Table 1. Currently utilized tools of volume assessment.

POCUS: point-of-care ultrasound, CRT: capillary refill time, JVP: jugular venous pressure, ABG: arterial blood gas, IVC: inferior vena cava, CVP: central venous pressure, PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

[1,15,16]

History	Presenting symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding, history of weight gain, history of heart failure or cardiac diseases in the past, assessing daily weights, urine output
Physical examination	Measuring blood pressure and pulse, skin and mucous membrane, CRT, JVP, precordial auscultation of third heart sounds, lung auscultation for crackles, lower extremity edema, mentation, temperature of extremities
Lab parameters	ABG analysis, plasma osmolality and plasma colloid oncotic pressure, electrolytes, urine analysis, serum, uric acid, natriuretic peptides, blood lactate
POCUS	Lung examination for congestion IVC assessment for diameter and collapsibility, internal jugular vein distension, left ventricle contractility
Pre-load evaluation	Barometric CVP, PCWP, volumetric, transpulmonary thermodilution, Swan-Ganz
Dynamic variables	Stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation, plethysmographic variability index
Modified fluid challenge	Passive leg raises, mini fluid bolus (100-200 ml)
Imaging	Chest X-ray