Table 3.

Characteristics of subgroups examined at baseline and 5-year follow-up

	Glucose-tolerant control subjects (n = 20)		Type 1 diabetes (n = 27)		Type 2 diabetes (n = 38)
	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up	Baseline	Follow-up
Age (years)	47 ± 15	53 ± 15*	36 ± 11	41 ± 11*	51 ± 9	57 ± 9*
Sex (male/female)	16/4		12/15		28/10
BMI (kg/m2)	26.2 ± 3.5	26.7 ± 3.6	24.4 ± 4.4	26.7 ± 5.2*	29.6 ± 4.9	30.1 ± 4.5*
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	92 ± 7	91 ± 8	119 ± 26	143 ± 50*	127 ± 29	146 ± 35*
C-peptide (ng/dL)	1.86 ± 1.09	1.91 ± 1.01	0.96 ± 0.69	0.69 ± 0.87*	3.03 ± 1.25	3.33 ± 1.54
HbA1c (NGSP, %)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.4	6.2 ± 0.8	7.0 ± 0.9*	6.2 ± 0.6	6.7 ± 0.8*
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	34 ± 3	34 ± 4	45 ± 9	54 ± 10*	44 ± 7	50 ± 9*
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	200 ± 37	194 ± 39	198 ± 35	179 ± 27*	193 ± 36	190 ± 34
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	125 ± 35	125 ± 35	114 ± 30	106 ± 25	120 ± 31	120 ± 33
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	63 ± 16	61 ± 13	72 ± 17	68 ± 17	46 ± 13	48 ± 15
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	103 ± 60	96 ± 38	79 ± 28	84 ± 43	138 ± 70	171 ± 100*
FFA (µmol/L)	563 ± 212	479 ± 206	706 ± 289	680 ± 424	623 ± 219	598 ± 188
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.10 ± 0.09	0.11 ± 0.10	0.14 ± 0.13	0.17 ± 0.14	0.30 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.14*
ADIPO-IR (a.u.)	8.3 ± 0.8	8.0 ± 0.8	8.7 ± 0.9	8.6 ± 1.2	9.0 ± 0.7	9.1 ± 0.9
RQbasal (a.u.)	0.81 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.09	0.79 ± 0.06	0.79 ± 0.17
RQclamp (a.u.)	0.96 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07	0.91 ± 0.06*	0.89 ± 0.05	0.93 ± 0.05
REEbasal (kcal/day)	1,653 ± 273	1,726 ± 254	1,604 ± 236	1,568 ± 257*	1,811 ± 299	1,827 ± 307
REEclamp (kcal/day)	1,943 ± 275	1,993 ± 294	1,731 ± 253	1,708 ± 294*	1,939 ± 306	1,911 ± 321

Data are shown as absolute numbers or mean ± SD, as applicable. P values based on paired t tests. Blood sampling was done in overnight fasted state participants. a.u., arbitrary units; RQbasal, RQ in fasting conditions; RQclamp, RQ during clamp; REEbasal, REE in fasting conditions; REEclamp, REE during clamp.

^*P < 0.05 vs. baseline.