Figure 2.
Optical activation of vlPAGGABA neurons promotes arousal from sevoflurane anesthesia
(A) Schematic diagram of optogenetic virus injection into the vlPAG and laser irradiation(left). Righting reflex detection and EEG recording configuration (right).
(B) The immunofluorescence image shows GFP expression in vlPAGGABA neurons (red).
(C) Optogenetic activation of vlPAGGABA significantly shortened RORR time (right).
(D) Immunofluorescence of c-fos (red) in vlPAG. Dramatic increase of c-fos expression in vlPAG activated by optogenetic.
(E) The representative EEG spectrum of the control group (ChR2-group) and the experimental group (ChR2+ group) in 2.0% sevoflurane anesthesia.
(F) The representative EEG spectrum of the ChR2-group and the ChR2+ group in 1.5% sevoflurane anesthesia.
(G) At 20–22 min of light stimulation under 2.0% sevoflurane anesthesia, the ChR2+ group displayed a significantly lower BSR of EEG compared to the ChR2-group.
(H) Compared to the period of 2 min before and after light stimulation, the ChR2+ group exhibited a reduction in the percentage of power within the δ band, and a significant increase in the percentages of power within the α, β, and γ bands under 1.5% anesthesia. There was no difference in the EEG spectrum in the ChR2-group.
(I) During 1.5% sevoflurane anesthesia, at 20–22 min of light stimulation, the ChR2+ group of mice exhibited a significantly higher body movement score than the ChR2-group. The data is presented as the mean ± SEM, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.