178 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol 0.8676 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0051 0.012 0.8796 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0123 0.0048 0.009
179 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use 0.8757 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0043 0.285 0.8873 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0041 0.254
180 Schizophreniaa 0.8599 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0203 0.0085 0.017 0.8734 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0078 0.016
181 Schizotypal and delusional disorders 0.8925 0.0099 0.000 0.0122 0.0098 0.216 0.9028 0.0094 0.000 0.0109 0.0094 0.249
182 Bipolar affective disordera 0.8723 0.0114 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0114 0.481 0.8841 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0107 0.459
183 Depressiona 0.8513 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0290 0.0025 0.000 0.8655 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0265 0.0024 0.000
184 Mood (affective) disorders 0.8599 0.0109 0.000 − 0.0203 0.0108 0.061 0.8722 0.0102 0.000 − 0.0198 0.0102 0.051
185 Phobic anxiety disorders 0.8635 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0168 0.0107 0.116 0.8768 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0152 0.0097 0.119
186 Other anxiety disorders 0.8785 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0018 0.0071 0.801 0.8899 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0021 0.0067 0.757
187 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)a 0.8647 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0087 0.073 0.8777 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0081 0.079
188 Post-traumatic stress disorder 0.8613 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0190 0.0106 0.074 0.8733 0.0101 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0100 0.062
189 Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders 0.8820 0.0066 0.000 0.0017 0.0066 0.795 0.8933 0.0063 0.000 0.0013 0.0063 0.834
190 Dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and other neurotic disorders 0.8651 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0152 0.0084 0.073 0.8780 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0072 0.053
191 Eating disorders 0.9110 0.0290 0.000 0.0307 0.0291 0.291 0.9215 0.0288 0.000 0.0295 0.0287 0.304
192 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors 0.8768 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0035 0.0061 0.564 0.8879 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0058 0.480
193 Emotionally unstable personality disorder 0.8634 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0169 0.0065 0.009 0.8752 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0061 0.006
194 Specific personality disorders 0.8740 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0063 0.0057 0.273 0.8860 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0053 0.259
195 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour 0.8785 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0017 0.0113 0.877 0.8898 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0022 0.0107 0.838
196 Mental retardation 0.9524 0.0229 0.000 0.0722 0.0231 0.002 0.9599 0.0211 0.000 0.0679 0.0212 0.001
197 Disorders of psychological development 0.8882 0.0122 0.000 0.0079 0.0122 0.514 0.9003 0.0111 0.000 0.0083 0.0111 0.452
198 Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD)a 0.8732 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0071 0.0059 0.230 0.8850 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0070 0.0055 0.203
199 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence 0.8747 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0060 0.354 0.8862 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0058 0.0057 0.312
Denmark sample (base) 0.8818 0.0021 0.000 0.8934 0.0019 0.000
North Denmark Region (sample 2–3) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0016 0.0007 0.019 0.8920 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0006 0.024
Specific ages (dydx)
Age 16 0.8990 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0003 0.226 0.9122 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0002 0.045
Age 20 0.8973 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0002 0.016 0.9100 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0002 0.002
Age 25 0.8943 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0002 0.001 0.9065 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0002 0.000
Age 30 0.8909 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0002 0.000 0.9029 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0002 0.000
Age 35 0.8877 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0001 0.000 0.8994 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000
Age 40 0.8847 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000 0.8964 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0001 0.000
Age 45 0.8822 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000 0.8939 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000
Age 50 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000
Age 55 0.8789 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.004 0.8907 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.015
Age 60 0.8781 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.320 0.8901 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.586
Age 65 0.8779 0.0023 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.978 0.8901 0.0021 0.000 0.0001 0.0001 0.648
Age 70 0.8780 0.0026 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 0.705 0.8907 0.0025 0.000 0.0002 0.0002 0.347
Age 75 0.8784 0.0031 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 0.757 0.8916 0.0030 0.000 0.0002 0.0002 0.301
Age 80 0.8784 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0002 0.705 0.8924 0.0037 0.000 0.0001 0.0002 0.553
Age 85 0.8773 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0003 0.148 0.8924 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0002 0.541
Education
No education (base) 0.8778 0.0025 0.000 0.8895 0.0025 0.000
Student 0.8788 0.0041 0.000 0.0011 0.0038 0.778 0.8901 0.0041 0.000 0.0006 0.0038 0.885
Short 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.0025 0.0020 0.197 0.8920 0.0019 0.000 0.0024 0.0020 0.219
Middle (BSc eq) 0.8899 0.0024 0.000 0.0121 0.0024 0.000 0.9012 0.0024 0.000 0.0117 0.0024 0.000
Higher (MSc+) 0.9029 0.0033 0.000 0.0252 0.0034 0.000 0.9139 0.0032 0.000 0.0244 0.0033 0.000
Ethnicity
Danish (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Western 0.8704 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0099 0.0025 0.000 0.8833 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0022 0.000
Non-Western 0.8703 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0024 0.000 0.8828 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0022 0.000
Income
0.19 (25%) 0.8806 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0044 0.0046 0.339 0.8924 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0048 0.292
0.26 (50%) 0.8804 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0043 0.0046 0.346 0.8921 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0050 0.0048 0.299
0.33 (75%) 0.8800 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0042 0.0045 0.355 0.8917 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0048 0.0047 0.307
Marriage/partner
Partner/married (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
No partner 0.8806 0.0020 0.000 0.0003 0.0006 0.574 0.8923 0.0019 0.000 0.0003 0.0005 0.564
Children
No children < 15 (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Children < 15 0.8804 0.0021 0.000 0.0001 0.0008 0.863 0.8921 0.0020 0.000 0.0001 0.0007 0.874
Loneliness
Not/seldom lonely (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Often lonely 0.8651 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0152 0.0019 0.000 0.8784 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0017 0.000
Stress
80% least stressed (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
20% most stressed 0.8208 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0595 0.0026 0.000 0.8385 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0535 0.0023 0.000
BMI
BMI < 18.5 0.8788 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0021 0.463 0.8905 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0019 0.435
BMI 18.5–25 (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
BMI > 25 < 30 0.8772 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0030 0.0007 0.000 0.8891 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0029 0.0006 0.000
BMI ≥ 30 < 35 0.8742 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0061 0.0010 0.000 0.8863 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0009 0.000
BMI ≥ 35 0.8674 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0129 0.0019 0.000 0.8807 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0113 0.0017 0.000
Smoking
Do not smoke daily (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Smoke daily 0.8762 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0040 0.0008 0.000 0.8883 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0007 0.000
Drinking
Do not exceed recommendations (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Exceed recommendations 0.8779 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0024 0.0012 0.047 0.8900 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0020 0.0011 0.065
Exercise
Exercise at least 4 h/day (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Do not exercise 0.8690 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0112 0.0010 0.000 0.8818 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0009 0.000
Fruit intake
Do not meet recommendations (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
5 or more portions 0.8801 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0012 0.887 0.8918 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0011 0.877
SF-12 General Health (self-reported)
Excellent 0.9791 0.0010 0.000 0.0988 0.0021 0.000 0.9832 0.0009 0.000 0.0912 0.0019 0.000
Very good 0.9399 0.0014 0.000 0.0596 0.0015 0.000 0.9484 0.0012 0.000 0.0564 0.0014 0.000
Good (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Fair 0.7625 0.0047 0.000 − 0.1178 0.0045 0.000 0.7731 0.0045 0.000 − 0.1188 0.0043 0.000
Poor 0.6434 0.0171 0.000 − 0.2369 0.0169 0.000 0.6659 0.0173 0.000 − 0.2260 0.0171 0.000
Missing 0.8812 0.0082 0.000 0.0009 0.0080 0.905 0.8942 0.0079 0.000 0.0022 0.0077 0.778
Long-term illness or disability (self-reported)
No long-term illness (base) 0.8803 0.0021 0.000 0.8920 0.0019 0.000
Long-term illness 0.8075 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0728 0.0022 0.000 0.8186 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0733 0.0021 0.000
Open in a new tab

Note: n = 55,616 in all models

aComplex defined condition

Table 6.

ALDVMM predictions and marginal effects of representative 50-year-olds by sex: US base model—chronic conditions and age

No. Condition or covariable Representative 50-year-old male with no chronic conditions Representative 50-year-old female with no chronic conditions
Model prediction Marginal effect Model prediction Marginal effect
β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value
No conditions 0.9149 0.0011 0.000 0.9249 0.0011 0.000
1 Chronic viral hepatitis 0.8125 0.0384 0.000 − 0.1024 0.0383 0.008 0.8209 0.0409 0.000 − 0.1040 0.0408 0.011
2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 0.8984 0.0553 0.000 − 0.0165 0.0553 0.766 0.9099 0.0524 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0524 0.775
3 Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified localizations 0.9058 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0091 0.0067 0.175 0.9168 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0064 0.207
4 Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs 0.8584 0.0142 0.000 − 0.0565 0.0142 0.000 0.8706 0.0143 0.000 − 0.0543 0.0143 0.000
5 Malignant neoplasm of colon 0.9005 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0144 0.0074 0.053 0.9117 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0132 0.0072 0.065
6 Malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus and anal canal 0.9135 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0082 0.867 0.9242 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0078 0.922
7 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung 0.8878 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0271 0.0094 0.004 0.8995 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0254 0.0092 0.006
8 Malignant melanoma of skin 0.9126 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0023 0.0061 0.710 0.9233 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0016 0.0058 0.778
9 Other malignant neoplasms of skin 0.9149 0.0077 0.000 0.0001 0.0077 0.995 0.9255 0.0073 0.000 0.0005 0.0073 0.941
10 Malignant neoplasm of breast 0.8936 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0213 0.0041 0.000 0.9051 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0199 0.0040 0.000
11 Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs 0.9053 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0096 0.0107 0.370 0.9164 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0085 0.0102 0.404
12 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, corpus uteri and part unspecified 0.9023 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0126 0.0078 0.106 0.9136 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0114 0.0075 0.127
13 Malignant tumour of the male genitalia 0.9129 0.0179 0.000 − 0.0020 0.0178 0.910 0.9235 0.0171 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0170 0.931
14 Malignant neoplasm of prostate 0.9064 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0052 0.103 0.9175 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0049 0.130
15 Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract 0.8979 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0170 0.0078 0.029 0.9092 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0157 0.0075 0.037
16 Brain cancera 0.9176 0.0075 0.000 0.0027 0.0075 0.719 0.9280 0.0071 0.000 0.0031 0.0070 0.660
17 Malignant neoplasms of ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites, and of independent (primary) multiple sites 0.8915 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0234 0.0063 0.000 0.9032 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0061 0.000
18 Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue 0.9070 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0075 0.295 0.9181 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0069 0.0072 0.337
19 In situ neoplasms 0.9013 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0055 0.013 0.9124 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0126 0.0053 0.017
20 Haemolytic anaemias 0.9392 0.0167 0.000 0.0243 0.0167 0.145 0.9481 0.0152 0.000 0.0232 0.0152 0.128
21 Aplastic and other anaemias 0.9021 0.0089 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0089 0.153 0.9135 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0085 0.178
22 Other anaemias 0.8965 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0184 0.0062 0.003 0.9080 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0169 0.0060 0.005
23 Coagulation defects, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions 0.9140 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0066 0.890 0.9246 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0062 0.956
24 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs 0.8736 0.0143 0.000 − 0.0413 0.0143 0.004 0.8851 0.0144 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0143 0.005
25 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 0.8939 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0209 0.0106 0.049 0.9055 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0194 0.0103 0.059
26 Diseases of the thyroida 0.8994 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0155 0.0030 0.000 0.9107 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0029 0.000
27 Thyrotoxicosisa 0.9031 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0041 0.004 0.9143 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0106 0.0039 0.006
28 Diabetes type 1a 0.8945 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0204 0.0070 0.004 0.9058 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0068 0.005
29 Diabetes type 2a 0.8934 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0215 0.0025 0.000 0.9050 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0199 0.0024 0.000
30 Diabetes othersa 0.8758 0.0351 0.000 − 0.0391 0.0351 0.265 0.8875 0.0349 0.000 − 0.0374 0.0349 0.283
31 Disorders of other endocrine glands 0.8817 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0331 0.0067 0.000 0.8936 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0066 0.000
32 Metabolic disorders 0.8845 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0304 0.0070 0.000 0.8962 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0287 0.0068 0.000
33 Disturbances in lipoprotein circulation and other lipidsa 0.9085 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0064 0.0018 0.000 0.9193 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0017 0.001
34 Cystic fibrosisa 0.8542 0.0535 0.000 − 0.0607 0.0535 0.257 0.8670 0.0532 0.000 − 0.0579 0.0532 0.276
35 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 0.9052 0.0152 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0152 0.521 0.9162 0.0146 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0146 0.547
36 Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system and other degenerative diseases 0.8748 0.0157 0.000 − 0.0401 0.0156 0.010 0.8869 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0154 0.014
37 Parkinson’s diseasea 0.8802 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0347 0.0055 0.000 0.8922 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0328 0.0053 0.000
38 Extrapyramidal and movement disorders 0.8975 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0118 0.143 0.9090 0.0115 0.000 − 0.0160 0.0114 0.162
39 Sclerosis 0.8308 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0841 0.0103 0.000 0.8433 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0816 0.0104 0.000
40 Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system 0.8874 0.0126 0.000 − 0.0275 0.0126 0.029 0.8992 0.0122 0.000 − 0.0257 0.0122 0.035
41 Epilepsya 0.8873 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0275 0.0054 0.000 0.8992 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0258 0.0052 0.000
42 Migrainea 0.8895 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0254 0.0026 0.000 0.9012 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0237 0.0025 0.000
43 Other headache syndromes 0.8881 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0088 0.002 0.9000 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0250 0.0085 0.003
44 Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes and vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases 0.9063 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0086 0.0044 0.053 0.9174 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0042 0.073
45 Sleep disorders 0.8866 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0282 0.0051 0.000 0.8983 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0266 0.0050 0.000
46 Disorders of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve disorders 0.8988 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0161 0.0071 0.024 0.9101 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0069 0.031
47 Disorders of other cranial nerves, cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere, nerve root and plexus disorders and nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8878 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0271 0.0104 0.009 0.8997 0.0101 0.000 − 0.0253 0.0101 0.012
48 Mononeuropathies of upper limb 0.8931 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0030 0.000 0.9047 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0203 0.0029 0.000
49 Mononeuropathies of lower limb, other mononeuropathies and mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8900 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0249 0.0077 0.001 0.9018 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0232 0.0075 0.002
50 Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system 0.8807 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0341 0.0073 0.000 0.8927 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0322 0.0072 0.000
51 Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle 0.8750 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0153 0.009 0.8871 0.0152 0.000 − 0.0378 0.0151 0.012
52 Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes 0.8581 0.0142 0.000 − 0.0568 0.0142 0.000 0.8706 0.0141 0.000 − 0.0543 0.0142 0.000
53 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.8830 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0071 0.000 0.8949 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0301 0.0069 0.000
54 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit 0.9076 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0073 0.0060 0.224 0.9186 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0064 0.0057 0.266
55 Corneal scars and opacities 0.8967 0.0173 0.000 − 0.0182 0.0173 0.291 0.9080 0.0168 0.000 − 0.0170 0.0167 0.310
56 Other disorders of cornea 0.9232 0.0096 0.000 0.0083 0.0096 0.388 0.9333 0.0090 0.000 0.0083 0.0090 0.356
57 Diseases of the eye lens (cataracts) 0.9059 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0089 0.0041 0.030 0.9170 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0039 0.043
58 Disorders of the choroid and retina 0.8924 0.0190 0.000 − 0.0225 0.0190 0.236 0.9040 0.0185 0.000 − 0.0210 0.0185 0.256
59 Retinal vascular occlusions 0.9185 0.0094 0.000 0.0037 0.0094 0.696 0.9290 0.0088 0.000 0.0040 0.0088 0.645
60 Other retinal disorders 0.9031 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0043 0.006 0.9143 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0107 0.0041 0.009
61 Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8949 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0200 0.0085 0.018 0.9063 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0082 0.024
62 Glaucomac 0.9007 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0142 0.0038 0.000 0.9120 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0130 0.0036 0.000
63 Disorders of the vitreous body and globe 0.8814 0.0101 0.000 − 0.0335 0.0101 0.001 0.8934 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0316 0.0099 0.001
64 Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways 0.9138 0.0135 0.000 − 0.0011 0.0136 0.936 0.9245 0.0128 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0129 0.971
65 Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction 0.9110 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0038 0.0057 0.499 0.9215 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0034 0.0054 0.530
66 Visual disturbances 0.9140 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0060 0.890 0.9247 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0057 0.973
67 Blindness and partial sight 0.9116 0.0135 0.000 − 0.0033 0.0135 0.809 0.9225 0.0127 0.000 − 0.0025 0.0127 0.845
68 Nystagmus and other irregular eye movements and other disorders of eye and adnexa 0.9141 0.0112 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0112 0.945 0.9248 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0105 0.991
69 Otosclerosis 0.9191 0.0073 0.000 0.0042 0.0073 0.564 0.9294 0.0069 0.000 0.0045 0.0068 0.512
70 Ménière’s diseasea 0.8836 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0084 0.000 0.8952 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0297 0.0082 0.000
71 Other diseases of the inner ear 0.9037 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0112 0.0040 0.006 0.9148 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0039 0.009
72 Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss 0.9051 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0098 0.0045 0.032 0.9162 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0043 0.044
73 Other hearing loss and other disorders of ear, not elsewhere classified 0.8921 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0227 0.0090 0.012 0.9038 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0212 0.0087 0.015
74 Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) 0.9083 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0066 0.0032 0.039 0.9193 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0030 0.060
75 Hearing loss, unspecified 0.9061 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0036 0.014 0.9172 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0078 0.0034 0.022
76 Tinnitus 0.8975 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0040 0.000 0.9088 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0161 0.0039 0.000
77 Other specified disorders of ear 0.9045 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0104 0.0056 0.066 0.9156 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0093 0.0054 0.085
78 Aortic and mitral valve diseasea 0.9035 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0113 0.0056 0.042 0.9147 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0103 0.0054 0.055
79 Hypertensive diseasesa 0.8968 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0181 0.0017 0.000 0.9082 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0016 0.000
80 Heart failurea 0.8989 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0160 0.0072 0.027 0.9104 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0069 0.035
81 Angina pectoris 0.8958 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0190 0.0038 0.000 0.9073 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0037 0.000
82 Acute myocardial infarction and subsequent myocardial infarction 0.9125 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0024 0.0059 0.688 0.9233 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0017 0.0056 0.764
83 AMI complex/other 0.8696 0.0196 0.000 − 0.0453 0.0196 0.021 0.8818 0.0194 0.000 − 0.0431 0.0194 0.026
84 Chronic ischaemic heart disease 0.8986 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0163 0.0047 0.001 0.9100 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0045 0.001
85 Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation 0.8993 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0103 0.131 0.9107 0.0100 0.000 − 0.0142 0.0099 0.152
86 Acute pericarditis 0.9097 0.0149 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0149 0.729 0.9203 0.0143 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0143 0.746
87 Other forms of heart disease 0.8869 0.0135 0.000 − 0.0279 0.0135 0.039 0.8983 0.0134 0.000 − 0.0266 0.0133 0.046
88 Atrioventricular and left bundle-branch block 0.9095 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0077 0.483 0.9204 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0073 0.532
89 Other conduction disorders 0.9002 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0147 0.0103 0.153 0.9113 0.0100 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0100 0.171
90 Paroxysmal tachycardia 0.9013 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0046 0.003 0.9125 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0124 0.0044 0.005
91 Atrial fibrillation and flutter 0.8990 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0159 0.0036 0.000 0.9103 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0147 0.0035 0.000
92 Other cardiac arrhythmias 0.9048 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0050 0.043 0.9159 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0047 0.057
93 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease and other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9000 0.0218 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0218 0.495 0.9114 0.0209 0.000 − 0.0135 0.0209 0.518
94 Stroke 0.8943 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0206 0.0050 0.000 0.9059 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0049 0.000
95 Cerebrovascular diseases 0.8803 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0346 0.0086 0.000 0.8923 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0327 0.0084 0.000
96 Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease 0.8864 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0285 0.0075 0.000 0.8983 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0267 0.0073 0.000
97 Atherosclerosis 0.8960 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0189 0.0070 0.007 0.9076 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0067 0.010
98 Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection 0.8768 0.0125 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0124 0.002 0.8883 0.0124 0.000 − 0.0366 0.0123 0.003
99 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries 0.9060 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0089 0.0078 0.256 0.9171 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0075 0.293
100 Other peripheral vascular diseases 0.8798 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0350 0.0069 0.000 0.8918 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0331 0.0068 0.000
101 Phlebitis, thrombosis of the portal vein and others 0.9006 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0055 0.009 0.9119 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0052 0.013
102 Varicose veins of lower extremities 0.9155 0.0043 0.000 0.0006 0.0043 0.881 0.9260 0.0041 0.000 0.0011 0.0041 0.796
103 Haemorrhoidsa 0.9007 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0142 0.0034 0.000 0.9120 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0130 0.0032 0.000
104 Oesophageal varices (chronic), varicose veins of other sites, other disorders of veins, nonspecific lymphadenitis, other non-infective disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system 0.9039 0.0102 0.000 − 0.0110 0.0102 0.279 0.9150 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0098 0.308
105 Respiratory allergya 0.9047 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0015 0.000 0.9158 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0014 0.000
105A Chronic lower respiratory diseasesa 0.9027 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0122 0.0022 0.000 0.9139 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0110 0.0021 0.000
106 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis and unspecified chronic bronchitis 0.8948 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0201 0.0098 0.041 0.9063 0.0095 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0095 0.050
107 Emphysema 0.9022 0.0132 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0132 0.336 0.9135 0.0127 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0126 0.365
108 Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)a 0.8917 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0232 0.0029 0.000 0.9033 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0216 0.0028 0.000
109 Asthma, status asthmaticusa 0.8993 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0025 0.000 0.9107 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0024 0.000
110 Bronchiectasis 0.9386 0.0135 0.000 0.0237 0.0135 0.079 0.9475 0.0122 0.000 0.0226 0.0123 0.066
111 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.8973 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0083 0.034 0.9088 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0161 0.0080 0.043
112 Ulcersa 0.8832 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0317 0.0027 0.000 0.8951 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0299 0.0026 0.000
113 Inguinal hernia 0.9073 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0045 0.093 0.9182 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0067 0.0043 0.118
114 Ventral hernia 0.8989 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0160 0.0093 0.085 0.9104 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0089 0.102
115 Crohn’s disease 0.8855 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0294 0.0080 0.000 0.8971 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0278 0.0078 0.000
116 Ulcerative colitis 0.8928 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0221 0.0057 0.000 0.9043 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0206 0.0056 0.000
117 Other non-infective gastroenteritis and colitis 0.8963 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0186 0.0077 0.016 0.9078 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0172 0.0074 0.021
118 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 0.8913 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0236 0.0044 0.000 0.9028 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0221 0.0043 0.000
119 Other functional intestinal disorders 0.8908 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0241 0.0049 0.000 0.9025 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0047 0.000
120 Diseases of liver, biliary tract and pancreas 0.8802 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0346 0.0069 0.000 0.8922 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0327 0.0068 0.000
121 Psoriasisa 0.9002 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0147 0.0039 0.000 0.9116 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0133 0.0037 0.000
122 Infectious arthropathies 0.8931 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0107 0.043 0.9047 0.0104 0.000 − 0.0202 0.0104 0.052
123 Rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8745 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0404 0.0041 0.000 0.8865 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0385 0.0040 0.000
124 Inflammatory polyarthropathies, except rheumatoid arthritisa 0.8858 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0291 0.0034 0.000 0.8975 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0274 0.0033 0.000
125 Polyarthrosis (arthrosis) 0.8785 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0364 0.0096 0.000 0.8905 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0344 0.0094 0.000
126 Coxarthrosis (arthrosis of hip) 0.8831 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0318 0.0035 0.000 0.8949 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0300 0.0034 0.000
127 Gonarthrosis (arthrosis of knee) 0.8771 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0377 0.0025 0.000 0.8891 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0359 0.0024 0.000
128 Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint and other arthrosis 0.8848 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0300 0.0035 0.000 0.8966 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0283 0.0034 0.000
129 Acquired deformities of fingers and toes 0.9041 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0108 0.0042 0.011 0.9151 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0098 0.0041 0.016
130 Other acquired deformities of limbs 0.8874 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0275 0.0067 0.000 0.8991 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0259 0.0066 0.000
131 Disorders of patella (kneecap) 0.8859 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0290 0.0046 0.000 0.8978 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0272 0.0045 0.000
132 Internal derangement of knee 0.8747 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0402 0.0088 0.000 0.8868 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0086 0.000
133 Derangement of meniscus due to old tear or injury 0.9005 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0144 0.0046 0.002 0.9117 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0133 0.0045 0.003
134 Internal derangement of knee, unspecified 0.8865 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0284 0.0051 0.000 0.8980 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0269 0.0050 0.000
135 Other specific joint derangements 0.8782 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0367 0.0154 0.018 0.8903 0.0152 0.000 − 0.0347 0.0152 0.022
136 Other joint disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8625 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0523 0.0072 0.000 0.8747 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0503 0.0071 0.000
137 Systemic connective tissue disorders 0.8912 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0237 0.0053 0.000 0.9028 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0222 0.0051 0.000
138 Systemic lupus erythematosus 0.9175 0.0119 0.000 0.0026 0.0118 0.826 0.9279 0.0111 0.000 0.0030 0.0110 0.787
139 Dermatopolymyositis 0.9390 0.0249 0.000 0.0241 0.0249 0.334 0.9479 0.0228 0.000 0.0229 0.0227 0.313
140 Systemic sclerosis 0.8610 0.0308 0.000 − 0.0538 0.0308 0.081 0.8738 0.0304 0.000 − 0.0511 0.0304 0.093
141 Kyphosis, lordosis 0.8660 0.0145 0.000 − 0.0489 0.0145 0.001 0.8781 0.0144 0.000 − 0.0468 0.0144 0.001
142 Scoliosis 0.8701 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0448 0.0092 0.000 0.8820 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0429 0.0091 0.000
143 Spinal osteochondrosis 0.8636 0.0156 0.000 − 0.0513 0.0156 0.001 0.8758 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0491 0.0156 0.002
144 Other deforming dorsopathies 0.8629 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0520 0.0071 0.000 0.8750 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0500 0.0071 0.000
145 Other inflammatory spondylopathies 0.8893 0.0134 0.000 − 0.0256 0.0133 0.055 0.9011 0.0130 0.000 − 0.0238 0.0129 0.065
146 Spondylosis 0.8606 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0542 0.0042 0.000 0.8729 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0521 0.0042 0.000
147 Other spondylopathies and spondylopathies in diseases classified elsewhere 0.8813 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0336 0.0059 0.000 0.8931 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0058 0.000
148 Cervical disc disorders 0.8783 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0365 0.0095 0.000 0.8902 0.0095 0.000 − 0.0347 0.0094 0.000
149 Other intervertebral disc disorders 0.8574 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0574 0.0060 0.000 0.8698 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0552 0.0059 0.000
150 Other dorsopathies, not elsewhere classified 0.8590 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0559 0.0118 0.000 0.8711 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0538 0.0119 0.000
151 Dorsalgia 0.8433 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0716 0.0050 0.000 0.8554 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0695 0.0051 0.000
152 Soft tissue disorders 0.8810 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0339 0.0088 0.000 0.8931 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0085 0.000
153 Synovitis and tenosynovitis 0.8950 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0199 0.0058 0.001 0.9066 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0184 0.0055 0.001
154 Disorders of synovium and tendon 0.8876 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0273 0.0065 0.000 0.8992 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0257 0.0063 0.000
155 Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure 0.8773 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0375 0.0086 0.000 0.8893 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0357 0.0084 0.000
156 Fibroblastic disorders 0.9058 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0091 0.0046 0.048 0.9168 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0044 0.065
157 Shoulder lesions 0.8716 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0433 0.0035 0.000 0.8837 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0412 0.0035 0.000
158 Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot 0.8782 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0367 0.0105 0.001 0.8900 0.0103 0.000 − 0.0349 0.0103 0.001
159 Other enthesopathies 0.8612 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0537 0.0088 0.000 0.8735 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0514 0.0088 0.000
160 Rheumatism, unspecified 0.8478 0.0154 0.000 − 0.0671 0.0154 0.000 0.8599 0.0156 0.000 − 0.0650 0.0156 0.000
161 Myalgia 0.8820 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0329 0.0092 0.000 0.8940 0.0090 0.000 − 0.0309 0.0090 0.001
162 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8809 0.0109 0.000 − 0.0340 0.0109 0.002 0.8928 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0321 0.0106 0.003
163 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified: pain in limb 0.8781 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0368 0.0070 0.000 0.8900 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0349 0.0069 0.000
164 Fibromyalgia 0.8592 0.0250 0.000 − 0.0557 0.0250 0.026 0.8716 0.0250 0.000 − 0.0534 0.0250 0.032
165 Osteoporosisa 0.8905 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0244 0.0029 0.000 0.9022 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0228 0.0028 0.000
166 Osteoporosis in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9225 0.0260 0.000 0.0076 0.0260 0.769 0.9327 0.0244 0.000 0.0077 0.0243 0.751
167 Adult osteomalacia and other disorders of bone density and structure 0.8956 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0193 0.0047 0.000 0.9070 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0179 0.0046 0.000
168 Disorders of continuity of bone 0.8925 0.0191 0.000 − 0.0224 0.0191 0.242 0.9042 0.0185 0.000 − 0.0207 0.0185 0.262
169 Other osteopathies 0.8867 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0282 0.0077 0.000 0.8985 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0264 0.0075 0.000
170 Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 0.8884 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0265 0.0067 0.000 0.9001 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0248 0.0065 0.000
171 Chronic renal failure (CRF)a 0.9071 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0078 0.0085 0.357 0.9182 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0068 0.0081 0.400
172 Congenital malformations: of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory system; cleft palate and cleft lip, urinary tract, bones and muscles, other and chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere classified 0.9003 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0040 0.000 0.9116 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0133 0.0038 0.000
173 Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck 0.9010 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0065 0.033 0.9122 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0127 0.0062 0.041
174 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system 0.9050 0.0117 0.000 − 0.0099 0.0117 0.397 0.9160 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0113 0.426
175 Congenital malformations of the sexual organs 0.9031 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0118 0.0072 0.103 0.9142 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0108 0.0069 0.120
176 Dementiaa 0.8886 0.0158 0.000 − 0.0263 0.0158 0.096 0.9005 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0153 0.109
177 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 0.8974 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0175 0.0111 0.114 0.9088 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0161 0.0107 0.132
178 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol 0.8846 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0303 0.0064 0.000 0.8964 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0285 0.0063 0.000
179 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use 0.8979 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0170 0.0059 0.004 0.9094 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0057 0.006
180 Schizophreniaa 0.8719 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0430 0.0108 0.000 0.8840 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0409 0.0106 0.000
181 Schizotypal and delusional disorders 0.9237 0.0088 0.000 0.0088 0.0088 0.317 0.9338 0.0082 0.000 0.0088 0.0082 0.281
182 Bipolar affective disordera 0.8959 0.0136 0.000 − 0.0190 0.0136 0.164 0.9073 0.0132 0.000 − 0.0177 0.0132 0.182
183 Depressiona 0.8533 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0616 0.0023 0.000 0.8655 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0594 0.0023 0.000
184 Mood (affective) disorders 0.8849 0.0250 0.000 − 0.0300 0.0249 0.229 0.8962 0.0248 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0247 0.245
185 Phobic anxiety disorders 0.8726 0.0131 0.000 − 0.0422 0.0130 0.001 0.8847 0.0129 0.000 − 0.0403 0.0129 0.002
186 Other anxiety disorders 0.8889 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0260 0.0076 0.001 0.9007 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0242 0.0074 0.001
187 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)a 0.8954 0.0132 0.000 − 0.0195 0.0131 0.137 0.9067 0.0128 0.000 0.0182 0.0128 0.153
188 Post-traumatic stress disorder 0.8410 0.0235 0.000 − 0.0739 0.0235 0.002 0.8533 0.0238 0.000 − 0.0717 0.0238 0.003
189 Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders 0.8929 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0220 0.0064 0.001 0.9045 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0204 0.0062 0.001
190 Dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and other neurotic disorders 0.8903 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0087 0.005 0.9020 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0229 0.0085 0.007
191 Eating disorders 0.9111 0.0121 0.000 − 0.0038 0.0121 0.754 0.9220 0.0115 0.000 − 0.0030 0.0114 0.795
192 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors 0.8962 0.0133 0.000 − 0.0187 0.0133 0.159 0.9074 0.0129 0.000 − 0.0175 0.0129 0.174
193 Emotionally unstable personality disorder 0.8661 0.0146 0.000 − 0.0488 0.0146 0.001 0.8780 0.0147 0.000 − 0.0469 0.0146 0.001
194 Specific personality disorders 0.8834 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0315 0.0066 0.000 0.8953 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0297 0.0064 0.000
195 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour 0.9012 0.0136 0.000 − 0.0137 0.0136 0.316 0.9126 0.0130 0.000 − 0.0124 0.0130 0.343
196 Mental retardation 0.9154 0.0257 0.000 0.0005 0.0257 0.985 0.9260 0.0241 0.000 0.0010 0.0241 0.965
197 Disorders of psychological development 0.8843 0.0158 0.000 − 0.0305 0.0157 0.052 0.8961 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0288 0.0154 0.062
198 Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD)a 0.8694 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0455 0.0081 0.000 0.8815 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0435 0.0080 0.000
199 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence 0.9041 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0108 0.0086 0.208 0.9153 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0082 0.237
Denmark sample (base) 0.9179 0.0013 0.000 0.9278 0.0012 0.000
North Denmark Region (sample 2–3) 0.9149 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0030 0.0009 0.001 0.9249 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0028 0.0009 0.001
Specific ages (dydx)
Age 16 0.9236 0.0017 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.902 0.9334 0.0015 0.000 0.0000 0.0001 0.954
Age 20 0.9234 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.349 0.9332 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.233
Age 25 0.9227 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.013 0.9325 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.005
Age 30 0.9216 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000 0.9314 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0002 0.0001 0.000
Age 35 0.9202 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0000 0.000 0.9301 0.0009 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0000 0.000
Age 40 0.9186 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0000 0.000 0.9285 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0000 0.000
Age 45 0.9168 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9268 0.0010 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 50 0.9149 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9249 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 55 0.9128 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9230 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 60 0.9106 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000 0.9209 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000
Age 65 0.9081 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000 0.9186 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000
Age 70 0.9054 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0001 0.000 0.9161 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000
Age 75 0.9024 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000 0.9133 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0001 0.000
Age 80 0.8988 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0001 0.000 0.9101 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000
Age 85 0.8945 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0002 0.000 0.9062 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0001 0.000
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Note: n = 55,616 in all models

aComplex defined condition

Table 7.

ALDVMM predictions and marginal effects of representative 50-year-olds by sex: US full model—chronic conditions, socio-economic, lifestyle and risk variables

No. Condition or covariable Representative 50-year-old male with no chronic conditions Representative 50-year-old female with no chronic conditions
Model prediction Marginal effect Model prediction Marginal effect
β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value β SE p value
No conditions 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
1 Chronic viral hepatitis 0.8892 0.0360 0.000 − 0.0446 0.0359 0.215 0.8982 0.0357 0.000 − 0.0432 0.0356 0.226
2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 0.9753 0.0374 0.000 0.0416 0.0374 0.266 0.9791 0.0323 0.000 0.0377 0.0324 0.244
3 Malignant neoplasms of other and unspecified localizations 0.9350 0.0062 0.000 0.0012 0.0061 0.848 0.9425 0.0058 0.000 0.0011 0.0057 0.847
4 Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs 0.8947 0.0142 0.000 − 0.0391 0.0141 0.006 0.9037 0.0139 0.000 − 0.0377 0.0139 0.007
5 Malignant neoplasm of colon 0.9314 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0024 0.0065 0.713 0.9392 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0022 0.0061 0.716
6 Malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction, rectum, anus and anal canal 0.9394 0.0075 0.000 0.0056 0.0074 0.446 0.9467 0.0070 0.000 0.0053 0.0069 0.443
7 Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung 0.9206 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0132 0.0084 0.118 0.9289 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0125 0.0081 0.121
8 Malignant melanoma of skin 0.9310 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0028 0.0055 0.610 0.9387 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0026 0.0052 0.609
9 Other malignant neoplasms of skin 0.9431 0.0069 0.000 0.0094 0.0069 0.172 0.9501 0.0064 0.000 0.0088 0.0064 0.169
10 Malignant neoplasm of breast 0.9242 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0096 0.0036 0.009 0.9323 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0035 0.009
11 Malignant neoplasms of female genital organs 0.9347 0.0091 0.000 0.0010 0.0091 0.916 0.9423 0.0086 0.000 0.0009 0.0085 0.915
12 Malignant neoplasm of cervix uteri, corpus uteri and part unspecified 0.9315 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0022 0.0064 0.727 0.9392 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0021 0.0061 0.725
13 Malignant tumour of the male genitalia 0.9484 0.0115 0.000 0.0146 0.0115 0.202 0.9550 0.0106 0.000 0.0137 0.0106 0.196
14 Malignant neoplasm of prostate 0.9343 0.0046 0.000 0.0005 0.0044 0.904 0.9419 0.0043 0.000 0.0005 0.0042 0.903
15 Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract 0.9322 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0016 0.0066 0.804 0.9399 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0062 0.806
16 Brain cancera 0.9441 0.0065 0.000 0.0103 0.0064 0.108 0.9510 0.0060 0.000 0.0097 0.0060 0.105
17 Malignant neoplasms of ill-defined, secondary and unspecified sites, and of independent (primary) multiple sites 0.9230 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0108 0.0056 0.055 0.9312 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0054 0.057
18 Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of lymphoid, haematopoietic and related tissue 0.9328 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0010 0.0063 0.879 0.9405 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0059 0.882
19 In situ neoplasms 0.9247 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0091 0.0050 0.068 0.9328 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0086 0.0048 0.070
20 Haemolytic anaemias 0.9548 0.0144 0.000 0.0210 0.0144 0.144 0.9608 0.0131 0.000 0.0194 0.0131 0.138
21 Aplastic and other anaemias 0.9243 0.0089 0.000 − 0.0095 0.0089 0.283 0.9324 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0090 0.0084 0.285
22 Other anaemias 0.9278 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0049 0.217 0.9357 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0046 0.219
23 Coagulation defects, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions 0.9404 0.0056 0.000 0.0066 0.0055 0.233 0.9476 0.0052 0.000 0.0062 0.0052 0.229
24 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs 0.9199 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0112 0.218 0.9282 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0108 0.222
25 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 0.9201 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0137 0.0096 0.156 0.9284 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0130 0.0092 0.160
26 Diseases of the thyroida 0.9261 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0077 0.0025 0.002 0.9341 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0024 0.002
27 Thyrotoxicosisa 0.9291 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0047 0.0035 0.183 0.9369 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0044 0.0033 0.184
28 Diabetes type 1a 0.9246 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0058 0.115 0.9327 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0055 0.118
29 Diabetes type 2a 0.9292 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0045 0.0020 0.026 0.9371 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0043 0.0019 0.027
30 Diabetes othersa 0.9282 0.0217 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0217 0.797 0.9361 0.0206 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0206 0.798
31 Disorders of other endocrine glands 0.9179 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0159 0.0056 0.005 0.9262 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0151 0.0054 0.005
32 Metabolic disorders 0.9137 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0200 0.0068 0.003 0.9223 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0066 0.004
33 Disturbances in lipoprotein circulation and other lipidsa 0.9344 0.0017 0.000 0.0007 0.0014 0.647 0.9420 0.0016 0.000 0.0006 0.0013 0.641
34 Cystic fibrosisa 0.9092 0.0345 0.000 − 0.0246 0.0345 0.477 0.9179 0.0333 0.000 − 0.0235 0.0333 0.482
35 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 0.9411 0.0117 0.000 0.0074 0.0117 0.530 0.9483 0.0109 0.000 0.0069 0.0109 0.526
36 Systemic atrophies primarily affecting the central nervous system and other degenerative diseases 0.9038 0.0142 0.000 − 0.0300 0.0142 0.034 0.9126 0.0139 0.000 − 0.0287 0.0138 0.037
37 Parkinson’s diseasea 0.9173 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0164 0.0047 0.001 0.9258 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0156 0.0045 0.001
38 Extrapyramidal and movement disorders 0.9192 0.0111 0.000 − 0.0145 0.0110 0.187 0.9276 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0106 0.191
39 Sclerosis 0.8821 0.0095 0.000 − 0.0516 0.0095 0.000 0.8913 0.0095 0.000 − 0.0500 0.0094 0.000
40 Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system 0.9160 0.0114 0.000 − 0.0178 0.0114 0.118 0.9245 0.0109 0.000 − 0.0169 0.0109 0.121
41 Epilepsya 0.9232 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0106 0.0043 0.015 0.9313 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0101 0.0041 0.015
42 Migrainea 0.9179 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0159 0.0022 0.000 0.9263 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0151 0.0021 0.000
43 Other headache syndromes 0.9221 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0076 0.125 0.9303 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0111 0.0073 0.127
44 Transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and related syndromes and vascular syndromes of brain in cerebrovascular diseases 0.9343 0.0039 0.000 0.0005 0.0037 0.883 0.9419 0.0036 0.000 0.0005 0.0035 0.884
45 Sleep disorders 0.9256 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0043 0.060 0.9337 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0077 0.0041 0.061
46 Disorders of trigeminal nerve and facial nerve disorders 0.9261 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0065 0.238 0.9342 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0061 0.241
47 Disorders of other cranial nerves, cranial nerve disorders in diseases classified elsewhere, nerve root and plexus disorders and nerve root and plexus compressions in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9189 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0096 0.122 0.9272 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0141 0.0092 0.125
48 Mononeuropathies of upper limb 0.9251 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0025 0.001 0.9332 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0024 0.001
49 Mononeuropathies of lower limb, other mononeuropathies and mononeuropathy in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9217 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0121 0.0065 0.061 0.9299 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0062 0.062
50 Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system 0.9144 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0194 0.0063 0.002 0.9229 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0185 0.0061 0.003
51 Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle 0.9147 0.0133 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0132 0.149 0.9232 0.0128 0.000 − 0.0182 0.0127 0.153
52 Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes 0.8867 0.0121 0.000 − 0.0470 0.0120 0.000 0.8959 0.0119 0.000 − 0.0454 0.0119 0.000
53 Other disorders of the nervous system 0.9140 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0198 0.0064 0.002 0.9225 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0189 0.0062 0.002
54 Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit 0.9347 0.0053 0.000 0.0009 0.0053 0.859 0.9423 0.0050 0.000 0.0009 0.0049 0.860
55 Corneal scars and opacities 0.9232 0.0155 0.000 − 0.0106 0.0155 0.495 0.9314 0.0148 0.000 − 0.0100 0.0148 0.498
56 Other disorders of cornea 0.9464 0.0088 0.000 0.0126 0.0087 0.149 0.9531 0.0081 0.000 0.0118 0.0081 0.145
57 Diseases of the eye lens (cataracts) 0.9332 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0034 0.867 0.9409 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0032 0.870
58 Disorders of the choroid and retina 0.9264 0.0161 0.000 − 0.0074 0.0161 0.645 0.9344 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0070 0.0152 0.646
59 Retinal vascular occlusions 0.9460 0.0081 0.000 0.0122 0.0080 0.130 0.9527 0.0075 0.000 0.0113 0.0074 0.127
60 Other retinal disorders 0.9301 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0036 0.312 0.9379 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0035 0.0034 0.314
61 Retinal disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9257 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0073 0.270 0.9337 0.0071 0.000 − 0.0077 0.0070 0.271
62 Glaucomac 0.9281 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0032 0.080 0.9360 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0031 0.081
63 Disorders of the vitreous body and globe 0.9098 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0240 0.0095 0.012 0.9185 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0229 0.0092 0.013
64 Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways 0.9323 0.0123 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0123 0.900 0.9399 0.0116 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0116 0.901
65 Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction 0.9355 0.0049 0.000 0.0017 0.0048 0.729 0.9430 0.0046 0.000 0.0016 0.0045 0.724
66 Visual disturbances 0.9434 0.0052 0.000 0.0096 0.0051 0.059 0.9503 0.0048 0.000 0.0090 0.0047 0.058
67 Blindness and partial sight 0.9464 0.0106 0.000 0.0127 0.0106 0.232 0.9531 0.0098 0.000 0.0117 0.0098 0.229
68 Nystagmus and other irregular eye movements and other disorders of eye and adnexa 0.9432 0.0089 0.000 0.0094 0.0089 0.289 0.9502 0.0083 0.000 0.0088 0.0082 0.286
69 Otosclerosis 0.9431 0.0062 0.000 0.0093 0.0062 0.133 0.9501 0.0058 0.000 0.0087 0.0057 0.130
70 Ménière’s diseasea 0.9147 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0191 0.0079 0.016 0.9232 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0181 0.0076 0.017
71 Other diseases of the inner ear 0.9332 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0035 0.869 0.9408 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0033 0.870
72 Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss 0.9331 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0039 0.860 0.9407 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0006 0.0037 0.862
73 Other hearing loss and other disorders of ear, not elsewhere classified 0.9268 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0070 0.0082 0.394 0.9347 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0066 0.0078 0.396
74 Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) 0.9329 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0028 0.749 0.9405 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0008 0.0026 0.749
75 Hearing loss, unspecified 0.9364 0.0031 0.000 0.0026 0.0030 0.372 0.9439 0.0029 0.000 0.0025 0.0028 0.370
76 Tinnitus 0.9241 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0037 0.010 0.9322 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0036 0.010
77 Other specified disorders of ear 0.9322 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0016 0.0050 0.756 0.9399 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0047 0.758
78 Aortic and mitral valve diseasea 0.9300 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0038 0.0048 0.428 0.9378 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0036 0.0045 0.430
79 Hypertensive diseasesa 0.9278 0.0017 0.000 − 0.0060 0.0013 0.000 0.9358 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0012 0.000
80 Heart failurea 0.9296 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0042 0.0065 0.519 0.9374 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0039 0.0061 0.519
81 Angina pectoris 0.9236 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0032 0.002 0.9317 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0031 0.002
82 Acute myocardial infarction and subsequent myocardial infarction 0.9430 0.0047 0.000 0.0092 0.0047 0.047 0.9500 0.0044 0.000 0.0086 0.0043 0.046
83 AMI complex/other 0.9036 0.0156 0.000 − 0.0302 0.0156 0.053 0.9124 0.0153 0.000 − 0.0289 0.0152 0.057
84 Chronic ischaemic heart disease 0.9279 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0059 0.0037 0.114 0.9358 0.0037 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0035 0.116
85 Pulmonary heart disease and diseases of pulmonary circulation 0.9333 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0090 0.959 0.9409 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0085 0.959
86 Acute pericarditis 0.9428 0.0113 0.000 0.0090 0.0112 0.422 0.9498 0.0104 0.000 0.0084 0.0104 0.418
87 Other forms of heart disease 0.9143 0.0117 0.000 − 0.0195 0.0117 0.095 0.9228 0.0113 0.000 − 0.0185 0.0113 0.100
88 Atrioventricular and left bundle-branch block 0.9345 0.0067 0.000 0.0007 0.0066 0.918 0.9420 0.0063 0.000 0.0007 0.0062 0.916
89 Other conduction disorders 0.9281 0.0087 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0086 0.507 0.9360 0.0082 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0081 0.509
90 Paroxysmal tachycardia 0.9253 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0039 0.031 0.9334 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0037 0.032
91 Atrial fibrillation and flutter 0.9295 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0043 0.0030 0.153 0.9373 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0029 0.156
92 Other cardiac arrhythmias 0.9249 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0089 0.0045 0.049 0.9330 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0084 0.0043 0.050
93 Complications and ill-defined descriptions of heart disease and other heart disorders in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9221 0.0191 0.000 − 0.0117 0.0191 0.540 0.9303 0.0183 0.000 − 0.0111 0.0182 0.544
94 Stroke 0.9276 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0062 0.0043 0.151 0.9355 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0059 0.0041 0.152
95 Cerebrovascular diseases 0.9140 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0198 0.0076 0.009 0.9225 0.0074 0.000 − 0.0189 0.0073 0.010
96 Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease 0.9258 0.0064 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0063 0.208 0.9339 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0060 0.210
97 Atherosclerosis 0.9202 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0060 0.024 0.9285 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0129 0.0058 0.025
98 Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection 0.9096 0.0101 0.000 − 0.0242 0.0100 0.016 0.9183 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0231 0.0097 0.018
99 Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries 0.9341 0.0061 0.000 0.0003 0.0060 0.965 0.9416 0.0058 0.000 0.0002 0.0057 0.966
100 Other peripheral vascular diseases 0.9124 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0214 0.0060 0.000 0.9210 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0204 0.0058 0.001
101 Phlebitis, thrombosis of the portal vein and others 0.9293 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0045 0.0046 0.323 0.9371 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0042 0.0043 0.326
102 Varicose veins of lower extremities 0.9377 0.0040 0.000 0.0039 0.0039 0.317 0.9451 0.0038 0.000 0.0037 0.0037 0.317
103 Haemorrhoidsa 0.9266 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0028 0.011 0.9346 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0068 0.0027 0.011
104 Oesophageal varices (chronic), varicose veins of other sites, other disorders of veins, nonspecific lymphadenitis, other noninfective disorders of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and other and unspecified disorders of the circulatory system 0.9333 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0077 0.949 0.9409 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0073 0.950
105 Respiratory allergya 0.9287 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0051 0.0012 0.000 0.9366 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0048 0.0011 0.000
105A Chronic lower respiratory diseasesa 0.9307 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0031 0.0018 0.091 0.9384 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0029 0.0017 0.092
106 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic, simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis and unspecified chronic bronchitis 0.9310 0.0077 0.000 − 0.0028 0.0076 0.712 0.9387 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0026 0.0072 0.713
107 Emphysema 0.9409 0.0117 0.000 0.0071 0.0117 0.545 0.9480 0.0109 0.000 0.0066 0.0109 0.543
108 Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)a 0.9266 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0072 0.0024 0.003 0.9346 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0068 0.0023 0.003
109 Asthma, status asthmaticusa 0.9281 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0020 0.006 0.9360 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0054 0.0019 0.006
110 Bronchiectasis 0.9541 0.0104 0.000 0.0203 0.0104 0.050 0.9602 0.0095 0.000 0.0189 0.0095 0.046
111 Other diseases of the respiratory system 0.9289 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0049 0.0069 0.479 0.9367 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0046 0.0066 0.481
112 Ulcersa 0.9170 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0167 0.0023 0.000 0.9255 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0159 0.0022 0.000
113 Inguinal hernia 0.9283 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0055 0.0042 0.186 0.9362 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0039 0.189
114 Ventral hernia 0.9354 0.0079 0.000 0.0016 0.0078 0.837 0.9429 0.0074 0.000 0.0015 0.0073 0.838
115 Crohn’s diease 0.9139 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0199 0.0072 0.006 0.9224 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0189 0.0069 0.006
116 Ulcerative colitis 0.9234 0.0053 0.000 − 0.0104 0.0052 0.047 0.9316 0.0051 0.000 − 0.0098 0.0050 0.048
117 Other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis 0.9259 0.0068 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0067 0.242 0.9339 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0074 0.0064 0.245
118 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 0.9213 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0125 0.0039 0.001 0.9295 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0119 0.0037 0.001
119 Other functional intestinal disorders 0.9190 0.0045 0.000 − 0.0148 0.0044 0.001 0.9273 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0141 0.0042 0.001
120 Diseases of liver, biliary tract and pancreas 0.9120 0.0059 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0058 0.000 0.9206 0.0057 0.000 − 0.0208 0.0056 0.000
121 Psoriasisa 0.9310 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0028 0.0034 0.410 0.9387 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0027 0.0032 0.407
122 Infectious arthropathies 0.9217 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0121 0.0105 0.248 0.9299 0.0101 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0100 0.252
123 Rheumatoid arthritisa 0.9093 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0244 0.0038 0.000 0.9180 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0233 0.0036 0.000
124 Inflammatory polyarthropathies, except rheumatoid arthritisa 0.9192 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0030 0.000 0.9275 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0028 0.000
125 Polyarthrosis (arthrosis) 0.9070 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0087 0.002 0.9157 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0256 0.0084 0.002
126 Coxarthrosis (arthrosis of hip) 0.9110 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0228 0.0031 0.000 0.9196 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0030 0.000
127 Gonarthrosis (arthrosis of knee) 0.9073 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0265 0.0022 0.000 0.9161 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0253 0.0021 0.000
128 Arthrosis of first carpometacarpal joint and other arthrosis 0.9148 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0190 0.0031 0.000 0.9233 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0181 0.0030 0.000
129 Acquired deformities of fingers and toes 0.9258 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0079 0.0038 0.037 0.9339 0.0038 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0036 0.039
130 Other acquired deformities of limbs 0.9190 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0148 0.0057 0.009 0.9273 0.0056 0.000 − 0.0141 0.0054 0.010
131 Disorders of patella (kneecap) 0.9163 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0041 0.000 0.9248 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0166 0.0040 0.000
132 Internal derangement of knee 0.9011 0.0083 0.000 − 0.0327 0.0082 0.000 0.9100 0.0081 0.000 − 0.0313 0.0080 0.000
133 Derangement of meniscus due to old tear or injury 0.9230 0.0043 0.000 − 0.0108 0.0042 0.010 0.9312 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0040 0.011
134 Internal derangement of knee, unspecified 0.9093 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0245 0.0049 0.000 0.9180 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0234 0.0048 0.000
135 Other specific joint derangements 0.9071 0.0145 0.000 − 0.0267 0.0144 0.064 0.9158 0.0141 0.000 − 0.0255 0.0140 0.068
136 Other joint disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.8955 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0383 0.0066 0.000 0.9045 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0369 0.0065 0.000
137 Systemic connective tissue disorders 0.9234 0.0046 0.000 − 0.0104 0.0044 0.019 0.9315 0.0044 0.000 − 0.0099 0.0042 0.020
138 Systemic lupus erythematosus 0.9433 0.0109 0.000 0.0096 0.0108 0.376 0.9503 0.0101 0.000 0.0089 0.0100 0.374
139 Dermatopolymyositis 0.9495 0.0217 0.000 0.0157 0.0217 0.470 0.9560 0.0200 0.000 0.0146 0.0199 0.463
140 Systemic sclerosis 0.8932 0.0293 0.000 − 0.0406 0.0293 0.167 0.9023 0.0288 0.000 − 0.0390 0.0288 0.175
141 Kyphosis, lordosis 0.9028 0.0131 0.000 − 0.0310 0.0130 0.017 0.9117 0.0127 0.000 − 0.0297 0.0127 0.019
142 Scoliosis 0.8989 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0349 0.0085 0.000 0.9078 0.0084 0.000 − 0.0335 0.0083 0.000
143 Spinal osteochondrosis 0.8874 0.0147 0.000 − 0.0464 0.0146 0.002 0.8965 0.0145 0.000 − 0.0449 0.0145 0.002
144 Other deforming dorsopathies 0.8976 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0362 0.0065 0.000 0.9066 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0348 0.0064 0.000
145 Other inflammatory spondylopathies 0.9140 0.0128 0.000 − 0.0198 0.0128 0.121 0.9225 0.0124 0.000 − 0.0188 0.0123 0.126
146 Spondylosis 0.8979 0.0041 0.000 − 0.0358 0.0039 0.000 0.9069 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0344 0.0038 0.000
147 Other spondylopathies and spondylopathies in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9127 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0211 0.0053 0.000 0.9213 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0201 0.0051 0.000
148 Cervical disc disorders 0.9155 0.0088 0.000 − 0.0183 0.0088 0.037 0.9240 0.0085 0.000 − 0.0174 0.0084 0.039
149 Other intervertebral disc disorders 0.8939 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0398 0.0053 0.000 0.9030 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0384 0.0053 0.000
150 Other dorsopathies, not elsewhere classified 0.8942 0.0107 0.000 − 0.0396 0.0106 0.000 0.9033 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0381 0.0105 0.000
151 Dorsalgia 0.8824 0.0049 0.000 − 0.0514 0.0047 0.000 0.8915 0.0048 0.000 − 0.0498 0.0047 0.000
152 Soft tissue disorders 0.9153 0.0079 0.000 − 0.0185 0.0078 0.018 0.9238 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0075 0.019
153 Synovitis and tenosynovitis 0.9188 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0053 0.005 0.9271 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0051 0.005
154 Disorders of synovium and tendon 0.9191 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0060 0.014 0.9275 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0057 0.015
155 Soft tissue disorders related to use, overuse and pressure 0.9090 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0248 0.0071 0.001 0.9177 0.0070 0.000 − 0.0237 0.0069 0.001
156 Fibroblastic disorders 0.9295 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0043 0.0041 0.288 0.9373 0.0039 0.000 − 0.0041 0.0038 0.287
157 Shoulder lesions 0.9042 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0296 0.0031 0.000 0.9131 0.0032 0.000 − 0.0283 0.0030 0.000
158 Enthesopathies of lower limb, excluding foot 0.9120 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0218 0.0097 0.025 0.9206 0.0094 0.000 − 0.0208 0.0094 0.026
159 Other enthesopathies 0.9008 0.0080 0.000 − 0.0330 0.0079 0.000 0.9097 0.0078 0.000 − 0.0316 0.0077 0.000
160 Rheumatism, unspecified 0.8938 0.0170 0.000 − 0.0400 0.0170 0.019 0.9028 0.0168 0.000 − 0.0386 0.0168 0.022
161 Myalgia 0.9104 0.0089 0.000 − 0.0234 0.0088 0.008 0.9190 0.0086 0.000 − 0.0223 0.0085 0.009
162 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified 0.9055 0.0102 0.000 − 0.0283 0.0102 0.005 0.9143 0.0099 0.000 − 0.0271 0.0099 0.006
163 Other soft tissue disorders, not elsewhere classified: pain in limb 0.9070 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0268 0.0061 0.000 0.9157 0.0061 0.000 − 0.0256 0.0060 0.000
164 Fibromyalgia 0.8852 0.0301 0.000 − 0.0486 0.0301 0.107 0.8944 0.0299 0.000 − 0.0470 0.0299 0.116
165 Osteoporosisa 0.9181 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0157 0.0026 0.000 0.9265 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0149 0.0025 0.000
166 Osteoporosis in diseases classified elsewhere 0.9388 0.0238 0.000 0.0050 0.0238 0.834 0.9460 0.0222 0.000 0.0046 0.0221 0.835
167 Adult osteomalacia and other disorders of bone density and structure 0.9230 0.0042 0.000 − 0.0107 0.0040 0.008 0.9312 0.0040 0.000 − 0.0102 0.0039 0.008
168 Disorders of continuity of bone 0.9241 0.0167 0.000 − 0.0097 0.0167 0.560 0.9322 0.0159 0.000 − 0.0092 0.0158 0.561
169 Other osteopathies 0.9200 0.0075 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0075 0.064 0.9283 0.0072 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0071 0.067
170 Other disorders of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 0.9207 0.0063 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0062 0.036 0.9290 0.0060 0.000 − 0.0124 0.0059 0.037
171 Chronic renal failure (CRF)a 0.9392 0.0071 0.000 0.0054 0.0070 0.443 0.9464 0.0066 0.000 0.0051 0.0066 0.440
172 Congenital malformations: of the nervous, circulatory, respiratory system; cleft palate and cleft lip, urinary tract, bones and muscles, other and chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere classified 0.9251 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0087 0.0035 0.013 0.9332 0.0035 0.000 − 0.0082 0.0033 0.014
173 Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck 0.9342 0.0055 0.000 0.0005 0.0054 0.932 0.9418 0.0052 0.000 0.0004 0.0051 0.930
174 Other congenital malformations of the digestive system 0.9335 0.0097 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0097 0.978 0.9411 0.0091 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0091 0.977
175 Congenital malformations of the sexual organs 0.9295 0.0062 0.000 0.0043 0.0061 0.485 0.9374 0.0058 0.000 − 0.0040 0.0058 0.487
176 Dementiaa 0.9272 0.0127 0.000 − 0.0066 0.0127 0.602 0.9351 0.0121 0.000 − 0.0063 0.0120 0.601
177 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders 0.9212 0.0096 0.000 − 0.0126 0.0096 0.189 0.9294 0.0092 0.000 − 0.0120 0.0092 0.192
178 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol 0.9263 0.0055 0.000 − 0.0075 0.0054 0.161 0.9343 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0071 0.0051 0.163
179 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use 0.9349 0.0047 0.000 0.0011 0.0046 0.810 0.9424 0.0044 0.000 0.0010 0.0043 0.814
180 Schizophreniaa 0.9200 0.0098 0.000 − 0.0138 0.0097 0.155 0.9283 0.0093 0.000 − 0.0131 0.0093 0.159
181 Schizotypal and delusional disorders 0.9551 0.0066 0.000 0.0214 0.0066 0.001 0.9612 0.0060 0.000 0.0198 0.0060 0.001
182 Bipolar affective disordera 0.9278 0.0106 0.000 − 0.0059 0.0105 0.572 0.9358 0.0100 0.000 − 0.0056 0.0100 0.575
183 Depressiona 0.9018 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0319 0.0018 0.000 0.9107 0.0022 0.000 − 0.0306 0.0018 0.000
184 Mood (affective) disorders 0.9329 0.0189 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0188 0.961 0.9405 0.0178 0.000 − 0.0009 0.0177 0.962
185 Phobic anxiety disorders 0.9161 0.0114 0.000 − 0.0176 0.0114 0.121 0.9246 0.0110 0.000 − 0.0168 0.0109 0.125
186 Other anxiety disorders 0.9285 0.0065 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0064 0.412 0.9364 0.0062 0.000 − 0.0050 0.0061 0.412
187 Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)a 0.9195 0.0112 0.000 − 0.0142 0.0112 0.203 0.9279 0.0108 0.000 − 0.0135 0.0107 0.208
188 Post-traumatic stress disorder 0.9104 0.0180 0.000 − 0.0234 0.0179 0.193 0.9191 0.0174 0.000 − 0.0223 0.0174 0.199
189 Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders 0.9324 0.0050 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0049 0.776 0.9401 0.0047 0.000 − 0.0013 0.0046 0.777
190 Dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and other neurotic disorders 0.9156 0.0076 0.000 − 0.0182 0.0075 0.015 0.9241 0.0073 0.000 − 0.0173 0.0072 0.017
191 Eating disorders 0.9407 0.0093 0.000 0.0070 0.0093 0.453 0.9478 0.0087 0.000 0.0065 0.0086 0.453
192 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors 0.9245 0.0122 0.000 − 0.0093 0.0122 0.446 0.9326 0.0116 0.000 − 0.0088 0.0116 0.449
193 Emotionally unstable personality disorder 0.9189 0.0109 0.000 − 0.0148 0.0108 0.171 0.9273 0.0105 0.000 − 0.0141 0.0104 0.176
194 Specific personality disorders 0.9216 0.0054 0.000 − 0.0121 0.0053 0.022 0.9299 0.0052 0.000 − 0.0115 0.0051 0.023
195 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour 0.9353 0.0090 0.000 0.0015 0.0090 0.866 0.9428 0.0085 0.000 0.0014 0.0084 0.865
196 Mental retardation 0.9410 0.0176 0.000 0.0072 0.0175 0.683 0.9481 0.0163 0.000 0.0067 0.0163 0.682
197 Disorders of psychological development 0.9281 0.0118 0.000 − 0.0057 0.0118 0.630 0.9360 0.0112 0.000 − 0.0053 0.0112 0.632
198 Hyperkinetic disorders (ADHD)a 0.9172 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0166 0.0068 0.015 0.9256 0.0067 0.000 − 0.0158 0.0065 0.016
199 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence 0.9299 0.0069 0.000 − 0.0039 0.0068 0.569 0.9377 0.0066 0.000 − 0.0037 0.0065 0.571
Denmark sample (base) 0.9353 0.0013 0.000 0.9428 0.0012 0.000
North Denmark Region (sample 2–3) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0009 0.074 0.9414 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0008 0.073
Specific ages (dydx)
Age 16 0.9420 0.0028 0.000 0.0006 0.0003 0.034 0.9487 0.0026 0.000 0.0006 0.0003 0.027
Age 20 0.9434 0.0021 0.000 0.0002 0.0002 0.335 0.9502 0.0019 0.000 0.0002 0.0002 0.273
Age 25 0.9434 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.179 0.9502 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0001 0.0001 0.239
Age 30 0.9422 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000 0.9492 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0003 0.0001 0.000
Age 35 0.9404 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000 0.9475 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000
Age 40 0.9382 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9455 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 45 0.9360 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9434 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 50 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 55 0.9317 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9394 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 60 0.9297 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000 0.9375 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0000 0.000
Age 65 0.9277 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000 0.9357 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000
Age 70 0.9257 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000 0.9338 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0004 0.0001 0.000
Age 75 0.9234 0.0017 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000 0.9316 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0005 0.0001 0.000
Age 80 0.9204 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000 0.9287 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0007 0.0001 0.000
Age 85 0.9161 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0011 0.0002 0.000 0.9246 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0010 0.0002 0.000
Education
No education (base) 0.9303 0.0014 0.000 0.9381 0.0014 0.000
Student 0.9368 0.0022 0.000 0.0065 0.0020 0.001 0.9442 0.0020 0.000 0.0061 0.0019 0.001
Short 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.0035 0.0010 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000 0.0033 0.0009 0.000
Middle (bsc eq) 0.9403 0.0013 0.000 0.0100 0.0012 0.000 0.9475 0.0013 0.000 0.0094 0.0011 0.000
Higher (msc+) 0.9469 0.0017 0.000 0.0165 0.0017 0.000 0.9536 0.0016 0.000 0.0155 0.0016 0.000
Ethnicity
Danish (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Western 0.9192 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0146 0.0028 0.000 0.9275 0.0030 0.000 − 0.0139 0.0027 0.000
Non-western 0.9194 0.0033 0.000 − 0.0144 0.0030 0.000 0.9277 0.0031 0.000 − 0.0136 0.0029 0.000
Income
0.19 (25%) 0.9334 0.0012 0.000 0.0042 0.0018 0.019 0.9410 0.0012 0.000 0.0039 0.0017 0.019
0.26 (50%) 0.9337 0.0012 0.000 0.0042 0.0018 0.018 0.9413 0.0011 0.000 0.0040 0.0017 0.018
0.33 (75%) 0.9341 0.0012 0.000 0.0042 0.0018 0.017 0.9416 0.0011 0.000 0.0040 0.0017 0.017
Marriage/partner
Partner/married (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
No partner 0.9323 0.0012 0.000 − 0.0015 0.0008 0.050 0.9400 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0014 0.0007 0.050
Children
No children < 15 (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Children < 15 0.9362 0.0013 0.000 0.0024 0.0010 0.014 0.9436 0.0012 0.000 0.0022 0.0009 0.015
Loneliness
Not/seldom lonely (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Often lonely 0.9107 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0231 0.0023 0.000 0.9194 0.0026 0.000 − 0.0220 0.0022 0.000
Stress
80% least stressed (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
20% most stressed 0.8630 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0708 0.0013 0.000 0.8722 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0692 0.0013 0.000
BMI
BMI < 18.5 0.9286 0.0029 0.000 − 0.0052 0.0027 0.057 0.9364 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0050 0.0026 0.056
BMI 18.5–25 (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
BMI > 25 < 30 0.9273 0.0013 0.000 − 0.0065 0.0009 0.000 0.9352 0.0011 0.000 − 0.0061 0.0008 0.000
BMI ≥ 30 < 35 0.9188 0.0017 0.000 − 0.0150 0.0014 0.000 0.9271 0.0016 0.000 − 0.0143 0.0013 0.000
BMI ≥ 35 0.9042 0.0025 0.000 − 0.0296 0.0023 0.000 0.9131 0.0024 0.000 − 0.0283 0.0022 0.000
Smoking
Do not smoke daily (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Smoke daily 0.9253 0.0015 0.000 − 0.0085 0.0011 0.000 0.9333 0.0014 0.000 − 0.0081 0.0010 0.000
Drinking
Do not exceed recommendations (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Exceed recommendations 0.9258 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0080 0.0014 0.000 0.9338 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0076 0.0014 0.000
Exercise
Exercise at least 4 hrs/day (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Do not exercise 0.9176 0.0018 0.000 − 0.0162 0.0012 0.000 0.9260 0.0017 0.000 − 0.0154 0.0012 0.000
Fruit intake
Do not meet recommendations (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
5 or more portions 0.9372 0.0018 0.000 0.0034 0.0015 0.022 0.9446 0.0017 0.000 0.0032 0.0014 0.022
SF-12 General Health (self-reported)
Excellent 0.9386 0.0012 0.000 0.0048 0.0005 0.000 0.9460 0.0011 0.000 0.0046 0.0004 0.000
Very good 0.9382 0.0012 0.000 0.0045 0.0004 0.000 0.9456 0.0011 0.000 0.0042 0.0004 0.000
Good (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Fair 0.8939 0.0036 0.000 − 0.0399 0.0032 0.000 0.9033 0.0034 0.000 − 0.0380 0.0031 0.000
Poor 0.7688 0.0109 0.000 − 0.1650 0.0107 0.000 0.7808 0.0107 0.000 − 0.1606 0.0105 0.000
Missing 0.9244 0.0028 0.000 − 0.0094 0.0025 0.000 0.9325 0.0027 0.000 − 0.0089 0.0024 0.000
Long-term illness or disability (self-reported)
No long-term illness (base) 0.9338 0.0012 0.000 0.9414 0.0011 0.000
Long-term illness 0.9141 0.0023 0.000 − 0.0197 0.0018 0.000 0.9226 0.0021 0.000 − 0.0187 0.0017 0.000
Missing 0.9272 0.0020 0.000 − 0.0066 0.0015 0.000 0.9352 0.0019 0.000 − 0.0062 0.0015 0.000
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Note: n = 55,616 in all models

aComplex defined condition

Chronic conditions from groups M, G and F have some of the largest estimated disutilities in the base UK model. Some examples of large disutilities are (ICD-10 code and ME for male/female in brackets): fibromyalgia (M797; ME − 0.1999/− 0.1900), sclerosis (G35; − 0.1379/− 0.1273), rheumatism, unspecified (M790; ME − 0.1336/− 0.1236), dorsalgia (M54; ME − 0.1041/− 0.0954), cerebral palsy (G80–G83; ME − 0.1034/− 0.0945), post-traumatic stress disorder (F431 − 0.0919/− 0.0837), HIV (B20–24; ME − 0.0833/− 0.0772), other intervertebral disc disorders (M51; ME − 0.0829/− 0.0754), diseases of myoneural junction and muscle (G70–G73; ME − 0.081/− 0.0742), dementia (F00–2, G30–32; ME −0.0806/−0.0744), spinal osteochondrosis (M42; ME − 0.0804/− 0.0733) and depression (F32, F33, F34.1, F06.32; ME − 0.0787/− 0.0716). When controlling for additional variables in the full model, the disutilities of the chronic conditions tend to decrease in size, probably due to the inclusion of the SF-12 question, which will be correlated to some extent with the presence of chronic conditions. One exception is fibromyalgia, where the disutility appears to be higher than in the base model (− 0.1999/− 0.1900); however, the sample has very few individuals with this chronic condition, and it is atypical to have fibromyalgia on its own; the median number of chronic conditions in these individuals is eight.

The disutilities of chronic conditions estimated using the US base model are generally smaller than in the UK model, reflecting the differences in the US/UK value sets. The largest disutilities correspond to chronic viral hepatitis (B18; ME − 0.1024/− 0.1040), sclerosis (G35; ME − 0.0842/− 0.0816), post-traumatic stress disorder (F431; ME − 0.0739/− 0.0717), dorsalgia (M54; ME − 0.0716/− 0.0695) and rheumatism (M790; ME − 0.0671/− 0.0650). Chronic diseases of group M show relatively higher marginal disutilities in the US model.

Both base models include age as a covariate for adjustment, and the full UK and US models also include other socioeconomic, lifestyle and health risk variables. For all four models, an increase in age is associated with a decrease in utility. The decrease per year is relatively small after controlling for chronic conditions and other covariates, and the rate of decrease increases with age. For example, in the base UK model, males with no chronic conditions at age 20 are estimated to have an average utility of 0.9121 (0.9270 for females); at age 80, the average utility declines to 0.8719 (0.8920 for females), with a difference of 0.0402 (0.0350 for females). In the US base model, the corresponding average disutility for that group is 0.0246 (0.0231 for females). This decrease is much smaller at younger ages, with an increase of 1 year expected to decrease utility for males by 0.0003 at age 20 but by a much larger 0.0037 at age 80.

We found relatively large decreases in marginal utilities within the single SF-12 general health question, stress, self-reported long-standing illness, high BMI and loneliness. The largest single disutilities were found for the SF-12 question of poor general health (UK − 0.2369/− 0.2260 for males/females; USA − 0.1650/− 0.1606 for male/females) followed by perceived stress (UK − 0.0595/− 0.0535 for males/females; USA − 0.0708/− 0.0692 for males/females), self-reported long-standing illness or injury (UK around − 0.073 for both sexes; USA around − 0.020 both sexes), BMI > 35 (UK − 0.0129/− 0.0113 for males/females; USA − 0.0296/− 0.0283 for males/females) and a sense of feeling loneliness often (UK − 0.0152/− 0.0136 for males/females; USA − 0.0231/− 0.0220 for males/females). Finally, higher education showed a relatively high positive difference relative to the baseline of no education (UK 0.0252/0.0244 for males/females) but less for the US models (0.0165/0.0155 for males/females).

Finally, estimates of socioeconomic disparities provide potential health improvements and have become increasingly important to public health assessments, interventions, researchers, healthcare decision-makers, and the industry [36, 70–72]. Hence, Appendices 3 and 4 in the online Supplementary Material 1 present easily available, off-the-shelf health inequality UK and US EQ-5D-3L average sample scores based on subgroups of educational, income, socioeconomic, age, gender, BMI groups across the 199+ chronic conditions and covariates.

Using the two types of catalogues

The sections above provide two separate catalogues that may be of interest. The first one provides population-based estimates of utility; the second one provides utility estimates adjusted for covariates for a representative individual so that comparisons across chronic conditions adjusted for other covariates can be made for UK and US EQ-5D-3L norms. Catalogue one, the population estimates, are useful when interest lies in EQ-5D-3L in the general population. The estimated regressions used to construct catalogue two may be used to calculate utility estimates in samples other than the general population sample used here, for example, when using it to appraise interventions with different age and sex distributions or lower baseline health than the general population. For this purpose, a technical guide on how to use the model estimates to predict EQ-5D-3L scores has been provided in the online Supplementary Material 2, along with Stata data and programming files to do so.3

Discussion

EQ-5D is one of the most widely used measures of benefit for CEA. However, EQ-5D is not always collected in trials, and when it is, different populations, methodologies and value sets make comparisons across trials difficult. Utility catalogues of chronic diseases which use a standardised methodology can help to ensure meaningful comparisons can be made. This paper presents newer, standardised catalogues of mean-based EQ-5D-3L preference scores for 199 doctor-reported chronic conditions in the UK and the USA. Two versions of the catalogues are included, one based on a model controlling for chronic conditions, age and sex, and a second, more comprehensive one, which controls for additional socioeconomic, lifestyle and health risk variables. The study provides evidence of the association between different chronic conditions, health risks and lifestyle factors with HRQoL and their differences. This may be useful for benchmarking, and comparisons, including identifying what factors, such as conditions and/or health risks, are associated with the lowest HRQoL, of interest for policy- and decision-makers, health professionals, and researchers. The catalogue may also be of use to inform evidence in Public Health interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of some chronic conditions.

This study has several methodological strengths. First, it uses registry records to determine chronic conditions instead of self-reported data. Second, it includes 199 chronic conditions on the basis of the newer ICD-10 classification. Third, we use statistical models developed specifically to model the characteristics of generic preference-based measures such as EQ-5D-3L.

The study also has some limitations. Despite the large number of chronic conditions and other controls included in the models, heterogeneity within the chronic conditions can be large. Being able to control for other chronic conditions goes some way in alleviating this problem, as the estimates can be tailored to different populations, but when using the estimates in economic evaluations, analysts would need to make additional assumptions regarding the impact of new treatments in the long run.

We use a Danish data sample to estimate HRQoL models for the UK and USA by applying the respective value sets to the EQ-5D-3L instrument data. As earlier pointed out by Sullivan and colleagues (2011), this is not an ideal approach [28] but a practical one. Despite efforts to produce EQ-5D-3L versions that are comparable across countries, there still remains the possibility that the dimension descriptors are interpreted slightly differently in different countries, leading to differences in both the distribution of responses to the individual dimensions and the value sets. Furthermore, as confirmed in the current study, issues such as country differences in health risks, for example, BMI, may impact HRQoL. Differences in BMI across the USA and Europe are well documented. For instance, WHO estimated the mean BMI in Denmark to be 25.3 in 2016, while both the UK and US estimates are larger, 27.1 and 28.9 for the UK and the USA, respectively [73]. Other research also finds similar patterns in BMI, with the UK slightly closer to the Danish population than the USA [74].

Another factor that may contribute to differences might be educational attainment. Educational levels in the USA are the highest and closest to the Danish population, although some have also argued that the three countries have similar high educational population levels compared with other countries [75]. We find that the EQ-5D-3L educational sample means of the current study (Table 2) are similar to the older MEPS used for the previous catalogues: no degree 0.814 versus 0.83 and master’s degree 0.919 versus 0.91. Overall, US EQ-5D-3L population means are also similar between the current sample and the MEPS, with 0.869 versus 0.867 in the MEPS for the overall mean; 0.883 versus 0.880 for men and 0.854 versus 0.850 for women. A similar pattern emerges across age groups [24, 26]. However, the differences across some conditions are slightly larger: diabetes 0.779–0.758, asthma 0.803–0.820 and hypertension 0.801–0.787, respectively [26]. We expect some differences between conditions because the current catalogue is based on doctor-reported conditions instead of the MEPS self-reports. Nevertheless, it is difficult to know to what extent the differences are due to the chronic conditions reporting methodology versus other reasons.

Moreover, other studies have found country population differences regarding mortality and ethnic, income and education composition [76, 77]. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that the US and partly UK unadjusted estimates of the current study could be larger (overestimated) than they would have been using ‘native’ samples, although the precise impact is unclear. Nevertheless, we might get some indication of the possible size of the impact from other studies. For example, research has shown that the UK VAS ratings (83) are close to the Danish estimates (84), compared with 81 in the USA.

Similarly, a cross-country mean EQ-5D-3L comparison based on the European value set gave close estimates between DK (0.866) and the UK (0.856) and less so for the USA (0.825). Although these studies are based on older datasets, this might be the pattern we expect to see due to population differences, whether they are due to health directly or any socioeconomic differences. Thus, given this evidence, we can expect the DK sample to be closer to the UK population-based scores than the US sample. At the same time, the US EQ-5D-3L estimates might be slightly overestimated on the basis of a Danish population than if we had used a US population. Furthermore, using foreign-based sample estimates, although not ideal, might still be more acceptable than other alternatives, such as not having any baseline or reference condition estimates or using other more unreliable sources [28]. Moreover, all regression models adjusted for sex and age, as well as the full regression model for socio-economic variables and health risks, including BMI, thus reducing the impact of possible population differences.

Finally, the present study includes the latest national EQ-5D-3L data available, but the age of data might be a concern due to possible changes in HRQoL and treatments if improvements in technology and treatments, for example, lead to higher HRQoL. However, there does not seem to be evidence of positive changes in HRQoL across years or even decades. For example, comparing the latest available EQ-5L-3L population scores of 2010, 2013 and 2017, there is a slight decline from 0.85 to 0.83 (Danish norms) [78]. Another Danish study identified a slight decline from 0.89 in 2000 to 0.87 in 2010, suggestively due to an ageing population [56]. Other more recent Danish reports also suggest national declines in HRQoL. For instance, HRQoL measured by the SF-12 showed varying and slightly worsening national population health from 2010 to 2021 for physical health (10.0–11.3% having bad health in 2017 and 11.0% in 2021) and mental health dimensions (from 10.0% in 2010 to 13.2% having bad health in 2017, increasing to 17.4% in 2021) [79, 80]. This may indicate that population-based HRQoL is still slightly declining over time, although there seems to be an impact of COVID-19 around 2021 on mental health, in which long-lasting impacts on the population HRQoL are currently unknown. However, if anything, the estimates provided in the current study may be slightly conservative, e.g., lower, compared with the present time. Finally, any decline in HRQoL due to ageing populations over time can be factored in when modelling the population of interest using the provided regression estimates in catalogue two.

Conclusion

Along with the rapidly growing burden of chronic diseases in both prevalence, personal health and economic terms [33, 81–85], the future holds an increasing need for policy and decision-makers to prioritise and ensure most ‘health per pound or dollar’. The current study provides updated, larger catalogues of EQ-5D-3L preference scores for the UK and the USA. The catalogues describe aspects of disease burden, including identifying diseases with the lowest HRQoL and which can be used in CEA to allocate healthcare resources. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most comprehensive mean-based regression modelling of EQ-5D-3L scores for chronic conditions for these two countries. The models enable valid comparisons and assessments of the impact of HRQoL between 199 chronic conditions, socioeconomic factors, health risks and lifestyle factors.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 6543 KB) (6.4MB, pdf)
Supplementary file2 (ZIP 19075 KB) (18.6MB, zip)
Supplementary file3 (ZIP 42747 KB) (41.7MB, zip)

Author contributions

MFH made the underlying data management and the first draft of the paper, as well as Supplementary Material 1. MHA made first draft of all Supplementary Material 2 including guideline, data and Stata do files. MFH and MHA equally made the study rationale and design, data modelling, critical evaluation and interpretation, and all revisions of the paper, supplementary materials and others.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

MFH and MHA declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Participants gave informed consent for the survey data. No other consent was required.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and material

All data are kept on a secure server at Statistics Denmark, and due to legal requirements, the micro data underlying the present study cannot be made freely available. However, the estimated utilities and regression models are made freely available for analysts through Stata .ster files and the result presented in paper.

Code availability

Stata do file code is available in Supplementary Material 2.

Footnotes

1

The ethnicity variable defined as Danish, western or non-western used Danish standard programming based on register variables agreed on in the joint collaboration regarding the national health profiles between the five Danish regions and the National Institute of Public health (Christensen et al. [53]).

2

A third model including similar covariates to Sullivan et al.’s work [26, 28] was also estimated. This model is not discussed here as the fit was similar to the base model, but can be provided by the authors on request.

3

Furthermore, a simplified example of how to use the estimates has been provided in an earlier publication using the Danish value set in the results section [32].

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