Table 2.

Common livestock welfare issues.

Species	Issues/Concerns
Laying hens	Small battery cages, osteoporosis and beak trimming, forced molting.
Broilers	Lameness, footpad lesions (120) and hunger (feeding practices) (112), high stocking density, heat stress, and microbial contact dermatitis (121) and injury during mating for broiler breeders
Pigs	Living space (i.e., gestation stalls) and confinement conditions, castration, euthanasia, antibiotic practices, aggression, lack of stimuli
Dairy cows	Lameness, dehorning and disbudding practices, tail docking, low body condition score, treatment of bull calves, access to pasture, calf separation
Beef cows	Dehorning practices, branding, castration, transportation, heat stress, pathogen contamination of manure/mud, slaughter practices, acidosis, respiratory disease, stockmanship

Adapted from (112).