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. 2023 Aug 8;621(7979):511–515. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06507-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 9 — a, Comparison of adhesion performances of FPL adhesives and conventional PF and UF resin adhesives. Lignin adhesive preparation in a lignin (or UF or PF)/water = 1: 2 (w: w); hot-pressing conditions: 150 °C, 8 min, 1.5 MPa, and a glue application level of 100 g·m⁻². Compared to the three-layer plywoods bonded with PF and UF resin adhesives, FPL adhesive showed comparable adhesion strength. b, Lignin adhesives prepared from different feedstocks protected with formaldehyde as well as eucalyptus lignin protected with other aldehydes. Eu: eucalyptus; Ma: Masson pine; Cs: corn stover; FPL: formaldehyde-protected lignin; EPL: ethyl aldehyde-protected lignin; PPL: propionaldehyde-protected lignin; FUPL: furfural-protected lignin; MWL, milled wood lignin. The H₃PO₄ loading was on the basis of lignin. c, Lignin adhesives prepared via mixing FPL with different solvents. Lignin adhesive preparation in b and c: lignin/water (or solvent) = 1: 2 (w: w), pH = 7; hot-pressing conditions in b and c: 190 °C, 8 min, 1.5 MPa, and a glue application level of 100 g·m⁻².