Table 1. Summary of main findings to assess the effects of beta blockers on patients with COPD.
Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
NA: not available; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; HF: heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary atherosclerotic heart disease; AECOPD: acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; BB: beta blockers; CI: confidence interval; IRR: incidence rate ratio; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio
[36]
| Author, Year | Type of Study | Study Population | Sample Size | GOLD Rating | Drug Types | Follow-Up Time | Exacerbation Risk | Mortality Risk | Pulmonary Function |
| Duffy, 2017 [39] | Retrospective observational | COPD (with or without cardiac complications) | 1219 | III or IV | NA* | 180 days | No beneficial or detrimental effect | NA | NA |
| Short, 2011 [40] | Retrospective observational | COPD | 2712 | I-IV | Non-selectiveand cardioselective | 4.35years | Decreased | Decreased adjusted HR = 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67 –0.92) | No detrimental effect |
| Bhatt, 2016 [43] | Prospective observational | COPD | 3464 | II-IV | NA | 2.1 years | Decreased IRR (total AECOPD) =0.73 (95% CI: 0.60– 0.90), IRR (severe exacerbations) = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.48 –0.93) | No beneficial or detrimental effect | NA |
| Dransfield, 2019 [44] | Prospective, Randomized trial | COPD | 532 | ≥II | Metoprolol | NA | NA | Increased HR = 1.91 (95% CI: 1.29 to 2.83) | NA |
| Puente-Maestu L, 2014 [45] | Retrospective observational | COPD with CHF or CAD | 256 | I-IV | NA | NA | Decreased adjusted OR = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.15 – 0.50) | NA | NA |
| Neef, 2017 [46] | Retrospective observational | AECOPD | 36 | I-IV | Non-selective and cardioselective | NA | No beneficial or detrimental effect | NA | NA |
| Sessa, 2018 [47] | Retrospective observational | COPD + HF | 14,339 | NA | Non-selective and cardioselective | 60 days | Increased adjusted HR = 1.61 (95% CI: 1.52 – 1.70) | NA | NA |
| Rutten, 2010 [48] | Retrospective observational | COPD | 2230 | NA | Non-selective and cardioselective | 7.2 years | Decreased adjusted HR =0.71 (95% CI: 0.60– 0.83) | Decreased adjusted HR = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.56 –0.83) | NA |
| Quint, 2013 [49] | Retrospective observational | COPD + MI | 1063 | NA | NA | 2.9 years | NA | Decreased adjusted HR (BB started during hospital admission) = 0.50 (95% CI: 0.36 to0.69). Adjusted HR (BB started before hospital admission) = 0.59 (95%CI: 0.44 to 0.79) | NA |
| Liao, 2017 [50] | Retrospective observational | COPD + HF | 1872 | NA | Non-selective and cardioselective | 90 days | No beneficial or detrimental effect | Decreased (high-dosebisoprolol) adjusted HR = 0.51 (95% CI:0.29 to 0.89) | NA |
| Kubota, 2015 [51] | Retrospective observational | COPD + CHF | 132 | NA | Non-selective and cardioselective | 33.9 months | Decreased (bisoprolol) unadjusted HR =0.38 (95% CI:0.15 – 0.98) | Decreased (univariate analysis) unadjusted HR = 0.41 (95% CI:0.17 –0.99); no beneficial or detrimental effect (multivariate analysis) | NA |
| Ekstrom, 2013 [52] | Prospective observational | Oxygen-dependent COPD | 2249 | NA | NA | Four years | NA | Increased adjusted HR= 1.19 (95% CI: 1.04 to1.37) | NA |
| Oda, 2017 [53] | Retrospective observational | COPD | 103 | I-IV | Non-selective and cardioselective | 4.1 ± 2.5 years | No significant change | No significant change | No significant change |
| Maltais, 2018 [54] | Retrospective observational | COPD | 557 | II-IV | NA | 24 or 52 weeks | No significant change | No beneficial or detrimental effect | Improved from baseline |