Abstract
There is ample evidence that the human acetylator phenotypes are associated with drug induced phenomena. It is principally the slow acetylators who exhibit toxic adverse effects because of their relative inability to detoxify the original drug compounds. In rare instances, however, it is the rapid acetylators who are at a disadvantage. In the matter of association of spontaneous disease with either acetylator phenotype, there are two groups of disorders to consider. First, disorders in which carcinogenic amines are known to be an aetiological factor. This is because these amines are substrates for the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase activity and hence there is a possible rational basis for searching for an association. Secondly, other disorders where searches for associations are based more on hunches. In the first group there is a definite statistical association between cancer of the bladder and the slow acetylator phenotype. In prevalence studies the slow phenotype is 39% more associated with bladder cancer than is the rapid phenotype. On the basis of the evidence now available it is not possible to say whether this association is because slow acetylators develop the disease more frequently or whether they survive longer. In the second group the relevant studies show (1) a greatly increased prevalence of slow acetylators in Gilbert's disease; (2) a confirmed association between the rapid acetylator phenotype and diabetes; (3) a possible association between the rapid acetylator phenotype and breast cancer; (4) a possible association between the slow acetylator phenotype and leprosy in Chinese patients; (5) an earlier age of onset of thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) in slow acetylators than in rapid acetylators; (6) no evidence of an association between either phenotype and spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus.
Full text
PDF










Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Acute hepatitis B associated with gynaecological surgery. Lancet. 1980 Jan 5;1(8158):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Airaksinen E., Mattila M. J., Ollila O. Inactivation of isoniazid and sulphadimidine in mongoloid subjects. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1969;47(4):303–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Arunkumar Shastri R., Krishnaswamy K. Metabolism of sulphadiazine in malnutrition. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1979 Jan;7(1):69–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb00899.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Arunkumar Shastri R. Undernourished adults and acetylation phenotype. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982 Apr;20(4):194–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Azad Khan A. K., Nurazzaman M., Truelove S. C. The effect of the acetylator phenotype on the metabolism of sulphasalazine in man. J Med Genet. 1983 Feb;20(1):30–36. doi: 10.1136/jmg.20.1.30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bodansky H. J., Drury P. L., Cudworth A. G., Evans D. A. Acetylator phenotypes and type I (insulin-dependent) diabetics with microvascular disease. Diabetes. 1981 Nov;30(11):907–910. doi: 10.2337/diab.30.11.907. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bulovskaya L. N., Krupkin R. G., Bochina T. A., Shipkova A. A., Pavlova M. V. Acetylator phenotype in patients with breast cancer. Oncology. 1978;35(4):185–188. doi: 10.1159/000225282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burrows A. W., Hockaday T. D., Mann J. I., Taylor J. G. Diabetic dimorphism according to acetylator status. Br Med J. 1978 Jan 28;1(6107):208–210. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6107.208. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CLARKE C. A., EDWARDS J. W., HADDOCK D. R., HOWEL-EVANS A. W., MCCONNELL R. B., SHEPPARD P. M. ABO blood groups and secretor character in duodenal ulcer; population and sibship studies. Br Med J. 1956 Sep 29;2(4995):725–731. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4995.725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cartwright R. A., Glashan R. W., Rogers H. J., Ahmad R. A., Barham-Hall D., Higgins E., Kahn M. A. Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes in bladder carcinogenesis: a pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet. 1982 Oct 16;2(8303):842–845. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90810-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarke D. F., George D., Milsap R. L., Pogonowska-Wala E., Owerbach J., Lebenthal E., Jusko W. J. Sulfasalazine metabolite pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: effects of disease activity, acetylator phenotype, and age. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 1982;2(4):323–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Das K. M., Eastwood M. A. Acetylation polymorphism of sulfapyridine in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975 Nov;18(5 Pt 1):514–520. doi: 10.1002/cpt1975185part1514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EVANS D. A., DAVISON K., PRATT R. T. THE INFLUENCE OF ACETYLATOR PHENOTYPE ON THE EFFECTS OF TREATING DEPRESSION WITH PHENELZINE. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1965 Jul-Aug;6:430–435. doi: 10.1002/cpt196564430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- EVANS D. A., WHITE T. A. HUMAN ACETYLATION POLYMORPHISM. J Lab Clin Med. 1964 Mar;63:394–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ehrenfeld M., Zylber-Katz E., Levy M. Acetylator phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis. Isr J Med Sci. 1983 Apr;19(4):368–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eidus L., Glatthaar E., Hodgkin M. M., Nel E. E., Kleeberg H. H. Comparison of isoniazid phenotyping of black and white patients with emphasis on South African blacks. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1979 Jul;17(7):311–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellard G. A., Gammon P. T. Acetylator phenotyping of tuberculosis patients using matrix isoniazid or sulphadimidine and its prognostic significance for treatment with several intermittent isoniazid-containing regimens. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977 Feb;4(1):5–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00659.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellard G. A., Gammon P. T., Harris J. M. The application of urine tests to monitor the regularity of dapsone self-administration. Lepr Rev. 1974 Sep;45(3):224–234. doi: 10.5935/0305-7518.19740028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellard G. A., Gammon P. T., Helmy H. S., Rees R. J. Dapsone acetylation and the treatment of leprosy. Nature. 1972 Sep 15;239(5368):159–160. doi: 10.1038/239159a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellard G. A., Gammon P. T., Savin J. A., Tan R. S. Dapsone acetylation in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol. 1974 Apr;90(4):441–444. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb06430.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellard G. A., Gammon P. T., Titinen H. Determination of the acetylator phenotype using matrix isoniazid. Tubercle. 1975 Sep;56(3):203–209. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(75)90053-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. A. An improved and simplified method of detecting the acetylator phenotype. J Med Genet. 1969 Dec;6(4):405–407. doi: 10.1136/jmg.6.4.405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. A., Bullen M. F., Houston J., Hopkins C. A., Vetters J. M. Antinuclear factor in rapid and slow acetylator patients treated with isoniazid. J Med Genet. 1972 Mar;9(1):53–56. doi: 10.1136/jmg.9.1.53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. A., Donohoe W. T., Hewitt S., Linaker B. D. Lea blood group substance degradation in the human alimentary tract and urinary Lea in coeliac disease. Vox Sang. 1982;43(4):177–187. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1982.tb00010.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. A., Eze L. C., Whibley E. J. The association of the slow acetylator phenotype with bladder cancer. J Med Genet. 1983 Oct;20(5):330–333. doi: 10.1136/jmg.20.5.330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans D. A. The acetylator phenotypes of duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1967;2(4):289–292. doi: 10.3109/00365526709180084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eze L. C., Evans D. A. The use of the autoanalyzer to determine the acetylator phenotype. J Med Genet. 1972 Mar;9(1):57–59. doi: 10.1136/jmg.9.1.57. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fine A., Sumner D. J. Determination of acetylator status in uraemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1975 Oct;2(5):475–476. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1975.tb00562.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fischer C., Klotz U. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminosalicylate, sulfapyridine and their metabolites. Its application for pharmacokinetic studies with salicylazosulfapyridine in man. J Chromatogr. 1979 Feb 21;162(2):237–243. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81919-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fishbein E., Alarcón-Segovia D. Slow acetylation phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1979 Jan;22(1):95–97. doi: 10.1002/art.1780220118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Foad B., Litwin A., Zimmer H., Hess E. V. Acetylator phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1977 Apr;20(3):815–818. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Förström L., Mattila M. J., Mustakallio K. K. Acetylator phenotype, minimal maintenance dose and haemolytic effect of dapsone in dermatitis herpetiformis. Ann Clin Res. 1974 Oct;6(5):308–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- GOW J. G., EVANS D. A. A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE ISONIAZID INACTIVATOR PHENOTYPE ON REVERSION IN GENITO-URINARY TUBERCULOSIS. Tubercle. 1964 Jun;45:136–143. doi: 10.1016/s0041-3879(64)80071-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gelber R. H., Rees R. J. Dapsone metabolism in patients with dapsone-resistant leprosy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 Nov;24(6 Pt 1):963–967. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glowinski I. B., Radtke H. E., Weber W. W. Genetic variation in N-acetylation of carcinogenic arylamines by human and rabbit liver. Mol Pharmacol. 1978 Sep;14(5):940–949. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Godeau P., Aubert M., Imbert J. C., Herreman G. Lupus érythemateux disséminé et taux d'isoniazide actif. Etude de 47 observations. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1973 Mar;124(3):181–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HALDANE J. B. The estimation and significance of the logarithm of a ratio of frequencies. Ann Hum Genet. 1956 May;20(4):309–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01285.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall S. Evaluation of the sulphadimidine acetylator phenotyping test in patients with reduced renal function. Acta Med Scand. 1981;209(6):505–507. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1981.tb11636.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hodgkin M. M., Eidus L., Bailey W. C. Isoniazid phenotyping of black as well as white patients. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1979 Jul;57(7):760–763. doi: 10.1139/y79-117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horai Y., Ishizaki T., Sasaki T., Koya G., Matsuyama K., Iguchi S. Isoniazid disposition, comparison of isoniazid phenotyping methods in and acetylator distribution of Japanese patients with idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus and control subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982 Mar;13(3):361–374. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01387.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Iisalo E., Laine T., Lehtonen A., Sellman R. Dihydralazine therapy and acetylator phenotype. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1979 Mar;17(3):119–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johansson E. A., Mustakallio K. K., Mattila M. M., Tiilikainen A. Cutaneous reactions to drugs, acetylation phenotype and HLA antigens in patients with and without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ann Clin Res. 1976 Apr;8(2):126–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnstone E. C., Marsh W. Acetylator status and response to phenelzine in depressed patients. Lancet. 1973 Mar 17;1(7803):567–570. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)90715-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jounela A. J., Pasanen M., Mattila M. J. Acetylator phenotype and the antihypertensive response to hydralazine. Acta Med Scand. 1975 Apr;197(4):303–306. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb04922.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karim A. K., Elfellah M. S., Evans D. A. Human acetylator polymorphism: estimate of allele frequency in Libya and details of global distribution. J Med Genet. 1981 Oct;18(5):325–330. doi: 10.1136/jmg.18.5.325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karim A. K., Evans D. A. Polymorphic acetylation of nitrazepam. J Med Genet. 1976 Feb;13(1):17–19. doi: 10.1136/jmg.13.1.17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ladero J. M., Arrojo A., de Salamanca R. E., Gomez M., Cano F., Alfonso M. Hepatic acetylator phenotype in diabetes mellitus. Ann Clin Res. 1982 Aug;14(4):187–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ladero J. M., Enriquez de Salamanca R., Chinarro S. Hepatic acetylator phenotype in porphyria cutanea tarda. Arch Dermatol Res. 1981;270(2):171–173. doi: 10.1007/BF00408229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Larsson R., Karlsson E., Molin L. Spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus and acelylator phenotype. Acta Med Scand. 1977;201(3):223–226. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb15686.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lavigne J. G., Barry A., d'Auteuil C., Delage J. M. P-aminosalicylate metabolism in cancer patients sensitive and resistant to chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 1977 May;35(5):580–586. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1977.91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lawson D. H., Henry D. A., Lowe J., Reavey P., Rennie J. A., Solomon A. Acetylator phenotype in spontaneous SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979 Apr;38(2):171–173. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.2.171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levi A. J., Sherlock S., Walker D. Phenylbutazone and isoniazid metabolism in patients with liver disease in relation to previous drug therapy. Lancet. 1968 Jun 15;1(7555):1275–1279. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92292-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lower G. M., Jr, Nilsson T., Nelson C. E., Wolf H., Gamsky T. E., Bryan G. T. N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark. Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Apr;29:71–79. doi: 10.1289/ehp.792971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mansilla-Tinoco R., Harland S. J., Ryan P. J., Bernstein R. M., Dollery C. T., Hughes G. R., Bulpitt C. J., Morgan A., Jones J. M. Hydralazine, antinuclear antibodies, and the lupus syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Mar 27;284(6320):936–939. doi: 10.1136/bmj.284.6320.936. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall E. F., Mountjoy C. Q., Campbell I. C., Garside R. F., Leitch I. M., Roth M. The influence of acetylator phenotype on the outcome of treatment with phenelzine, in a clinical trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978 Sep;6(3):247–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb04593.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattila M. J., Friman A., Larmi T. K., Koskinen R. Absorption of ethionamid, isoniazid, and aminosalicylic acid from the post-resection gastrointestinal tract. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1969;47(3):209–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattila M. J., Tiitinen H., Alhava E. Acetylation pattern of different sulphonamides in rapid and slow isoniazid inactivators. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1969;47(4):308–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mattila M. J., Tiitinen H. The rate of isoniazid inactivation in Finnish diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1967;45(4):423–427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McLaren E. H., Burden A. C., Moorhead P. J. Acetylator phenotype in diabetic neuropathy. Br Med J. 1977 Jul 30;2(6082):291–293. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6082.291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Molin L., Larsson R., Karlsson E. Evaluation of the sulphapyridine acetylator phenotyping test in healthy subjects and in patients with cardiac and renal diseases. Acta Med Scand. 1977;201(3):217–222. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb15685.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morris R. J., Freed C. R., Kohler P. F. Drug acetylation phenotype unrelated to development of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1979 Jul;22(7):777–780. doi: 10.1002/art.1780220714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oka M., Seppälä O. Acetylation phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1978;7(1):29–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olsen H., Mørland J. Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man and isolated rat liver cells. Br Med J. 1978 Nov 4;2(6147):1260–1262. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6147.1260. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Olsen H., Mørland J. Ethanol-induced increase in procainamide acetylation in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982 Feb;13(2):203–208. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01357.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perry H. M., Jr, Tan E. M., Carmody S., Sakamoto A. Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine. J Lab Clin Med. 1970 Jul;76(1):114–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peters J. H., Gordon G. R., Karat A. B. Polymorphic acetylation of the antibacterials, sulfamethazine and dapsone, in South Indian subjects. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 Jul;24(4):641–648. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Platzer R., Küpfer A., Bircher J., Preisig R. Polymorphic acetylation and aminopyrine demethylation in Gilbert's syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest. 1978 Aug;8(4):219–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1978.tb00856.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rabhan N. B., Minkin W. Editorial: Criteria for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA. 1975 Feb 24;231(8):846–846. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reidenberg M. M., Levy M., Drayer D. E., Zylber-Katz E., Robbins W. C. Acetylator phenotype in idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1980 May;23(5):569–573. doi: 10.1002/art.1780230508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reidenberg M. M., Martin J. H. The acetylator phenotype of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Drug Metab Dispos. 1974 Jan-Feb;2(1):71–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SUNAHARA S., URANO M., OGAWA M., YOSHIDA S., MUKOYAMA H., KAWAI K. GENETICAL ASPECT OF ISONIAZID METABOLISM. Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi. 1963 Jun;8:93–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schröder H., Evans D. A. Acetylator phenotype and adverse effects of sulphasalazine in healthy subjects. Gut. 1972 Apr;13(4):278–284. doi: 10.1136/gut.13.4.278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schröder H., Evans D. A. The polymorphic acetylation of sulphapyridine in man. J Med Genet. 1972 Jun;9(2):168–171. doi: 10.1136/jmg.9.2.168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schröder H., Lewkonia R. M., Price Evans D. A. Metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine in healthy subjects and in patients with ulcerative colitis. Effects of colectomy and of phenobarbital. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973 Sep-Oct;14(5):802–809. doi: 10.1002/cpt1973145802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schröder H. Simplified method for determining acetylator phenotype. Br Med J. 1972 Aug 26;3(5825):506–507. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5825.506. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schröder P., Klitgaard N. A., Simonsen E. Significance of the acetylation phenotype and the therapeutic effect of procainamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1979 Feb 19;15(1):63–68. doi: 10.1007/BF00563559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sharp M. E., Wallace S. M., Hindmarsh K. W., Brown M. A. Acetylator phenotype and serum levels of sulfapyridine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;21(3):243–250. doi: 10.1007/BF00627927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shenfield G. M., McCann V. J., Tjokresetio R. Acetylator status and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia. 1982 Jun;22(6):441–444. doi: 10.1007/BF00282587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strandberg I., Boman G., Hassler L., Sjöqvist F. Acetylator phenotype in patients with hydralazine-induced lupoid syndrome. Acta Med Scand. 1976;200(5):367–371. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1976.tb08248.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swain A. F., Ahmad R. A., Rogers H. J., Leonard J. N., Fry L. Pharmacokinetic observations on dapsone in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Jan;108(1):91–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb04583.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vansant J., Woosley R. L., John J. T., Sergent J. S. Normal distribution of acetylation phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1978 Mar;21(2):192–195. doi: 10.1002/art.1780210203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Víznerová A., Slavíková Z., Ellard G. A. The determination of the acetylator phenotype of tuberculosis patients in Czechoslovakia using sulphadimidine. Tubercle. 1973 Mar;54(1):67–71. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(73)90016-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WOOLF B. On estimating the relation between blood group and disease. Ann Hum Genet. 1955 Jun;19(4):251–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walstad R. A. Inaktivering av medikamenter ved acetylering. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1975 Jan 20;95(2):100–103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weber W. W., Brenner W. A filter paper method for determining isoniazid acetylator phenotype. Am J Hum Genet. 1974 Jul;26(4):467–473. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White T. A., Evans D. A. The actylation of sulamethazine and sulfamethoxypyridazine by human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1968 Jan-Feb;9(1):80–88. doi: 10.1002/cpt19689180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams D. M., Wimpenny J., Asscher A. W. Renal clearance of sodium sulphadimidine in normal and uraemic subjects. Lancet. 1968 Nov 16;2(7577):1058–1060. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)91530-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woodhouse K. W., Adams P. C., Clothier A., Mucklow J. C., Rawlins M. D. N-acetylation phenotype in bladder cancer. Hum Toxicol. 1982 Oct;1(4):443–445. doi: 10.1177/096032718200100411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zacest R., Koch-Weser J. Relation of hydralazine plasma concentration to dosage and hypotensive action. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1972 May-Jun;13(3):420–425. doi: 10.1002/cpt1972133420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- du Souich P., Courteau H. Induction of acetylating capacity with complete Freund's adjuvant and hydrocortisone in the rabbit. Drug Metab Dispos. 1981 May-Jun;9(3):279–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]