Skip to main content
Quality in Health Care : QHC logoLink to Quality in Health Care : QHC
. 1995 Mar;4(1):55–64. doi: 10.1136/qshc.4.1.55

Developing and implementing clinical practice guidelines.

J Grimshaw 1, N Freemantle 1, S Wallace 1, I Russell 1, B Hurwitz 1, I Watt 1, A Long 1, T Sheldon 1
PMCID: PMC1055269  PMID: 10142039

Full text

PDF
55

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson F. A., Jr, Wheeler H. B., Goldberg R. J., Hosmer D. W., Forcier A., Patwardhan N. A. Changing clinical practice. Prospective study of the impact of continuing medical education and quality assurance programs on use of prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Mar 28;154(6):669–677. doi: 10.1001/archinte.154.6.669. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Antman E. M., Lau J., Kupelnick B., Mosteller F., Chalmers T. C. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1992 Jul 8;268(2):240–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Avorn J., Soumerai S. B., Everitt D. E., Ross-Degnan D., Beers M. H., Sherman D., Salem-Schatz S. R., Fields D. A randomized trial of a program to reduce the use of psychoactive drugs in nursing homes. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 16;327(3):168–173. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199207163270306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Avorn J., Soumerai S. B., Taylor W., Wessels M. R., Janousek J., Weiner M. Reduction of incorrect antibiotic dosing through a structured educational order form. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Aug;148(8):1720–1724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Axt-Adam P., van der Wouden J. C., van der Does E. Influencing behavior of physicians ordering laboratory tests: a literature study. Med Care. 1993 Sep;31(9):784–794. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199309000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bareford D., Hayling A. Inappropriate use of laboratory services: long term combined approach to modify request patterns. BMJ. 1990 Dec 8;301(6764):1305–1307. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6764.1305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Barnett G. O., Winickoff R. N., Morgan M. M., Zielstorff R. D. A computer-based monitoring system for follow-up of elevated blood pressure. Med Care. 1983 Apr;21(4):400–409. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198304000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Barnett G. O., Winickoff R., Dorsey J. L., Morgan M. M., Lurie R. S. Quality assurance through automated monitoring and concurrent feedback using a computer-based medical information system. Med Care. 1978 Nov;16(11):962–970. doi: 10.1097/00005650-197811000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bearcroft P. W., Small J. H., Flower C. D. Chest radiography guidelines for general practitioners: a practical approach. Clin Radiol. 1994 Jan;49(1):56–58. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)82916-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Becker D. M., Gomez E. B., Kaiser D. L., Yoshihasi A., Hodge R. H., Jr Improving preventive care at a medical clinic: how can the patient help? Am J Prev Med. 1989 Nov-Dec;5(6):353–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brook R. H., Williams K. N. Effect of medical care review on the use of injections: a study of the New Mexico Experimental Medical Care Review Organization. Ann Intern Med. 1976 Oct;85(4):509–515. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-4-509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brownbridge G., Evans A., Fitter M., Platts M. An interactive computerized protocol for the management of hypertension: effects on the general practitioner's clinical behaviour. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1986 May;36(286):198–202. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Buntinx F., Winkens R., Grol R., Knottnerus J. A. Influencing diagnostic and preventive performance in ambulatory care by feedback and reminders. A review. Fam Pract. 1993 Jun;10(2):219–228. doi: 10.1093/fampra/10.2.219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chambers C. V., Balaban D. J., Carlson B. L., Ungemack J. A., Grasberger D. M. Microcomputer-generated reminders. Improving the compliance of primary care physicians with mammography screening guidelines. J Fam Pract. 1989 Sep;29(3):273–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Chassin M. R., McCue S. M. A randomized trial of medical quality assurance. Improving physicians' use of pelvimetry. JAMA. 1986 Aug 22;256(8):1012–1016. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cheney C., Ramsdell J. W. Effect of medical records' checklists on implementation of periodic health measures. Am J Med. 1987 Jul;83(1):129–136. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90507-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Clarke J. A., Adams J. E. The application of clinical guidelines for skull radiography in the Accident and Emergency department: theory and practice. Clin Radiol. 1990 Mar;41(3):152–155. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)80957-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cluzeau F., Littlejohns P., Grimshaw J. M. Appraising clinical guidelines: towards a "which" guide for purchasers. Qual Health Care. 1994 Sep;3(3):121–122. doi: 10.1136/qshc.3.3.121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Coe F. L., Norton E., Oparil S., Tatar A., Pullman T. N. Treatment of hypertension by computer and physician-a prospective controlled study. J Chronic Dis. 1977 Feb;30(2):81–92. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(77)90077-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cohen D. I., Littenberg B., Wetzel C., Neuhauser D. Improving physician compliance with preventive medicine guidelines. Med Care. 1982 Oct;20(10):1040–1045. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198210000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Cohen S. J., Christen A. G., Katz B. P., Drook C. A., Davis B. J., Smith D. M., Stookey G. K. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health. 1987 Mar;77(3):313–316. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.3.313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen S. J., Stookey G. K., Katz B. P., Drook C. A., Smith D. M. Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Apr 15;110(8):648–652. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-8-648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cohen S. J., Weinberger M., Hui S. L., Tierney W. M., McDonald C. J. The impact of reading on physicians' nonadherence to recommended standards of medical care. Soc Sci Med. 1985;21(8):909–914. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(85)90147-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cowan J. A., Heckerling P. S., Parker J. B. Effect of a fact sheet reminder on performance of the periodic health examination: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 1992 Mar-Apr;8(2):104–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cummings S. R., Coates T. J., Richard R. J., Hansen B., Zahnd E. G., VanderMartin R., Duncan C., Gerbert B., Martin A., Stein M. J. Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Apr 15;110(8):640–647. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-8-640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Davis D. A., Thomson M. A., Oxman A. D., Haynes R. B. Evidence for the effectiveness of CME. A review of 50 randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1992 Sep 2;268(9):1111–1117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dietrich A. J., O'Connor G. T., Keller A., Carney P. A., Levy D., Whaley F. S. Cancer: improving early detection and prevention. A community practice randomised trial. BMJ. 1992 Mar 14;304(6828):687–691. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6828.687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Durand-Zaleski I., Bonnet F., Rochant H., Bierling P., Lemaire F. Usefulness of consensus conferences: the case of albumin. Lancet. 1992 Dec 5;340(8832):1388–1390. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92568-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eisenberg J. M., Williams S. V., Garner L., Viale R., Smits H. Computer-based audit to detect and correct overutilization of laboratory tests. Med Care. 1977 Nov;15(11):915–921. doi: 10.1097/00005650-197711000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Emslie C., Grimshaw J., Templeton A. Do clinical guidelines improve general practice management and referral of infertile couples? BMJ. 1993 Jun 26;306(6894):1728–1731. doi: 10.1136/bmj.306.6894.1728. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Everitt D. E., Soumerai S. B., Avorn J., Klapholz H., Wessels M. Changing surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis practices through education targeted at senior department leaders. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1990 Nov;11(11):578–583. doi: 10.1086/646098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Fink A., Kosecoff J., Chassin M., Brook R. H. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. Am J Public Health. 1984 Sep;74(9):979–983. doi: 10.2105/ajph.74.9.979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fowkes F. G., Davies E. R., Evans K. T., Green G., Hartley G., Hugh A. E., Nolan D. J., Power A. L., Roberts C. J., Roylance J. Multicentre trial of four strategies to reduce use of a radiological test. Lancet. 1986 Feb 15;1(8477):367–370. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92327-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Fowkes F. G., Evans R. C., Williams L. A., Gehlbach S. H., Cooke B. R., Roberts C. J. Implementation of guidelines for the use of skull radiographs in patients with head injuries. Lancet. 1984 Oct 6;2(8406):795–796. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90715-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Fowkes F. G., Hall R., Jones J. H., Scanlon M. F., Elder G. H., Hobbs D. R., Jacobs A., Cavill I. A., Kay S. Trial of strategy for reducing the use of laboratory tests. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Mar 29;292(6524):883–885. doi: 10.1136/bmj.292.6524.883. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Gama R., Nightingale P. G., Ratcliffe J. G. Effect of educational feedback on clinicians' requesting of cardiac enzymes. Ann Clin Biochem. 1992 Mar;29(Pt 2):224–225. doi: 10.1177/000456329202900220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Grimshaw J. M., Russell I. T. Effect of clinical guidelines on medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet. 1993 Nov 27;342(8883):1317–1322. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92244-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Grimshaw J., Russell I. Achieving health gain through clinical guidelines. I: Developing scientifically valid guidelines. Qual Health Care. 1993 Dec;2(4):243–248. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2.4.243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Grol R. Implementing guidelines in general practice care. Qual Health Care. 1992 Sep;1(3):184–191. doi: 10.1136/qshc.1.3.184. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Haines A., Jones R. Implementing findings of research. BMJ. 1994 Jun 4;308(6942):1488–1492. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6942.1488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Haynes R. B., Davis D. A., McKibbon A., Tugwell P. A critical appraisal of the efficacy of continuing medical education. JAMA. 1984 Jan 6;251(1):61–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Haynes R. B., Walker C. J. Computer-aided quality assurance. A critical appraisal. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Jul;147(7):1297–1301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hayward R. S., Wilson M. C., Tunis S. R., Bass E. B., Rubin H. R., Haynes R. B. More informative abstracts of articles describing clinical practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med. 1993 May 1;118(9):731–737. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-118-9-199305010-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Headrick L. A., Speroff T., Pelecanos H. I., Cebul R. D. Efforts to improve compliance with the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Dec;152(12):2490–2496. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hopkins J. A., Shoemaker W. C., Greenfield S., Chang P. C., McAuliffe T., Sproat R. W. Treatment of surgical emergencies with and without an algorithm. Arch Surg. 1980 Jun;115(6):745–750. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380060043011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hurwitz B. Clinical guidelines: proliferation and medicolegal significance. Qual Health Care. 1994 Mar;3(1):37–44. doi: 10.1136/qshc.3.1.37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Johnston M. E., Langton K. B., Haynes R. B., Mathieu A. Effects of computer-based clinical decision support systems on clinician performance and patient outcome. A critical appraisal of research. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jan 15;120(2):135–142. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-120-2-199401150-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Jones R. H., Lydeard S., Dunleavey J. Problems with implementing guidelines: a randomised controlled trial of consensus management of dyspepsia. Qual Health Care. 1993 Dec;2(4):217–221. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2.4.217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kosecoff J., Kanouse D. E., Rogers W. H., McCloskey L., Winslow C. M., Brook R. H. Effects of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Program on physician practice. JAMA. 1987 Nov 20;258(19):2708–2713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Landgren F. T., Harvey K. J., Mashford M. L., Moulds R. F., Guthrie B., Hemming M. Changing antibiotic prescribing by educational marketing. Med J Aust. 1988 Dec 5;149(11-12):595–599. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120797.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lilford R. J., Kelly M., Baines A., Cameron S., Cave M., Guthrie K., Thornton J. Effect of using protocols on medical care: randomised trial of three methods of taking an antenatal history. BMJ. 1992 Nov 14;305(6863):1181–1184. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6863.1181. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Linn B. S. Continuing medical education. Impact on emergency room burn care. JAMA. 1980 Aug 8;244(6):565–570. doi: 10.1001/jama.244.6.565. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Litzelman D. K., Dittus R. S., Miller M. E., Tierney W. M. Requiring physicians to respond to computerized reminders improves their compliance with preventive care protocols. J Gen Intern Med. 1993 Jun;8(6):311–317. doi: 10.1007/BF02600144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Lohr K. N., Brook R. H. Quality of care in episodes of respiratory illness among Medicaid patients in New Mexico. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Jan;92(1):99–106. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-1-99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Lomas J., Anderson G. M., Domnick-Pierre K., Vayda E., Enkin M. W., Hannah W. J. Do practice guidelines guide practice? The effect of a consensus statement on the practice of physicians. N Engl J Med. 1989 Nov 9;321(19):1306–1311. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198911093211906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lomas J., Enkin M., Anderson G. M., Hannah W. J., Vayda E., Singer J. Opinion leaders vs audit and feedback to implement practice guidelines. Delivery after previous cesarean section. JAMA. 1991 May 1;265(17):2202–2207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Lomas J., Haynes R. B. A taxonomy and critical review of tested strategies for the application of clinical practice recommendations: from "official" to "individual" clinical policy. Am J Prev Med. 1988;4(4 Suppl):77–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Lomas J. Making clinical policy explicit. Legislative policy making and lessons for developing practice guidelines. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1993 Winter;9(1):11–25. doi: 10.1017/s0266462300002993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Lomas J. Words without action? The production, dissemination, and impact of consensus recommendations. Annu Rev Public Health. 1991;12:41–65. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.000353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Margolis C. Z., Warshawsky S. S., Goldman L., Dagan O., Wirtschafter D., Pliskin J. S. Computerized algorithms and pediatricians' management of common problems in a community clinic. Acad Med. 1992 Apr;67(4):282–284. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199204000-00021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Marton K. I., Tul V., Sox H. C., Jr Modifying test-ordering behavior in the outpatient medical clinic. A controlled trial of two educational interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1985 May;145(5):816–821. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Mayefsky J. H., Foye H. R. Use of a chart audit: teaching well child care to paediatric house officers. Med Educ. 1993 Mar;27(2):170–174. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00248.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Mc Donald C. J. Use of a computer to detect and respond to clinical events: its effect on clinician behavior. Ann Intern Med. 1976 Feb;84(2):162–167. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-84-2-162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. McAlister N. H., Covvey H. D., Tong C., Lee A., Wigle E. D. Randomised controlled trial of computer assisted management of hypertension in primary care. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Sep 13;293(6548):670–674. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6548.670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. McDonald C. J., Hui S. L., Smith D. M., Tierney W. M., Cohen S. J., Weinberger M., McCabe G. P. Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record. A two-year randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jan;100(1):130–138. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. McDonald C. J., Hui S. L., Tierney W. M. Effects of computer reminders for influenza vaccination on morbidity during influenza epidemics. MD Comput. 1992 Sep-Oct;9(5):304–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. McDonald C. J. Protocol-based computer reminders, the quality of care and the non-perfectability of man. N Engl J Med. 1976 Dec 9;295(24):1351–1355. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197612092952405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. McDonald C. J., Wilson G. A., McCabe G. P., Jr Physician response to computer reminders. JAMA. 1980 Oct 3;244(14):1579–1581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. McDowell I., Newell C., Rosser W. A randomized trial of computerized reminders for blood pressure screening in primary care. Med Care. 1989 Mar;27(3):297–305. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198903000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. McDowell I., Newell C., Rosser W. Comparison of three methods of recalling patients for influenza vaccination. CMAJ. 1986 Nov 1;135(9):991–997. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. McDowell I., Newell C., Rosser W. Computerized reminders to encourage cervical screening in family practice. J Fam Pract. 1989 Apr;28(4):420–424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. McNicol M., Layton A., Morgan G. Team working: the key to implementing guidelines? Qual Health Care. 1993 Dec;2(4):215–216. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2.4.215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McPhee S. J., Bird J. A., Fordham D., Rodnick J. E., Osborn E. H. Promoting cancer prevention activities by primary care physicians. Results of a randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 1991 Jul 24;266(4):538–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. McPhee S. J., Bird J. A., Jenkins C. N., Fordham D. Promoting cancer screening. A randomized, controlled trial of three interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Aug;149(8):1866–1872. doi: 10.1001/archinte.149.8.1866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Morgan M., Studney D. R., Barnett G. O., Winickoff R. N. Computerized concurrent review of prenatal care. QRB Qual Rev Bull. 1978 Sep;4(9):33–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Mugford M., Banfield P., O'Hanlon M. Effects of feedback of information on clinical practice: a review. BMJ. 1991 Aug 17;303(6799):398–402. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6799.398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Mulrow C. D. Rationale for systematic reviews. BMJ. 1994 Sep 3;309(6954):597–599. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6954.597. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Nattinger A. B., Panzer R. J., Janus J. Improving the utilization of screening mammography in primary care practices. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Sep;149(9):2087–2092. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Norton P. G., Dempsey L. J. Self-audit: its effect on quality of care. J Fam Pract. 1985 Oct;21(4):289–291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Novich M., Gillis L., Tauber A. I. The laboratory test justified. An effective means to reduce routine laboratory testing. Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Dec;84(6):756–759. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/84.6.756. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Oakeshott P., Kerry S. M., Williams J. E. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of the Royal College of Radiologists' guidelines on general practitioners' referrals for radiographic examination. Br J Gen Pract. 1994 May;44(382):197–200. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Palmer R. H., Louis T. A., Hsu L. N., Peterson H. F., Rothrock J. K., Strain R., Thompson M. S., Wright E. A. A randomized controlled trial of quality assurance in sixteen ambulatory care practices. Med Care. 1985 Jun;23(6):751–770. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198506000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Prislin M. D., Vandenbark M. S., Clarkson Q. D. The impact of a health screening flow sheet on the performance and documentation of health screening procedures. Fam Med. 1986 Sep-Oct;18(5):290–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Putnam R. W., Curry L. Impact of patient care appraisal on physician behaviour in the office setting. Can Med Assoc J. 1985 May 1;132(9):1025–1029. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Putnam R. W., Curry L. Physicians' participation in establishing criteria for hypertension management in the office: will patient outcomes be improved? CMAJ. 1989 Apr 1;140(7):806–809. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Raisch D. W., Bootman J. L., Larson L. N., McGhan W. F. Improving antiulcer agent prescribing in a health maintenance organization. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990 Aug;47(8):1766–1773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Ray W. A., Blazer D. G., 2nd, Schaffner W., Federspiel C. F., Fink R. Reducing long-term diazepam prescribing in office practice. A controlled trial of educational visits. JAMA. 1986 Nov 14;256(18):2536–2539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Restuccia J. D. The effect of concurrent feedback in reducing inappropriate hospital utilization. Med Care. 1982 Jan;20(1):46–62. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198201000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Robie P. W. Improving and sustaining outpatient cancer screening by medicine residents. South Med J. 1988 Jul;81(7):902–905. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198807000-00022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Rodney W. M., Chopivsky P., Quan M. Adult immunization: the medical record design as a facilitator for physician compliance. J Med Educ. 1983 Jul;58(7):576–580. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Rogers J. L., Haring O. M., Wortman P. M., Watson R. A., Goetz J. P. Medical information systems: assessing impact in the areas of hypertension, obesity and renal disease. Med Care. 1982 Jan;20(1):63–74. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198201000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Rosser W. W., Hutchison B. G., McDowell I., Newell C. Use of reminders to increase compliance with tetanus booster vaccination. CMAJ. 1992 Mar 15;146(6):911–917. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Rosser W. W., McDowell I., Newell C. Use of reminders for preventive procedures in family medicine. CMAJ. 1991 Oct 1;145(7):807–814. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Sanazaro P. J., Worth R. M. Concurrent quality assurance in hospital care. Report of a study by Private Initiative in PSRO. N Engl J Med. 1978 May 25;298(21):1171–1177. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197805252982104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Schreiner D. T., Petrusa E. R., Rettie C. S., Kluge R. M. Improving compliance with preventive medicine procedures in a house staff training program. South Med J. 1988 Dec;81(12):1553–1557. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198812000-00021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Sheldon T. A., Borowitz M. Changing the measure of quality in the NHS: from purchasing activity to purchasing protocols. Qual Health Care. 1993 Sep;2(3):149–150. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2.3.149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Sheldon T. A., Freemantle N., Song F., Mason J. M., Long A. F., Thakker T., Addshead D. Surgical interventions for glue ear: what form will a quality service take? Qual Health Care. 1992 Dec;1(4):266–270. doi: 10.1136/qshc.1.4.266. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Sherman C. R., Potosky A. L., Weis K. A., Ferguson J. H. The Consensus Development Program. Detecting changes in medical practice following a consensus conference on the treatment of prostate cancer. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1992 Fall;8(4):683–693. doi: 10.1017/s0266462300002373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Sommers L. S., Sholtz R., Shepherd R. M., Starkweather D. B. Physician involvement in quality assurance. Med Care. 1984 Dec;22(12):1115–1138. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198412000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Song F., Mason J. M., Ibbotson S., Freemantle N., Long A. F., Sheldon T. A. Issues of quality in providing services for subfertile couples. Qual Health Care. 1992 Sep;1(3):202–205. doi: 10.1136/qshc.1.3.202. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Soumerai S. B., Avorn J., Taylor W. C., Wessels M., Maher D., Hawley S. L. Improving choice of prescribed antibiotics through concurrent reminders in an educational order form. Med Care. 1993 Jun;31(6):552–558. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199306000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Soumerai S. B., McLaughlin T. J., Avorn J. Improving drug prescribing in primary care: a critical analysis of the experimental literature. Milbank Q. 1989;67(2):268–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Soumerai S. B., Salem-Schatz S., Avorn J., Casteris C. S., Ross-Degnan D., Popovsky M. A. A controlled trial of educational outreach to improve blood transfusion practice. JAMA. 1993 Aug 25;270(8):961–966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Tape T. G., Campbell J. R. Computerized medical records and preventive health care: success depends on many factors. Am J Med. 1993 Jun;94(6):619–625. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90214-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Thomas J. C., Moore A., Qualls P. E. The effect on cost of medical care for patients treated with an automated clinical audit system. J Med Syst. 1983 Jun;7(3):307–313. doi: 10.1007/BF00993294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Thompson R. S., Kirz H. L., Gold R. A. Changes in physician behavior and cost savings associated with organizational recommendations on the use of "routine" chest X rays and multichannel blood tests. Prev Med. 1983 May;12(3):385–396. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(83)90247-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Tierney W. M., Hui S. L., McDonald C. J. Delayed feedback of physician performance versus immediate reminders to perform preventive care. Effects on physician compliance. Med Care. 1986 Aug;24(8):659–666. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198608000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Turner R. C., Waivers L. E., O'Brien K. The effect of patient-carried reminder cards on the performance of health maintenance measures. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Mar;150(3):645–647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Vinicor F., Cohen S. J., Mazzuca S. A., Moorman N., Wheeler M., Kuebler T., Swanson S., Ours P., Fineberg S. E., Gordon E. E. DIABEDS: a randomized trial of the effects of physician and/or patient education on diabetes patient outcomes. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(4):345–356. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90050-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Weingarten S., Ermann B., Bolus R., Riedinger M. S., Rubin H., Green A., Karns K., Ellrodt A. G. Early "step-down" transfer of low-risk patients with chest pain. A controlled interventional trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Aug 15;113(4):283–289. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Wensing M., Grol R. Single and combined strategies for implementing changes in primary care: a literature review. Int J Qual Health Care. 1994 Jun;6(2):115–132. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/6.2.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Wilson D. M., Taylor D. W., Gilbert J. R., Best J. A., Lindsay E. A., Willms D. G., Singer J. A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation. JAMA. 1988 Sep 16;260(11):1570–1574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Winickoff R. N., Coltin K. L., Morgan M. M., Buxbaum R. C., Barnett G. O. Improving physician performance through peer comparison feedback. Med Care. 1984 Jun;22(6):527–534. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198406000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Winickoff R. N., Wilner S., Neisuler R., Barnett G. O. Limitations of provider interventions in hypertension quality assurance. Am J Public Health. 1985 Jan;75(1):43–46. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Wirtschafter D. D., Sumners J., Jackson J. R., Brooks C. M., Turner M. Continuing medical education using clinical algorithms. A controlled-trial assessment of effect on neonatal care. Am J Dis Child. 1986 Aug;140(8):791–797. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140220073036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Wong E. T., McCarron M. M., Shaw S. T., Jr Ordering of laboratory tests in a teaching hospital. Can it be improved? JAMA. 1983 Jun 10;249(22):3076–3080. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Woolf S. H. Practice guidelines: a new reality in medicine. III. Impact on patient care. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Dec 13;153(23):2646–2655. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. de vos Meiring P., Wells I. P. The effect of radiology guidelines for general practitioners in Plymouth. Clin Radiol. 1990 Nov;42(5):327–329. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)82146-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Quality in Health Care are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES