Table 3.
The results of our review on gastrointestinal side effects.
| References | N° Cases | Age/Sex | Energy Drink (If Applicable) or Substances | Major Pathologies | Onset | Adverse Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdisamad et al., 2019 [62] | 1 | 46/M | ED | Diabetes mellitus | Daily consumption of 3–4 16 oz cans for the 2 weeks before onset. | Acute pancreatitis, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia. |
| Al Yacoub et al., 2020 [63] | 1 | 62/F | Sugar-free ED | Small-cell left lung carcinoma. | Ingestion of five to six cans of a 16 fluid oz sugar-free ED daily. | Acute hepatitis. |
| Al-Tamini et al., 2018 [64] | 1 | 19/M | Full Throttle + Red Bull | Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-type I (SPINK1) gene mutation. | Regular consumption of Full Throttle and Red Bull. | Acute pancreatitis |
| Apestegui et al., 2011 [65] | 1 | 16/M | Red Bull | Biliary tumour; retransplantation | Consumption of 3 cans of Red Bull in 4 h to stay fit for his examinations. The next day, he separately took 2 tablets (800 mg) of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen for a headache. | Acute hepatitis |
| Garg et al., 2020 [66] | 1 | 34/F | Red Bull and Monster Energy |
N/A | Regular use of 1–2 ED/day for the past 15 years. | Atrophic gastritis (AG) and Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). |
| Harb et al., 2016 [67] | 1 | 50/M | ED | N/A | Ingestion of 4–5 ED before onset. | Acute hepatitis. |
| Huang et al., 2014 [68] | 1 | 36/M | Rockstar energy | N/A | Consumption of 3 Rockstar energy drinks per day for the past year. | Acute hepatitis. |
| Randhawa et al., 2022 [69] | 1 | 29/M | ED | N/A | Consumed 5 to 6 energy drinks a day. Consumed 7 16-ounce energy drinks the day before hospital admission. | Acute pancreatitis. |
| Shmelev et al., 2015 [70] | 1 | 40/M | Rockstar energy | Acute alcoholic pancreatitis with pseudocyst formation. | Consumption of Rockstar™ followed by unexplained episodes of pancreatitis | Acute pancreatitis. |
| Takahashi et al., 2013 [71] | 1 | 76/M | ED | Hypertension; benign prostatic hypertrophy; total gastrectomy |
Drinking half a bottle of energy drink as a dietary supplement after total gastrectomy. | Hypercobalaminemia. |
| Uwaifo, 2019 [72] | 1 | 46/M | Monster energy | Type 2 diabetes, nephrectomy, hyperuricemia. | Daily consumption of 2–3 16 oz cans for 4 months | Toxic triad syndrome of gastritis, hepatitis and pancreatitis. |
| Vivekanandarajah et al., 2011 [73] | 1 | 22/F | ED | N/A | Daily ingestion of 10 cans of an energy drink. | Acute hepatitis. |