Table 1.
Basic characteristics of NHANES participants (N = 10,669) *.
| Characteristics | All | Quartiles of Carbohydrate Intake, % of kcal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<41.46) | Q2 (41.46 to 48.92) | Q3 (48.92 to 56.20) | Q4 (≥56.20) | p Value | ||
| N | 10,669 | 2667 | 2667 | 2667 | 2668 | |
| Age, years | 57.90 ± 10.83 | 57.54 ± 10.52 | 57.48 ± 10.69 | 58.21 ± 10.99 | 58.38 ± 11.10 | 0.002 |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| male | 5161 (48.4) | 1445 (54.2) | 1357 (50.9) | 1227 (46.0) | 1132 (42.4) | |
| female | 5508 (51.6) | 1222 (45.8) | 1310 (49.1) | 1440 (54.0) | 1536 (57.6) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.013 | |||||
| <30 kg/m2 | 6164 (57.8) | 1499 (56.2) | 1504 (56.4) | 1556 (58.3) | 1605 (60.2) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 4505 (42.2) | 1168 (43.8) | 1163 (43.6) | 1111 (41.7) | 1063 (39.8) | |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4947 (46.4) | 1407 (52.8) | 1301 (48.7) | 1179 (44.2) | 1060 (39.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2076 (19.4) | 542 (20.3) | 511 (19.2) | 525 (19.7) | 498 (18.7) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1141 (10.7) | 211 (7.9) | 263 (9.9) | 326 (12.2) | 341 (12.8) | |
| Mexican American or Other | 2505 (23.5) | 507 (19.0) | 592 (22.2) | 637 (23.9) | 769 (28.8) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| <High school | 2752 (25.8) | 575 (21.6) | 632 (23.7) | 698 (26.2) | 847 (31.7) | |
| High school | 2379 (22.3) | 600 (22.5) | 617 (23.1) | 607 (22.8) | 555 (20.8) | |
| College or above | 5538 (51.9) | 1492 (55.9) | 1418 (53.2) | 1362 (51.0) | 1266 (47.5) | |
| PIR | 2.67 ± 1.65 | 2.90 ± 1.67 | 2.79 ± 1.65 | 2.59 ± 1.63 | 2.40 ± 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Serum cotinine, ng/mL | 0.03 (0.01, 1.49) | 0.04 (0.01, 46.25) | 0.03 (0.01, 1.31) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.56) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.44) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| More than 12 drinks/year | 3041 (28.5) | 470 (17.6) | 704 (26.4) | 840 (31.5) | 1027 (38.5) | |
| Less than 12 drinks/year | 7628 (71.5) | 2197 (82.4) | 1963 (73.6) | 1827 (68.5) | 1641 (61.5) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 8110 (76.0) | 1961 (73.5) | 2010 (75.4) | 2046 (76.7) | 2093 (78.4) | |
| Yes | 2559 (24.0) | 706 (26.5) | 657 (24.6) | 621 (23.3) | 575 (21.6) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.053 | |||||
| No | 4855 (45.5) | 1158 (43.4) | 1209 (45.3) | 1235 (46.3) | 1253 (47.0) | |
| Yes | 5814 (54.5) | 1509 (56.6) | 1458 (54.7) | 1432 (53.7) | 1415 (53.0) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.95 ± 19.61 | 83.30 ± 19.58 | 83.89 ± 19.24 | 84.09 ± 19.44 | 84.53 ± 20.19 | 0.148 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 236.21 ± 96.82 | 178.72 ± 72.19 | 233.52 ± 85.10 | 255.14 ± 92.93 | 277.43 ± 105.11 | <0.001 |
| Energy, kcal/day | 1961.27 ± 732.44 | 2065.11 ± 756.50 | 2059.55 ± 746.67 | 1945.99 ± 706.36 | 1774.51 ± 679.81 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake, % of kcal | 48.83 ± 11.24 | 34.53 ± 5.73 | 45.38 ± 2.14 | 52.47 ± 2.09 | 62.94 ± 5.93 | <0.001 |
| Fat intake, % of kcal | 33.77 ± 9.20 | 41.11 ± 9.58 | 36.55 ± 6.50 | 32.46 ± 5.40 | 24.96 ± 5.91 | <0.001 |
| Protein intake, % of kcal | 15.97 ± 5.00 | 18.55 ± 5.92 | 16.47 ± 4.45 | 15.28 ± 4.11 | 13.57 ± 3.89 | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g/day | 16.66 ± 9.78 | 13.85 ± 8.21 | 16.52 ± 8.88 | 17.72 ± 9.84 | 18.54 ± 11.28 | <0.001 |
| Serum Klotho, pg/mL | 801.30 (654.50, 992.00) |
769.70 (631.35, 956.55) |
799.30 (657.80, 991.40) |
820.70 (666.95, 1014.25) |
814.55 (656.85, 1007.32) |
<0.001 |
* Values are presented as the mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PIR, family poverty income ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.