Abstract
Epidemiological and genetic variables in hypospadias were analysed during the years 1978 to 1983 in a case control study of congenital malformations in the Emilia Romagna region of northern Italy. During the observation period, in a sample of 41 078 male newborns, 168 had hypospadias giving a prevalence at birth of 4.1 in 1000 males. Hypospadias was divided into three types: type I or mild (75.0%); type II or moderate (21.4%); and type III or severe (3.6%). Coexisting malformations were found in 8.9% of cases. The heritability coefficient was 0.669. Maternal risk factors correlated with hypospadias were found to be early age at menarche, threatened abortion, and exposure to progestins. Low birth weight and shorter gestation were also correlated with hypospadias.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aarskog D. Maternal progestins as a possible cause of hypospadias. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jan 11;300(2):75–78. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197901113000206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauer S. B., Retik A. B., Colodny A. H. Genetic aspects of hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. 1981 Oct;8(3):559–564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen Y. C., Woolley P. V., Jr Genetic studies on hypospadias in males. J Med Genet. 1971 Jun;8(2):153–159. doi: 10.1136/jmg.8.2.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chung C. S., Myrianthopoulos N. C. Racial and prenatal factors in major congenital malformations. Am J Hum Genet. 1968 Jan;20(1):44–60. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Czeizel A., Tóth J., Erodi E. Aetiological studies of hypospadias in Hungary. Hum Hered. 1979;29(3):166–171. doi: 10.1159/000153035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fallon B., Devine C. J., Jr, Horton C. E. Congenital anomalies associated with hypospadias. J Urol. 1976 Nov;116(5):585–586. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58920-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Källén B., Winberg J. An epidemiological study of hypospadias in Sweden. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1982;293:1–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09577.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lowry R. B., Kliman M. R. Hypospadias in successive generations - possible dominant gene inheritance. Clin Genet. 1976 Mar;9(3):285–288. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1976.tb01576.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mau G. Progestins during pregnancy and hypospadias. Teratology. 1981 Dec;24(3):285–287. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420240306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Monteleone Neto R., Castilla E. E., Paz J. E. Hypospadias: an epidemiological study in Latin America. Am J Med Genet. 1981;10(1):5–19. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320100103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Polednak A. P., Janerich D. T. Maternal characteristics and hypospadias: a case-control study. Teratology. 1983 Aug;28(1):67–73. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420280109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Svensson J. Male hypospadias, 625 cases, associated malformations and possible etiological factors. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979 Jul;68(4):587–592. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb05060.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]