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. 2023 Sep 26;12:e86076. doi: 10.7554/eLife.86076

Figure 2. Anti-directional turning behavior has distinct tuning and is driven by adaptation.

(a) Heatmap of fly turning velocity during the first 0.5 s of sinusoidal grating stimulation under high-contrast conditions and variable temporal and spatial frequencies. The flies turned in the direction of the stimulus across all conditions and responded most to 8 Hz, 22° stimuli. N=16, 21, 17, 21, 7, and 22 flies for spatial frequencies 1/120°, 1/90°, 1/60°, 1/45°, 1/30°, and 1/22° respectively. (b) Heatmap as in (a), measured during the last 4 s of stimulation. Flies turned in the same direction as the stimulus at high and low temporal frequencies, but in the opposite direction of the stimulus at intermediate temporal frequencies, with a maximal anti-directional response at wavelengths between 30° and 60°. (c) Switching stimulus contrast from high to low after 5 s caused flies to revert to syn-directional behavior after the anti-directional response. N=7 flies. (d) Presenting rotating random binary patterns (5° vertical strips rotating at 150 °/s) induced anti-directional turning similar to that elicited by rotating sine wave gratings. N=7 flies. (e) We presented flies with 5 s of ‘translational’ stimuli (dark shaded region), with high-contrast sinusoidal gratings moving either front-to-back or back-to-front, bilaterally, for 5 s. After that, we presented high-contrast rotational sinusoidal grating stimuli (60° wavelength, 1 Hz). Front-to-back stimulation did not affect the subsequent response to rotational stimuli, but back-to-front stimuli caused flies to turn immediately in the opposite direction of the stimulus. N=18 flies.

Figure 2.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1. As in Figure 2e, with different adapters.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

We presented flies with 5 s of adapting stimuli (dark shaded region) for 5 s, with adapting stimuli consisting of (1) mean gray luminance; (2) a stationary, 60° wavelength contrast 1 sinusoid; or (3) a closed-loop, 60° wavelength contrast 1 sinusoid, which rotated in response to the behavior of the fly, for instance rotating 90° clockwise when the ball rotated 90° clockwise. The closed-loop lag time was approximately 66 ms. After the adapter, we presented high-contrast rotational sinusoidal grating stimuli (60° wavelength, 1 Hz). The closed-loop stimulus yields noisier responses because each fly controlled the stimulus for only about 1/5 of the trials. The qualitative behavior in all cases was comparable to the anti-directional turning observed elsewhere. N=10 flies.