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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2023 Sep;37(9):1156–1161. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202304055

膝关节周围截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位的研究进展

Advances in peripatellar osteotomy for treating recurrent patellar dislocation

佳晖 陈 1, 剑雄 马 1, 信龙 马 1,*
PMCID: PMC10505621  PMID: 37718431

Abstract

目的

总结膝关节周围截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位的相关研究进展,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。

方法

查阅国内外近年有关膝关节周围截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位的相关文献,从骨性解剖结构异常、影像学诊断和治疗现状等方面进行总结。

结果

下肢骨性解剖结构异常和对线不良会通过股四头肌牵拉力线导致髌股关节不稳定,在复发性髌骨脱位发病过程中起到重要作用。确定畸形来源并进行膝关节周围截骨矫正,恢复髌股关节正常生物力学结构,可以降低软组织手术失败风险,延缓关节退变,达到治疗目的。

结论

复发性髌骨脱位临床诊疗中应全面评估引起髌股关节不稳定的因素,以指导手术选择和个性化治疗。

Keywords: 膝关节周围截骨, 复发性髌骨脱位, 下肢力线


髌骨脱位是常见运动损伤,占所有膝关节损伤的3%[1]。临床中常将发生过2次及以上的髌骨脱位定义为“复发性髌骨脱位”。初次脱位后内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)和髌骨支持带损伤是引起髌股关节不稳定的因素之一。但近年许多研究证实,膝关节或下肢解剖结构异常和对线不良在髌股关节不稳定中起到了重要作用,且易被忽略[2-4]。同时,因初次髌骨脱位处理不当而进展为复发性髌骨脱位也很常见[5]。因此在髌骨脱位的临床诊疗中,对该疾病易患因素的充分认知可帮助医生更合理地选择治疗方案。

骨性解剖结构异常主要是通过改变股四头肌牵拉力线(即“Q角”)从而引起髌股关节不稳定。Q角是髌韧带力线与股四头肌牵拉力线的夹角,正常值应为10°~20°,其异常增加会导致髌骨在膝关节屈曲过程中受到向外侧的作用力增大,从而引起脱位。导致Q角增加的常见骨性解剖结构异常有股骨前扭转、胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟(tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance,TT-TG)间距增加、膝外翻、胫骨结节外移等。有许多研究通过在膝关节不同位置截骨纠正异常骨性解剖结构,达到稳定髌股关节的目的并取得较好临床疗效,但目前对于手术方式及手术时机的选择仍存在争议。本文就复发性髌骨脱位常见的骨性解剖结构异常、对应的诊断方法及手术方式选择进行综述。

1. 股骨解剖结构异常

股骨由于股骨滑车与髌骨直接构成髌股关节,加之近端特殊的生理解剖结构,其冠状位和横断位的畸形直接影响髌股关节稳定性。导致髌股关节不稳定的股骨解剖结构异常主要有股骨远端外侧机械角(mechanical lateral distal femoral angle,mLDFA)减小导致的膝外翻、股骨前倾角(femoral anteversion angle,FAA)增加导致的股骨前扭转和股骨滑车发育不良。

1.1. 股骨冠状面畸形

1.1.1. mLDFA减小的诊断测量

mLDFA是指冠状位上股骨机械轴与解剖轴的夹角,正常值应为85°~90°。mLDFA减小主要是通过增加Q角引起髌股关节不稳定,导致膝外翻。目前有关膝外翻引起髌股脱位的报道较少[6-7],更多的是关注膝外翻引起的膝关节骨关节炎。

1.1.2. mLDFA减小的截骨手术治疗

手术方式以股骨远端截骨术为主,主要有内侧楔形闭合截骨和外侧楔形开放截骨两种术式,均能有效纠正膝外翻并取得良好临床疗效[8-9]。内侧楔形闭合截骨由于具有骨不愈合风险低、无需植骨等优点,受到骨科医生的青睐[10-11];外侧楔形开放截骨同样具有截骨角度易于控制、外侧手术入路更安全简便等优势[12-13]。此外,也有研究提出股骨外侧切口双平面截骨纠正膝外翻,也可获得满意力线矫正[14]

1.1.3. 股骨远端截骨的临床疗效

大量研究表明,无论是内侧楔形闭合截骨还是外侧楔形开放截骨治疗mLDFA减小引起的膝外翻,均能取得较好临床疗效[15-18]。对两种术式进行荟萃分析发现,患者术后均能获得较好膝关节功能,在平均8.8年随访中外侧楔形开放截骨生存率为81.5%,平均4.5年随访中内侧楔形闭合截骨生存率为90.5%[9]。然而,目前大多数临床研究是基于股骨远端截骨治疗膝外翻引起的胫股间室骨关节炎,治疗膝外翻引起的髌骨脱位鲜有报道,需要进一步研究。

1.2. 股骨横断面畸形

1.2.1. 股骨前扭转增加的诊断测量

随着对下肢生物力学认识的不断增加,股骨扭转畸形对膝关节的影响越来越得到重视。股骨前扭转程度主要通过FAA评估,CT图像中股骨后髁连线与股骨颈中心轴线的夹角即为FAA。正常人的FAA应在10°~15°,股骨前扭转过大是导致髌前区疼痛、髌骨轨迹不良以及脱位的重要因素,并且在临床诊治中容易被忽略。Nelitz等[19]报道FAA>25° 是髌骨不稳定的危险因素并建议手术纠正,也有研究认为FAA≥30° 是单纯MPFL重建术治疗髌骨脱位失败的危险因素[20-21]

1.2.2. 股骨前扭转增加的截骨手术治疗

手术纠正FAA增大主要以股骨远端去旋转截骨为主,截骨平面垂直于股骨机械轴,在不改变下肢力线的情况下纠正股骨前扭转。研究证明使用股骨远端去旋转截骨治疗前倾角增加的髌骨脱位和髌前区疼痛,可获得良好临床疗效[22-25],但目前对需要手术干预的FAA增大阈值尚无统一定论,患者的症状、病史、体格检查和运动需求量等因素都需要考虑。

1.2.3. 股骨远端去旋转截骨的临床疗效

李远等[22]对17例复发性髌骨脱位患者采用股骨远端去旋转截骨联合MPFL重建,取得了良好临床疗效。Imhoff等[26]对44例FAA平均31° 的膝关节行去旋转截骨,矫正后FAA为12°,并且结合了外翻矫正、胫骨结节转移、滑车成形等多种术式,在平均44个月随访期间均未发生髌骨再脱位。Zhang等[27]将去旋转截骨联合MPFL重建与单纯MPFL重建患者进行比较,发现截骨组术后MPFL松弛发生率和J形征阳性率均低于单纯MPFL重建组患者。

1.3. 股骨滑车发育不良

股骨滑车形态对维持髌骨稳定起到重要作用[28],有研究表明复发性髌骨脱位患者中85%伴有股骨滑车发育不良[29]。临床中常使用Dejour分型标准评估股骨滑车,共分成A~D 4型[30],其中B、C、D型定义为严重股骨滑车发育不良。

对于股骨滑车发育不良的截骨手术治疗可以选择滑车成形术。滑车成形术属于关节内手术,对膝关节创伤较大且对术者手术技术要求较高,目前在临床中开展较少。根据手术方式又可以分为外侧滑车抬高术、滑车沟加深术、滑车楔形下压成形术和Bereiter成形术等。

Tigchelaar等[31]对19例滑车发育不良的膝关节行外侧滑车抬高手术,在至少12年随访中临床评分得到了显著改善。Thaunat等[32]对19例滑车发育不良的膝关节行滑车楔形下压成形术,末次随访时患者的Kujala评分、膝关节损伤与骨关节炎评分(KOOS)、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分均有显著提升。荟萃分析对几种滑车成形术进行比较,发现Bereiter成形术后再脱位发生率最低,膝关节活动度最高,而滑车沟加深术后Kujala评分最高[33]。同时Thaunat等[32]建议勿单独实施滑车成形术,应与其他伸膝装置重排联合使用。

2. 胫骨解剖结构异常

易导致髌股关节不稳定的胫骨解剖结构异常主要有胫骨近端内侧机械角(mechanical medial proximal tibial angle,mMPTA)增大导致的膝外翻,胫骨结节外移引起的Q角增大以及胫骨向外扭转导致的旋转对线不良。

2.1. mMPTA增大

与mLDFA减小同理,胫骨畸形导致的膝外翻也可引起髌股关节不稳定。手术方式主要有外侧楔形开放截骨和内侧楔形闭合截骨两种[34]。van Lieshout等[35]对113例患者使用内侧楔形闭合截骨治疗胫骨畸形导致的膝外翻,经过平均4.5年随访获得良好临床疗效和生存率。Collins等[36]对23例患者行外侧楔形开放截骨治疗,经过平均52个月随访,同样获得了良好临床疗效和生存率。但目前无外侧楔形开放截骨和内侧楔形闭合截骨治疗外翻膝髌骨脱位的相关研究。在手术技术方面,外侧楔形开放截骨由于上胫腓关节的存在,需要考虑同时进行腓骨截骨,增加了手术创伤,同时也需要关注腓总神经损伤并发症的问题;内侧楔形闭合截骨则需要考虑截骨平面不匹配导致的“台阶”问题。

2.2. 胫骨结节外移

2.2.1. 胫骨结节外移的诊断测量

胫骨结节是髌韧带附着点,其外移影响髌腱力线,从而改变Q角引起髌股关节不稳定。临床中评估胫骨结节外移的方法主要通过测量TT-TG间距,CT横断位图像上作通过股骨滑车中心后髁连线的垂线,此线到胫骨结节的最短距离即为TT-TG间距。TT-TG间距正常值为10~12 mm,目前对于需要手术纠正的TT-TG间距阈值尚无统一定论,部分学者将TT-TG间距>20 mm的髌股关节不稳定作为手术指征[2737]

2.2.2. 胫骨结节外移的截骨手术治疗

胫骨结节移位术治疗胫骨结节外移的髌骨脱位及髌股关节不稳定,取得了较为肯定的疗效。目前主要根据胫骨结节截骨后是否抬高,分为改良Fulkerson截骨术和Elmslie-Trillat截骨术。改良Fulkerson截骨术是将胫骨结节内移并抬高1~1.5 cm,而Elmslie-Trillat截骨术则单纯进行胫骨结节内移。Fulkerson截骨术适用于TT-TG间距>20 mm伴有症状的髌骨外侧面或下极关节炎,可缓解髌股关节间室的异常应力,但有愈合时间长、胫骨近端发生骨折的风险。Elmslie-Trillat截骨术则适用于TT-TG间距>20 mm的内侧结构坚强或可修复的髌股关节不稳定,但其愈合时间及发生骨折的风险低于Fulkerson截骨术。

2.2.3. 胫骨结节截骨术的临床疗效

Mitani等[38]采用Elmslie-Trillat截骨术治疗31例膝关节髌骨脱位,在平均13年随访过程中膝关节功能评分得到显著改善。熊炎等[39]采用Fulkerson截骨术联合MPFL重建治疗19例复发性髌骨脱位患者,平均随访26.5个月无再脱位及严重并发症发生。王啸等[40]采用外侧半胫骨结节内移截骨联合MPFL重建治疗24例复发性髌骨脱位患者,优良率达95.8%。

2.3. 胫骨向外扭转

与FAA增大相同,胫骨也可存在横断面上的扭转畸形,影像学表现为胫骨向外扭转角(即内、外踝中心连线与胫骨近端横轴线的夹角[41])增大。Huettner等[42]对100名健康志愿者进行测量,得到正常胫骨向外扭转角平均为33.2°。胫骨向外扭转畸形同样通过增加Q角发生,临床中将胫骨向外扭转角与FAA增大同时存在诊断为扭转对齐不良综合征[43],并认为该类畸形是导致髌股关节不稳定的重要因素。Hogg等[44]对16例使用Taylor空间外固定架进行胫骨近端旋转截骨矫形的患者进行回顾性分析,术后均得到了力线纠正和良好的临床功能评分。但该技术存在较高的神经、血管损伤风险,并且对固定装置要求较高,目前在临床中应用较少[45]

3. 高位髌骨

患者存在高位髌骨时,膝关节屈曲过程中髌骨进入股骨滑车延迟,滑车沟对髌骨限制作用降低,从而导致髌股关节不稳定[46]。临床中诊断高位髌骨主要依靠膝关节侧位X线片,评估方法有Caton-Deschamps指数、Insall-Salvati指数、Blackburn-peel指数等[47]。以Caton-Deschamps指数为例,膝关节屈曲30° 侧位X线片上测量髌股关节面最低点到胫骨平台轮廓前上角的最短距离为a,髌股关节面的长度为b,a/b>1.2即为高位髌骨,<0.8即为低位髌骨[48]

高位髌骨的手术治疗以胫骨结节下移术为主,通过将髌韧带附着处的胫骨结节下移远置,恢复正常的髌骨高度。戴祝等[49]对14例高位髌骨的复发性髌骨脱位患者行胫骨结节下移术,取得了满意疗效。Mayer等[50]对22例复发性髌骨脱位的膝关节采用胫骨结节下移联合髌腱固定术,术后平均随访9.6年,患者Caton-Deschamps指数从术前1.22下降至0.95,Insall-Salvati指数从1.42下降至0.91,且均无再脱位发生。Schmiesing等[51]对68例连续复发性髌骨脱位伴高位髌骨患者行胫骨结节下移截骨联合MPFL重建,术后患者KOOS评分及生活质量评分得到显著提升。

4. 小结与展望

复发性髌骨脱位是临床常见病,尤其好发于年轻人群,恰当治疗有利于改善患者生活质量及运动水平。本文总结了复发性髌骨脱位常见的骨性解剖异常及相对应的诊断和手术方式,并对既往膝关节周围截骨术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的研究进行回顾,为临床治疗提供参考。见表1

表 1.

Common bony anatomical abnormalities in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation and the corresponding diagnostic and surgical procedure

复发性髌骨脱位患者常见骨性解剖结构异常和相应诊断及手术方式

部位
Part
常见骨性解剖结构异常
Common bony anatomical abnormality
诊断
Diagnosis
手术方式
Surgical method
股骨 冠状面畸形 mLDFA减小 股骨远端截骨(内侧闭合或外侧开放)
股骨前扭转 FAA增加 股骨远端去旋转截骨
股骨滑车发育不良 交叉征、滑车弹跳征、滑车沟角>140° 滑车成形术
胫骨 冠状面畸形 mMPTA增加 胫骨近端截骨(内侧闭合或外侧开放)
胫骨结节 TT-TG间距增加 胫骨结节内移术
胫骨向外扭转 胫骨扭转角增加 胫骨近端旋转截骨
髌骨 高位髌骨 Insall-Salvati指数>1∶2 胫骨结节下移术

复发性髌骨脱位的危险因素较多,尤其是一些容易被忽略的骨性解剖结构异常。膝关节周围截骨矫形术治疗复发性髌骨脱位临床疗效肯定[52-54],但目前仍存在争议。首先是截骨术是否必要,有研究认为单纯行韧带重建及软组织平衡手术已可获得较满意疗效[55-56],也有大量证据证明骨性解剖结构异常是导致MPFL重建术失败的潜在危险因素[57-59]。同时,一些研究建议采用骨矫形+软组织修复的联合术式,可获得髌股关节稳定[19212760]。但无论如何,目前膝关节周围截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位对于骨科医生仍存在较大挑战,主要问题是手术指征选择、手术技术以及术后处理等方面可供参考的资料较少,期待加强对下肢骨性解剖结构异常与复发性髌骨脱位相关性的认识,通过制定相关诊疗共识,综合评估患者的年龄、病史、关节功能、运动需求量及对侧肢体情况等相关因素后,制定精准化、个性化诊疗方案,以期提高复发性髌骨脱位治愈率。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和报道

作者贡献声明 陈佳晖:主题构思、文献查阅及文章撰写;马剑雄、马信龙:修改并审校论文

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3601904);天津市自然科学基金重点项目(22JCZDJC00340);天津市科技计划项目(21JCQNJC01060)

National Key Research and Development Program Project (2022YFC3601904); Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Key Project (22JCZDJC00340); Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project (21JCQNJC01060)

References

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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